Le projet EPAC est le point de départ de nos travaux de recherche. Nous présentons ce contexte de travail dans notre premier chapitre.Dans un deuxième temps, nous nous intéressons à la tâche de transcription de la parole. Nous en exposerons quelques jalons, ainsi qu'un inventaire des corpus oraux disponibles aujourd'hui. Enfin, nous comparons deux méthodes de transcription : manuelle et assistée. Par la suite, nous réalisons une étude comparative de huit logiciels d'aide à la transcription. Cela afin de démontrer que, suivant les situations, certains sont plus indiqués que d'autres. Le codage des données est l'objet de notre quatrième chapitre. Peut-on facilement échanger des transcriptions? Nous démontrerons que l'interopérabilité est un domaine où beaucoup de travail reste à faire. Enfin, nous terminons par une analyse détaillée de ce que nous appelons la parole spontanée. Par différents angles, définitions et expériences, nous tentons de circonscrire ce que cette appellation recouvre. / Our researches are based upon the EPAC project. We develop this work context in our first chapter. Then, transcription task is presented. Some important dates and people are mentionned, as well as an inventory of available speech corpus. Also, assisted and manual transcription task are evaluated and compared. A comparative study of eight transcription tools is developed in the third chapter. It shows that depending on the transcription context (data size, type of annotations ... ), some are more useful than others. Encoding data is the next step of our work. Is it really easy to exchange some transcriptions? We will demonstrate that interoperability must be much more efficient than it currently is, in order to easily share transcribed data. At least, what we name spontaneous speech is precisely analysed. Thanks to several points of view, definitions and experiences, we try to get the precise meaning of this expression.

This work is focusing on reasons for protection of email addresses against automatic recognition, which aims to find other recipients of spam. Includes description of how this protection can be increased and these methods are evaluated in terms of level of protection and conservation addresses accessibility of websites. The part of this work is to determine the current status of the website addresses of public universities in terms of utilized methods of record. Status on these sites is investigated using application, which in addition to finding addresses, finding the method of writing on a selected sample sites. The various methods used to write addresses are evaluated on the results of the application and other recommendations for improvement are discussed.

Les procédés de traduction constituent un sujet important pour les traductologues et les linguistes. Face à un certain mot ou segment difficile à traduire, les traducteurs humains doivent appliquer les solutions particulières au lieu de la traduction littérale, telles que l'équivalence idiomatique, la généralisation, la particularisation, la modulation syntaxique ou sémantique, etc.En revanche, ce sujet a reçu peu d'attention dans le domaine du Traitement Automatique des Langues (TAL). Notre problématique de recherche se décline en deux questions : est-il possible de reconnaître automatiquement les procédés de traduction ? Certaines tâches en TAL peuvent-elles bénéficier de la reconnaissance des procédés de traduction ?Notre hypothèse de travail est qu'il est possible de reconnaître automatiquement les différents procédés de traduction (par exemple littéral versus non littéral). Pour vérifier notre hypothèse, nous avons annoté un corpus parallèle anglais-français en procédés de traduction, tout en établissant un guide d'annotation. Notre typologie de procédés est proposée en nous appuyant sur des typologies précédentes, et est adaptée à notre corpus. L'accord inter-annotateur (0,67) est significatif mais dépasse peu le seuil d'un accord fort (0,61), ce qui reflète la difficulté de la tâche d'annotation. En nous fondant sur des exemples annotés, nous avons ensuite travaillé sur la classification automatique des procédés de traduction. Même si le jeu de données est limité, les résultats expérimentaux valident notre hypothèse de travail concernant la possibilité de reconnaître les différents procédés de traduction. Nous avons aussi montré que l'ajout des traits sensibles au contexte est pertinent pour améliorer la classification automatique.En vue de tester la généricité de notre typologie de procédés de traduction et du guide d'annotation, nos études sur l'annotation manuelle ont été étendues au couple de langues anglais-chinois. Ce couple de langues partagent beaucoup moins de points communs par rapport au couple anglais-français au niveau linguistique et culturel. Le guide d'annotation a été adapté et enrichi. La typologie de procédés de traduction reste identique à celle utilisée pour le couple anglais-français, ce qui justifie d'étudier le transfert des expériences menées pour le couple anglais-français au couple anglais-chinois.Dans le but de valider l'intérêt de ces études, nous avons conçu un outil d'aide à la compréhension écrite pour les apprenants de français langue étrangère. Une