Categoria central da estética desde a modernidade, a autonomia da arte é sustentada até mesmo pelas teorias filosóficas que pretendem problematizar os aspectos sociais e políticos do fenômeno artístico. O caráter histórico das produções culturais não passou despercebido por pensadores como Adorno e Marcuse, por exemplo, mas os elementos culturalmente conservadores de suas estéticas talvez tenham imposto limitações importantes a suas pretensões críticas, a despeito da intenção de seus autores. Dentre os estudiosos do século XX que buscaram compreender o lugar e a função social da arte, investigamos o trabalho de Pierre Bourdieu, especialmente por vermos nele uma ruptura com a ideia de autonomia da arte e suas noções auxiliares, tais como gosto puro, poder transubstanciador da arte, leitor como co-autor, artista como gênio incriado, arte como esfera separada da vida prática, desinteresse da fruição estética etc. Ao investigar sua obra, pretendemos não somente demonstrar o caráter de legitimadores das desigualdades sociais que possuem os discursos filosóficos de autores como Peter Bürger, Arthur Danto, Terry Eagleton e os já citados Adorno e Marcuse, como também mostrar que há problemas teóricos importantes que podem ser explicitados e explicados pelo cotejamento de suas ideias com as de Bourdieu. Este caracterizou o consumo cultural como marcador social e, por meio de investigações empíricas e teóricas, numa interseção entre sociologia e filosofia, problematizou diversos fundamentos da estética erudita que explicam sua função de legitimadora social e permitem identificar sua permanência e força mesmo nos discursos filosóficos que buscam explicitar a raiz histórica e social dos fenômenos artísticos. / Central category from Aesthetic since modernity, the autonomy of art is supported even by philosophical theories that claim to discuss the social and political aspects of the artistic phenomenon. The historical character of cultural productions has not gone unnoticed by thinkers such as Adorno and Marcuse, for example, but the cultural conservative elements of their aesthetic perhaps have imposed crucial limitations on their critical pretensions, despite the intentions of the authors. Among the scholars of the twentieth century who sought to understand the place and the social function of art, we investigated Pierre Bourdieu\'s work, especially because we believe he breaks with the idea of autonomy of art and its auxiliary concepts such as pure taste art\'s transubstantiation power, reader as co-author, artist as uncreated genius, art as a separate sphere from practical life, aesthetic enjoyment disinterest etc. To investigate his work, we intend to not only demonstrate the legitimating character of social inequalities from the philosophical discourses of authors such as Peter Bürger, Arthur Danto, Terry Eagleton and aforementioned Adorno and Marcuse, but also show that there are important theoretical problems that can be clarified and explained by confronting his ideas with those of Bourdieu. His characterization the cultural consumption as a social marker and through empirical and, through theoretical investigations in the intersection of sociology and philosophy, problematized various grounds of scholar aesthetics explaining its social legitimizing function and identifying its permanence and strength even in philosophical speeches seeking to explain the historical and social roots of the artistic phenomena.

Categoria central da estética desde a modernidade, a autonomia da arte é sustentada até mesmo pelas teorias filosóficas que pretendem problematizar os aspectos sociais e políticos do fenômeno artístico. O caráter histórico das produções culturais não passou despercebido por pensadores como Adorno e Marcuse, por exemplo, mas os elementos culturalmente conservadores de suas estéticas talvez tenham imposto limitações importantes a suas pretensões críticas, a despeito da intenção de seus autores. Dentre os estudiosos do século XX que buscaram compreender o lugar e a função social da arte, investigamos o trabalho de Pierre Bourdieu, especialmente por vermos nele uma ruptura com a ideia de autonomia da arte e suas noções auxiliares, tais como gosto puro, poder transubstanciador da arte, leitor como co-autor, artista como gênio incriado, arte como esfera separada da vida prática, desinteresse da fruição estética etc. Ao investigar sua obra, pretendemos não somente demonstrar o caráter de legitimadores das desigualdades sociais que possuem os discursos filosóficos de autores como Peter Bürger, Arthur Danto, Terry Eagleton e os já citados Adorno e Marcuse, como também mostrar que há problemas teóricos importantes que podem ser explicitados e explicados pelo cotejamento de suas ideias com as de Bourdieu. Este caracterizou o consumo cultural como marcador social e, por meio de investigações empíricas e teóricas, numa interseção entre sociologia e filosofia, problematizou diversos fundamentos da estética erudita que explicam sua função de legitimadora social e permitem identificar sua permanência e força mesmo nos discursos filosóficos que buscam explicitar a raiz histórica e social dos fenômenos artísticos. / Central category from Aesthetic since modernity, the autonomy of art is supported even by philosophical theories that claim to discuss the social and political aspects of the artistic phenomenon. The historical character of cultural productions has not gone unnoticed by thinkers such as Adorno and Marcuse, for example, but the cultural conservative elements of their aesthetic perhaps have imposed crucial limitations on their critical pretensions, despite the intentions of the authors. Among the scholars of the twentieth century who sought to understand the place and the social function of art, we investigated Pierre Bourdieu\'s work, especially because we believe he breaks with the idea of autonomy of art and its auxiliary concepts such as pure taste art\'s transubstantiation power, reader as co-author, artist as uncreated genius, art as a separate sphere from practical life, aesthetic enjoyment disinterest etc. To investigate his work, we intend to not only demonstrate the legitimating character of social inequalities from the philosophical discourses of authors such as Peter Bürger, Arthur Danto, Terry Eagleton and aforementioned Adorno and Marcuse, but also show that there are important theoretical problems that can be clarified and explained by confronting his ideas with those of Bourdieu. His characterization the cultural consumption as a social marker and through empirical and, through theoretical investigations in the intersection of sociology and philosophy, problematized various grounds of scholar aesthetics explaining its social legitimizing function and identifying its permanence and strength even in philosophical speeches seeking to explain the historical and social roots of the artistic phenomena.

