Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:40:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:08:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 02952.pdf: 7403188 bytes, checksum: e42815826fbb34c3f9e816b7ad625ab8 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:40:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:08:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 02952.pdf: 7403188 bytes, checksum: e42815826fbb34c3f9e816b7ad625ab8 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

A vehicle fuel’s life does not begin when that fuel is pumped into the tank or the battery is charged. Each kilowatt-hour of fuel that is used has a history traceable back to its original feedstock, be it crude oil, corn, solar energy, or others. In this thesis, a life cycle analysis is performed on E10, E85, B20, hydrogen, and electricity, with the well-to-pump fossil fuel energy use and greenhouse gas emissions compared. Results are presented in the form of either energy or mass per kilowatt of fuel at the plug or at the pump. An analysis of the economic viability of each fuel to the consumer is also demonstrated. E85 is found to have the best well-to-pump fossil fuel energy use at 722 Wh/kWh, while hydrogen demonstrates the best well-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions with 123 g/km (CO2 equivalent) and electricity produces the lowest vehicle lifetime operating cost of $0.241/mile.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Os estudos sobre as análises de cabelos humanos têm sido assunto de contínuo interesse por se tratar de uma importante ferramenta para a avaliação de níveis de elementos traço no corpo humano. O interesse por este tecido é para o uso na monitoração de exposição ambiental ou ocupacional, para identificação da intoxicação e/ou envenenamento por metais tóxicos, na avaliação do estado nutricional, na diagnose e prevenção de doenças e nas ciências forenses. Há inúmeras vantagens na análise de cabelos quando comparados com as de outros tecidos ou fluidos biológicos, tais como sangue, urina, saliva e órgãos. Entretanto há controvérsias sobre o uso das análises de cabelos em razão da dificuldade em estabelecer os valores confiáveis de referência para as suas concentrações de elementos traço. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os fatores que afetam nas concentrações de elementos em cabelos humanos e determinar os elementos em cabelos de uma população de indivíduos considerados saudáveis e residentes na área metropolitana de São Paulo, utilizando o método de análise por ativação com nêutrons (NAA). As amostras de cabelo coletadas da região occipital da cabeça foram cortadas em pequenos fragmentos, lavadas e secas para análise. As alíquotas de amostras de cabelo, juntamente com padrões sintéticos de elementos foram irradiados por 16 h sob fluxo de nêutrons térmicos de cerca de 5 x 1012 n cm-2 s-1 do reator nuclear IEA-R1 para a determinação de As, Br, Ca, Co. Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, K, La, Na, Sb, Sc, Se e Zn. As radiações gama das amostras e dos padrões irradiados foram medidas em um espectrômetro de raios gama acoplado a um detector de Ge hiperpuro. Para avaliar a qualidade dos resultados com relação à exatidão e precisão foram analisados os materiais de referência certificados IAEA- 85 Human Hair e INCT-TL-1 Tea Leaves cujos resultados obtidos apresentaram, para a maioria dos elementos, boa concordância com os valores dos certificados (porcentagens de erros relativos inferiores a 10%) e boa precisão (coeficientes de variação inferiores a 13,6% ). As análises de uma amostra de cabelo em réplicas indicaram uma boa reprodutibilidade dos resultados, indicando a homogeneidade da amostra preparada. Os resultados das análises de cabelo com e sem tintura indicaram que a tintura afeta nos teores de elementos no cabelo em virtude da adsorção ou dessorção do elemento. As análises de cabelos de diferentes regiões da cabeça indicaram diferenças significativas para os elementos Fe, Sc, Se e Cr. Análises de cabelos de indivíduos residentes na área metropolitana de São Paulo indicaram que as concentrações de elementos nos cabelos dependem da idade, sexo e cor natural dos cabelos. Os resultados das análises de cabelos desta população mostraram que as médias das concentrações de elementos obtidas estão dentro da faixa de valores da literatura. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

In this thesis the effects of two future greenhouse gas emissionreducing strategies in the passenger transport sector are investigated.Three factors were modelled for 2021-2055; The life cycle emissions offour vehicle types using a well-to-wheel life cycle analysis tool calledGREET, the growth curve of these vehicle types was analyzed andextrapolated to obtain total vehicle predictions and the mileage ofthese vehicles was extrapolated from existing governmental data. Theresulting scenarios show that in the short term E85 ex fuel vehicles arecapable of more avoided emissions, with EVs outperforming them inthe long term. However limitations in the prediction of vehicle mileageleaves the overtake point to be determined.