expérience sur la compréhension écrite avec des étudiants chinois confirme notre hypothèse de travail et permet de modéliser l'outil. D'autres perspectives de recherche incluent l'aide à la construction de ressource de paraphrases, l'évaluation de l'alignement automatique de mots et l'évaluation de la qualité de la traduction automatique. / Translation techniques constitute an important subject in translation studies and in linguistics. When confronted with a certain word or segment that is difficult to translate, human translators must apply particular solutions instead of literal translation, such as idiomatic equivalence, generalization, particularization, syntactic or semantic modulation, etc.However, this subject has received little attention in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP). Our research problem is twofold: is it possible to automatically recognize translation techniques? Can some NLP tasks benefit from the recognition of translation techniques?Our working hypothesis is that it is possible to automatically recognize the different translation techniques (e.g. literal versus non-literal). To verify our hypothesis, we annotated a parallel English-French corpus with translation techniques, while establishing an annotation guide. Our typology of techniques is proposed based on previous typologies, and is adapted to our corpus. The inter-annotator agreement (0.67) is significant but slightly exceeds the threshold of a strong agreement (0.61), reflecting the difficulty of the annotation task. Based on annotated examples, we then worked on the automatic classification of translation techniques. Even if the dataset is limited, the experimental results validate our working hypothesis regarding the possibility of recognizing the different translation techniques. We have also shown that adding context-sensitive features is relevant to improve the automatic classification.In order to test the genericity of our typology of translation techniques and the annotation guide, our studies of manual annotation have been extended to the English-Chinese language pair. This pair shares far fewer linguistic and cultural similarities than the English-French pair. The annotation guide has been adapted and enriched. The typology of translation techniques remains the same as that used for the English-French pair, which justifies studying the transfer of the experiments conducted for the English-French pair to the English-Chinese pair.With the aim to validate the benefits of these studies, we have designed a tool to help learners of French as a foreign language in reading comprehension. An experiment on reading comprehension with Chinese students confirms our working hypothesis and allows us to model the tool. Other research perspectives include helping to build paraphrase resources, evaluating automatic word alignment and evaluating the quality of machine translation.

No description available.

La reconnaissance de mouvements naturels est de toute première importance dans la mise en oeuvre d’Interfaces Homme-Machine intelligentes et efficaces, utilisables de manière intuitive en environnement virtuel. En effet, elle permet à l’utilisateur d’agir de manière naturelle et au système de reconnaitre les mouvements corporel effectués tels qu’ils seraient perçu par un humain. Cette tâche est complexe, car elle demande de relever plusieurs défis : prendre en compte les spécificités du dispositif d’acquisition des données de mouvement, gérer la variabilité cinématique dans l’exécution du mouvement, et enfin gérer les différences morphologiques inter-individuelles, de sorte que les mouvements de tout nouvel utilisateur puissent être reconnus. De plus, de part la nature interactive des environnements virtuels, cette reconnaissancedoit pouvoir se faire en temps-réel, sans devoir attendre la fin du mouvement. La littérature scientifique propose de nombreuses méthodes pour répondre aux deux premiers défis mais la gestion de la variabilité morphologique est peu abordée. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une description du mouvement permettant de répondre à cette problématique et évaluons sa capacité à reconnaitre les mouvements naturels d’un utilisateur inconnu. Enfin, nous proposons unenouvelle méthode permettant de tirer partie de cette représentation dans une reconnaissance précoce du mouvement / Recognition of natural movements is of utmost importance in the implementation of intelligent and effective Human-Machine Interfaces for virtual environments. It allows the user to behave naturally and the system to recognize its body movements in the same way a human might perceive it. This task is complex, because it addresses several challenges : take account of the specificities of the motion capture system, manage kinematic variability in motion performance, and finally take account of the morphological differences between individuals, so that actions of any new user can be recognized. Moreover, due to the interactive nature of virtual environments, this recognition must be achieved in real-time without waiting for the motion end. The literature offers many methods to meet the first two challenges. But the management of the morphological variability is not dealt. In this thesis, we propose a description of the movement to address this issue and we evaluate its ability to recognize the movements of an unknown user. Finally, we propose a new method to take advantage of this representation in early motion recognition