面對著文化工業 (culture industry) 的崛起，藝術家高喊著「藝術自主性」 (autonomy of art) ，來對抗國家機器與資本主義對藝術的侵蝕。前衛的藝術家就已經面臨內部矛盾的論證：一部分認為藝術應該當作社會真實的反映工具，進而觸發社會的整體革命，另一部分則抱持著「為藝術而藝術」 (l'art pour l'art) ，不應該被任何社會的風潮牽動。本文挑選阿多諾的美學思想作為研究的課題，研究其批判文化工業的藝術哲學，並且就《啟蒙的辯證：哲學的片簡》 (Dialec-tics of Enlightenment) 的篇章〈文化工業：大眾欺騙的啟蒙〉 (The Culture Indus-try: Enlightenment of Mass Deception) 以及《美學理論》 (Aesthetic Theory) 當作本文研究之原典。 除了緒論與結論，本文共分為三個章節。第一章分析的是「文化工業」：藉由商品拜物教的形式，文化工業從藝術的外部性質──傳播媒體──來取得藝術的社會形式，卻也因此異化藝術本身的內在邏輯，甚至使得傳播媒體異化且取代了藝術作品本身。第二章分析的是「前衛藝術」：雖然前衛藝術是文化工業的對立面，但是它們都享有共同的外在語法與邏輯。因此，前衛藝術與文化工業的對立是基於什麼原因，則是本章所要分析的。第三章分析的是「藝術的雙重性」：藝術的雙重性是阿多諾《美學理論》的重要貢獻，也一直是後繼者研究其藝術哲學的重點。藝術的雙重性──社會性與自主性──都是藝術作品內部精神，而表現在它的物質形式上，這都可被視為藝術作品本身的物化。 從阿多諾的觀點中分析，藝術的自主性──就如同資本主義對於自由的形容──是不切實際的虛假意識，藝術是物質的、社會的產物，也只是反映下層建築的菱鏡、主體的附庸；另一方面，藝術卻又渴望不被他者束縛的自由，對於現實的理所當然是不屑一顧的，而試圖在化外之地找尋更好的理念。在阿多諾的美學理論，藝術的雙重性是其自身內部矛盾的辯證過程，卻也是藝術最迷人之處，無論傾向哪一個層面之體現，都無法完整表達藝術的真面目而使之終結。如果要為藝術找尋其雙重性的辯證，最終必然為找尋其動態的平衡，時而接近主體，時而離開主體，與主體展開曖昧不明又難分難捨的關係。也因為如此，藝術為達到自身辯證的平衡，就成為了縈繞於社會邊緣的遊蕩者。 / The artistic manifestation for “autonomy of art” is against the rise of culture in-dustry which corrupts art’s sake in the capitalist society. Those artists who claim self as the avant-garde argue whether their artwork should be the reflection of social real-ity or should be “l'art pour l'art”. My thesis is focus on T.W. Adorno’s aesthetic theory, and his critique against the culture industry. T.W. Adorno’s aesthetic theory should be rediscovered from his “The Culture Industry: Enlightenment of Mass Deception” from Dialectics of Enlightenment and his masterpiece Aesthetic Theory. Besides the epilogue and the conclusion, there are other three chapters. The first chapter is focus on “culture industry”: from commodity fetishism, the culture industry claims art’s form by its externality: media. However, it also reifies the internal logics of art which media takes over art in its own sake. The second chapter is on “avant-garde art”: though it is the counterpart of culture industry, avant-garde art shares the same syntax and logic with the culture industry. The reason of their conflicts should be explored by the history of modern art. The third chapter is on “the duality of art”: as the most important part in Adorno’s aesthetic theory, the duality of art contributes the essential idea in the aesthetic history. Nevertheless, the autonomy and social faux are both elements of art’s spiritual perpective which will be reified as its form. From Adorno’s theory, art’s autonomy and social faux are dialectical. Art must seek its own autonomy from its heteronomy, which avoids itself from its own fetish character. It circulates it own vital experience, then it terminates itself in the reification. Therefore, in Adorno’s theory, art’s duality is both dialectical and mysterious. Whether any aspect could not embody the truth content of art, and hence art is so amusing. The dialectical duality of art comes with its equilibrium with the social; real-ity, while the former is object and the latter is subject. While art approaches with the society, it also detaches from the society. The dialectical relationships has made art and society both indistinct and inseparable, therefore, art must become the edge of so-ciety in its own sake as the “flâneur”.