In recent decades there has been a growing global concern with regards to vehicle-generated green house gas (GHG) emissions and the resulting air pollution. Currently, gasoline and diesel are the most widely used automotive fuels and are refined from crude oil which is a nonrenewable resource. When they are combusted in an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) they release significant amounts of air pollutants and Green House Gasses (GHG’s), such as NOx, CO2, SOx, CO, and PM10 into the atmosphere. The results of a feasibility study indicate that intermediary automotive propulsion systems are needed in order to begin a transition from fossil fuels to a clean, renewable transportation system. The Extended Range Electric Vehicle (E-REV) has been identified as an ideal intermediate vehicle technology. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to establish the scientific and engineering fundamentals for the design and development of a Dual-Fuel (hydrogen + Gasoline) Power Generation System for the E-REV sustainable mobility architecture. The devised power generation system is comprised of hydrogen and gasoline storage reservoirs, their respective fuelling systems, a Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engine (SI ICE), an electric generator, batteries, as well as supplementary electronic systems. The batteries are used to provide power directly to the electric motors and are recharged with both the on-board electric generator and via plug-in capabilities. The developed prototype vehicle, which used a commercial Dune Buggy as a test bed, combined with the on-board rechargeable LiFePO4 battery pack, can provide the users with a daily commute range of ~ 65 [km] relying solely on the battery’s electric power, whereas for longer duration trips the use of the on-board generator would be necessary. The developed Dual-Fuel E-REV power generation system offers the following benefits when compared to the original gasoline ICE architecture: reduced emissions, improved acceleration (47% ↑), improved range (75% ↑), improved fuel economy (22% ↑) and decreased average fuel cost/km (29% ↓).

Production of high-quality syngas from biomass gasification in a dual fluidised bed gasifier (DFBG) has made a significant progress in R&D and Technology demonstration. An S&M scale bio-automotive fuel plant close to the feedstock resources is preferable as biomass feedstock is widely sparse and has relatively low density, low heating value and high moisture content. This requires simple, reliable and cost-effective production of clean and good syngas. Indirect DFBGs, with steam as the gasification agent, produce a syngas of high content H2 and CO with 12-20 MJ/mn3 heating value. The Mid Sweden University (MIUN) gasifier, built for research on synthetic fuel production, is a dual fluidised bed gasifier. Reforming of tars and CH4 (except for methanation application) in the syngas is a major challenge for commercialization of biomass fluidised-bed gasification technology towards automotive fuel production. A good syngas from DFBGs can be obtained by optimised design and operation of the gasifier, by the use of active catalytic bed material and internal reforming. This thesis presents a series of experimental tests with different operation parameters, reforming of tar and CH4 with catalytic bed material and reforming of tar and CH4 with catalytic internal reformer.   The first test was carried out to evaluate the optimal operation and performance of the MIUN gasifier. The test provides basic information for temperature control in the combustor and the gasifier by the bed material circulation rate.    After proven operation and performance of the MIUN gasifier, an experimental study on in-bed material catalytic reforming of tar/CH4 is performed to evaluate the catalytic effects of the olivine and Fe-impregnated olivine (10%wtFe/olivine Catalyst) bed materials, with reference to non-catalytic silica sand operated in the mode of dual fluidised beds (DFB). A comparative experimental test is then carried out with the same operation condition and bed-materials but when the gasifier was operated in the mode of single bubbling fluidised bed (BFB). The behaviour of catalytic and non-catalytic bed materials differs when they are used in the DFB and the BFB. Fe/olivine and olivine in the BFB mode give lower tar and CH4 content together with higher H2+CO concentration, and higher H2/CO ratio, compared to DFB mode. It is hard to show a clear advantage of Fe/olivine over olivine regarding tar/CH4 catalytic reforming.    In order to significantly reduce the tar/CH4 contents, an internal reformer, referred to as the FreeRef reformer, is developed for in-situ catalytic reforming of tar and CH4 using Ni-catalyst in an environment of good gas-solids contact at high temperature.  A study on the internal reformer filled with and without Ni-catalytic pellets was carried out by evaluation of the syngas composition and tar/CH4 content. It can be concluded that the reformer with Ni-catalytic pellets clearly gives a higher H2 content together with lower CH4 and tar contents in the syngas than the reformer without Ni-catalytic pellets. The gravimetric tar content decreases from 25 g/m3 down to 5 g/m3 and the CH4 content from 11% down below 6% in the syngas.   The MIUN gasifier has a unique design suitable for in-bed tar/CH4 catalytic reforming and continuously internal regeneration of the reactive bed material. The novel design in the MIUN gasifier increases the gasification efficiency, suppresses the tar generation and upgrades the syngas composition. / Gasification-based Biorefinery for Mechanical Pulp Mills