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:08:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reconhecimento automatico tinamidae.pdf: 1584398 bytes, checksum: 2f87f01e251266076588ff37c7d6322f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-11 / This work presents a comprehensive approach to develop a system for recognizing birds by vocalization. The approach specifically addresses the recognition of birds of the Tinamidae family proposing the analysis of data related to the frequency and song of the bird and also classifying and determining the species of bird. The study differs from related research primarily for performing the pre-processing stage automatically. This stage determines the following characteristics: the minimum, the maximum and the stronger frequencies. It s still made a segmentation of the bird singing in periods of sound and silence. The time of singing is also used as a characteristic peculiar to each species analyzed. For the automatic determination of the characteristics of the frequency and song of the bird, an analysis of the power spectral density was made for each time period specified in the frequency using the spectrogram of the song. The recognition and classification technique adopted was the nearest neighbor, using Euclidean distance normalized by the standard deviation. The accuracy of the technique used was 94.12%. / O presente trabalho apresenta uma abordagem completa para o desenvolvimento de um sistema de reconhecimento de aves através da vocalização. A abordagem trata especificamente do reconhecimento de aves da família Tinamidae, propondo analisar dados relacionados à frequência e canto da ave, classificando e determinando a espécie da ave. O estudo feito diferencia-se das pesquisas correlatas principalmente por realizar a etapa de pré-processamento de maneira automática, determinando nesta fase as características de frequência mínima, máxima e mais intensa. Ainda é feita uma segmentação do canto da ave, dividindo o mesmo em períodos de som e silêncio, sendo o tempo de canto também usado como característica peculiar de cada espécie analisada. Para a determinação das características de frequência e canto da ave de maneira automática foi feita uma análise da densidade espectral de potência para cada período de tempo especificado em relação à frequência, utilizando para isso o espectrograma do canto. A técnica de classificação e reconhecimento adotada foi a do vizinho mais próximo, aplicando a distância Euclidiana normalizada pelo desvio padrão. A acurácia da técnica utilizada foi de 94,12%.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-04-10T14:28:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Disserteção - Célio Seixo de Brito Júnior - 2013.pdf: 6241241 bytes, checksum: 873e968701f03e30aeeb7118fdba6660 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-04-10T14:35:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Disserteção - Célio Seixo de Brito Júnior - 2013.pdf: 6241241 bytes, checksum: 873e968701f03e30aeeb7118fdba6660 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-10T14:35:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Disserteção - Célio Seixo de Brito Júnior - 2013.pdf: 6241241 bytes, checksum: 873e968701f03e30aeeb7118fdba6660 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work proposes a methodology for automatically determining characteristics, classification and recognition of birds from onomatopoeic names based on analysis of spectrograms of vocalizations of these birds. The filtering and segmentation of the signals are made automatically. Segmentation, which is the separation of the bird vocalization in regions of sound and silence, is performed with the centroid and energy characteristics of the signals. The filtering is made using filters generated using wavelet transform and Chebyshev filters. The recognition of birds is made from a decision tree, constructed automatically based on the following features: entropy, ZCR, centroid, energy, spectral flux, rollof frequency, minimum frequency, maximum frequency and the frequency of greater intensity of the spectrum. / O presente trabalho propõe uma metodologia de determinação automática de características, classificação e reconhecimento de aves de nomes onomatopéicos baseada na análise dos espectrogramas das vocalizações dessas aves. A filtragem e a segmentação dos sinais são feitas automaticamente. A segmentação, que é a separação da vocalização da ave em regiões de som e silêncio, é realizada com as características centroide e energia dos sinais. A filtragem é feita com filtros gerados utilizando transformada wavelet e filtros Chebyshev. O reconhecimento das aves é feito a partir de uma árvore de decisão, construída automaticamente com base nas seguintes características: entropia, ZCR, centróide, energia, fluxo espectral, frequência rolloff, frequência mínima, frequência máxima e frequência de maior intensidade do espectro.