Summary in English / Romanticism as a broad movement of thought developed as a reaction against rationalism and empiricism in the period of Enlightenment. In his critical evaluation of Getman literature Eichendorff as a historian exammes the excessiveness of esoteric theories in the work of the young intellectuals of the early romantic period in Getmany. The romanticists' idealist celebration of the self, and their tendency to overestimate the power of the imagination and the supreme value of art led to self-adulation and subjectivism which was unacceptable to Eichendorff s understanding of art and religion. The "romantic" attempt at creating a new mythology usmg art as a new kind of religion and thereby making the poet an omnipotent creator could only be rejected by Eichendorff whose moral convictions were strongly based on Christian Catholic beliefs. The young romanticists replaced ethics with aesthetics. Eichendorffs judgement of this development is devastating. He describes the early romantic movement as a "premature abortion". / Classics and Modern European Languages / M.A. (German)

Summary in English / Romanticism as a broad movement of thought developed as a reaction against rationalism and empiricism in the period of Enlightenment. In his critical evaluation of Getman literature Eichendorff as a historian exammes the excessiveness of esoteric theories in the work of the young intellectuals of the early romantic period in Getmany. The romanticists' idealist celebration of the self, and their tendency to overestimate the power of the imagination and the supreme value of art led to self-adulation and subjectivism which was unacceptable to Eichendorff s understanding of art and religion. The "romantic" attempt at creating a new mythology usmg art as a new kind of religion and thereby making the poet an omnipotent creator could only be rejected by Eichendorff whose moral convictions were strongly based on Christian Catholic beliefs. The young romanticists replaced ethics with aesthetics. Eichendorffs judgement of this development is devastating. He describes the early romantic movement as a "premature abortion". / Classics and Modern European Languages / M.A. (German)

This dissertation thesis aims to reflect on the current evolvement of public spaces and increasingly common discussions of the lay and professional public about its impact and importance for a democratic society. The main topic, "Autonomy of an artwork outside of the institutions of art", focuses on searching for the autonomy of artwork in public spaces in the context of how the artwork was placed there. The thesis describes specific artworks which were placed into the public space using different methods, such as art competition, no competition, as a gift, or in a way of temporary art. These methods are examined to find the degree of autonomy. The degree of autonomy of artworks in public spaces is determined based on the applied analysis which, among other things, focuses on how efficient the result is in comparison to the method of placement. The field research resulted in complex, subjective, sculptural and artistic opinion on the current practice of placement of artworks into public spaces. Such professional and relevant opinion was then presented to the responsible authorities which have a significant impact on the creation of public spaces. The author aims to apply the acquired knowledge in practice by offering his professional opinions for the new elaboration of the government strategic document called "Politika architektury a stavební kultury České republiky" (loosely translated as "Politics of Architecture and Building Culture of the Czech Republic"), which is created by Ministry of Regional Development of the Czech Republic. The main results of the thesis describe the efficient approaches which lead to cultivation of public spaces and the significant role of art in them. Such approaches were in the thesis demonstrated by civic influence on the government strategies or civic activism in a form of citizens' initiative called "Je to i tvoje město" (loosely translated as "The city is your too") which actively participates in the public debate in Jindřichův Hradec, town on the South of the Czech Republic.