La traduction des Entités Nommées (EN) est un axe de recherche d'actualité vu la multitude des documents électroniques échangés à travers Internet. Ainsi, le besoin de traiter ces documents par des outils de TALN est devenu nécessaire et intéressant. La modélisation formelle ou semi formelle de ces EN peut intervenir dans les processus de reconnaissance et de traduction. En effet, elle permet de rendre plus fiable la constitution des ressources linquistiques, de limiter l'impact des spécificités linguistiques ct de faciliter les transformations d'une représentation à une autre. Dans ce contexte, nous proposons un outil de reconnaissance ct de traduction vers le français des EN arabes basé essentiellement sur une représentation formelle et sur un ensemble de transducteurs. L'outil prend en compte l'intégration d'un module de translittération. L'implémentation de cet outil a été effectuée en utilisant la plateforme NooJ. Les résultats obtenus sont satisfaisants / The translation of named entities (NEs) is a current research topic with regard to the proliferation of electronic documents exchanged through the Internet. So, the need to process these documents with NLP tools becomes necessary and interesting. Formal or semi-formal modeling of these NEs may intervene in both processes of recognition and translation. Indeed, it makes the accumulation of linguistic resources more reliable, limits the impact of linguistic specificities and facilitates the transformation from one representation to another. In this context, we propose a tool for the recognition and translation of Arabic NEs into French, based primarily on formal .representation and a set of transducers. This tool takes into account the integration of a module of transliteration. Its implementation was performed using the NooJ platform and the results obtained proved to be satisfactory

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The field of topic spotting in conversational speech deals with the problem of identifying "interesting" conversations or speech extracts contained within large volumes of speech data. Typical applications where the technology can be found include the surveillance and screening of messages before referring to human operators. Closely related methods can also be used for data-mining of multimedia databases, literature searches, language identification, call routing and message prioritisation. The first topic spotting systems used words as the most basic units. However, because of the poor performance of speech recognisers, a large amount of topic-specific hand-transcribed training data is needed. It is for this reason that researchers started concentrating on methods using phonemes instead, because the errors then occur on smaller, and therefore less important, units. Phoneme-based methods consequently make it feasible to use computer generated transcriptions as training data. Building on word-based methods, a number of phoneme-based systems have emerged. The two most promising ones are the Euclidean Nearest Wrong Neighbours (ENWN) algorithm and the newly developed Stochastic Method for the Automatic Recognition of Topics (SMART). Previous experiments on the Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology's Multi-Language Telephone Speech Corpus suggested that SMART yields a large improvement over ENWN which outperformed competing phoneme-based systems in evaluations. However, the small amount of data available for these experiments meant that more rigorous testing was required. In this research, the algorithms were therefore re-implemented to run on the much larger Switchboard Corpus. Subsequently, a substantial improvement of SMART over ENWN was observed, confirming the result that was previously obtained. In addition to this, an investigation was conducted into the improvement of SMART. This resulted in a new counting strategy with a corresponding improvement in performance. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die veld van onderwerp-herkenning in spraak het te doen met die probleem om "interessante" gesprekke of spraaksegmente te identifiseer tussen groot hoeveelhede spraakdata. Die tegnologie word tipies gebruik om gesprekke te verwerk voor dit verwys word na menslike operateurs. Verwante metodes kan ook gebruik word vir die ontginning van data in multimedia databasisse, literatuur-soektogte, taal-herkenning, oproep-kanalisering en boodskap-prioritisering. Die eerste onderwerp-herkenners was woordgebaseerd, maar as gevolg van die swak resultate wat behaal word met spraak-herkenners, is groot hoeveelhede hand-getranskribeerde data nodig om sulke stelsels af te rig. Dit is om hierdie rede dat navorsers tans foneemgebaseerde benaderings verkies, aangesien die foute op kleiner, en dus minder belangrike, eenhede voorkom. Foneemgebaseerde metodes maak dit dus moontlik om rekenaargegenereerde transkripsies as afrigdata te gebruik. Verskeie foneemgebaseerde stelsels het verskyn deur voort te bou op woordgebaseerde metodes. Die twee belowendste stelsels is die "Euclidean Nearest Wrong Neighbours" (ENWN) algoritme en die nuwe "Stochastic Method for the Automatic Recognition of Topics" (SMART). Vorige eksperimente op die "Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology's Multi-Language Telephone Speech Corpus" het daarop gedui dat die SMART algoritme beter vaar as die ENWN-stelsel wat ander foneemgebaseerde algoritmes geklop het. Die feit dat daar te min data beskikbaar was tydens die eksperimente het daarop gedui dat strenger toetse nodig was. Gedurende hierdie navorsing is die algoritmes dus herimplementeer sodat eksperimente op die "Switchboard Corpus" uitgevoer kon word. Daar is vervolgens waargeneem dat SMART aansienlik beter resultate lewer as ENWN en dit het dus die geldigheid van die vorige resultate bevestig. Ter aanvulling hiervan, is 'n ondersoek geloods om SMART te probeer verbeter. Dit het tot 'n nuwe telling-strategie gelei met 'n meegaande verbetering in resultate.

Orientador: Roberto de Alencar Lotufo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T14:11:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dias_FabioGaiotto_M.pdf: 23093036 bytes, checksum: b69164dd21b02038afe09fee3044659a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Sistemas de reconhecimento da placa de licenciamento veicular (SRPLV) identificam o código da placa de um veículo com base em sua imagem.. Suas principais aplicações são: detecção de veículos roubados; controle de acesso em áreas restritas; monitoramento de tráfego; fiscalização de trânsito; controle automático de estacionamentos e de pedágios. Neste trabalho, descrevemos melhorias para SRPLV. As principais contribuições estão no método de localização da placa, efetuando a binarização com base nos mínimos regionais da imagem filtrada; no enquadramento com correção da distorção de perspectiva da placa, através da homografia; na separação dos caracteres com auxilio da projeção vertical; e no reconhecimento dos caracteres, utilizando um classificador hierárquico de distância mínima. Nossa proposta obteve resultado 1,17 vezes superior na localização da placa e 1,58 vezes superior no correto reconhecimento da placa em relação ao melhor resultado entre duas demonstrações de sistemas comerciais disponíveis na internet (SeeCar e SIAV 3.0), usando um banco de dados com 1200 imagens / Abstract: Vehicle license plate recognition systems (VLPRS) identify the plate number of a vehicle based on its image. Their main applications are: stolen vehicle detection; access control of restricted areas; traffic monitoring; traffic law enforcement; automatic control of parking and toll collection, in this work, we describe improvements for VLPRS. The main contributions are in the plate location method performing the binarization based on regional minima of the filtered image; in the plate framing with perspective distortion correction using the homography; in the character separation with the aid of the vertical projection; and in the character recognition, using a minimal distance hierarchical classifier. Our proposal presented a performance 1.17 times superior in the plate location and 1.58 times superior in the correct plate recognition, when compared to the best result of two commercial system demonstrations available in the internet (SeeCar and SIAV 3.0), using a database of 1.200 images / Mestrado / Engenharia de Computação / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica