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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
151

Autophagy in the proximal tubule cell and its role in the progression of chronic kidney disease

Kondrat, Jason Raymond 22 January 2016 (has links)
Chronic kidney disease is a substantial health problem effecting a large portion of the US population. Presence of excess protein, particularly albumin, in the urine of patients with chronic kidney disease is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and progression to end stage renal disease. In addition, excess protein reabsorption in the proximal tubule is sufficient to cause damage to the proximal tubule independent of the initial condition that lead to chronic disease. In the last decade, excess protein reabsorption by the proximal tubule as a result of chronic kidney damage has been shown to cause oxidative and ER stress, cell death, as well as tubule inflammation and fibrosis in the proximal tubule cell. Only recently have two studies investigated the role of autophagy in protein-induced tubule damage. Autophagy is a dynamic catabolic mechanism used to degrade cytosolic elements in times of cell starvation and is an important process in the cell's response to stress. The results of the studies by Wei Jin Liu et al. and Yamahara et. al. provide important first steps to determine whether autophagy of excess protein in proteinuric states prevents proximal tubule cell toxicity and potentially slow the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This thesis will explore the results of these two studies in the context of proximal tubule damage in chronic kidney disease, and discuss the potential for protein autophagy to improve our understanding and treatment of chronic kidney disease.
152

Autophagy and stress granules: the merging of two pathways in Parkinson's disease

Trengrove, Chelsea Brais 17 February 2016 (has links)
Autophagy is compromised in Parkinson’s disease (PD) with a number of PD-associated genetic mutations leading to its dysregulation. Leucine-rich repeat kinase (LRRK2) mutations, causative of PD, aberrantly enhance autophagy. Our lab elucidated a LRRK2 gene regulatory network identifying transcripts showing coordinated expression level changes associated with PD. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) was found to be an important interactor with LRRK2, regulating many of the same transcripts. The majority of these transcripts associate with autophagy and the lysosomal complex. I hypothesized that LRRK2 interacts with HDAC6 to regulate autophagy. Silencing of HDAC6 in SH-SY5Y normalized the autophagosomal size altered by expression of PD-linked LRRK2 mutants. This work identified a key role for HDAC6 in mediating the autophagic dysfunction induced by the mutant LRRK2. In addition to autophagy, stress granule (SG) formation has emerged as a compelling mechanism in the pathogenesis of PD. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), such as T-cell intracellular antigen-1 (TIA-1), are major component of SGs. I observed TIA-1 translocating from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in PD cortex without forming SGs. Hu antigen D (HuD) also showed changes, with the RBP more present in the cytoplasm than the nucleus in PD with no SGs observed. These preliminary studies lead to the hypothesis that low levels of SGs result from an inhibition by alpha-synuclein (syn), or hyperactive autophagy. For that purpose, brain tissues from a mouse model of PD (A53T-syn transgenic mouse) were examined by immunohistochemistry. There was no difference in TIA-1 expression in control and A53T-syn expressing mouse brains, or SG formation in primary neurons after treatment with recombinant A53T fibrils. To determine whether the lack of SGs in PD brain was due to activation of autophagy, BE-M17 cells were treated with rapamycin, an autophagy activator, which decreased SGs by 50%. Overexpression of TIA-1 in BE-M17 cells under arsenite treatment also increased autophagosomal size by 50%, indicating co-regulation of SGs and autophagy. My work indicates that the pathophysiology of PD is associated with a loss of SGs due to elevated activity of autophagy, presumably due to PD-linked LRRK2 mutations. This co-regulatory network may be a potential therapeutic target of PD.
153

The effect of human cytomegalovirus on neutrophil survival, autophagy, and extracellular traps

Storisteanu, Daniel Matthew L. January 2018 (has links)
Neutrophils provide a rapid first response to invading pathogens and orchestrate the immune response. They are able to employ potent antipathogenic mechanisms such as phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, protease release from granules, and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Despite this, certain pathogens have evolved mechanisms to benefit from neutrophil effector functions. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a clinically important pathogen that infects the majority of the human population. Monocytes are considered the main vehicle of HCMV dissemination throughout the body, but little research has been done on its interaction with neutrophils. The virus encodes a range of immunomodulatory proteins including an IL-8 homologue that acts as a powerful neutrophil chemoattractant. Viral conservation of a protein that recruits neutrophils to the site of HCMV infection suggests that the interaction between neutrophils and HCMV provides an overall advantage to the virus, but little evidence exists so far to suggest this is the case. Here I report that human peripheral blood neutrophils exposed to a clinical strain of HCMV display a profound survival phenotype, as assessed by morphology, phosphatidylserine exposure, cell permeability, and caspase-3/7 activity. This occurs in the absence of viral gene production. Neutrophils also upregulated their release of inflammatory cytokines in response to HCMV, with higher concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, and MIP-1α detected in the secretomes of infected neutrophils. These secretomes induced monocyte chemotaxis and increased monocyte permissivity to HCMV infection, as well as augmented survival in healthy, uninfected neutrophils. These experiments were confirmed with clean HCMV after the discovery of contaminating Mycoplasma spp. in the viral inocula of the initial experiments. Mycoplasma-HCMV coinfection induced an autophagic phenotype in neutrophils, as assessed by Western blotting and qPCR of autophagy-related components. Inhibition of autophagy using 3-MA reversed a profound survival effect. The unintended inclusion of Mycoplasma spp. further led to the serendipitous discovery of yet another pathogenic ability to overcome neutrophil immune functions: contaminating Mycoplasma spp. as well as Mycoplasma pneumoniae profoundly degraded NETs. These extracellular chromatin structures were stimulated using PMA or pyocyanin, and their release was dependent on the generation of ROS: severely ROS-deficient murine bone marrow neutrophils were unable to generate NETs. However, small amounts of ROS were sufficient for NETs generation, as neutrophils from acute respiratory distress syndrome patients, including many that had attenuated ROS-responses, were still capable of NETs generation. The NETs-degradative properties of mycoplasma were confirmed by fluorescence confocal and scanning electron microscopy, as well as spectrophotometry and agarose gel electrophoresis. This study demonstrates that two pervasive pathogens, HCMV and M. pneumoniae, both frequently found in coinfections in clinical contexts, are able to overcome neutrophil antipathogenic mechanisms to potentially enhance pathogen dissemination. These data provide not only a novel example of manipulation of an anti-viral response in a cell not productively infected, but also a novel example of pathogenic NETs degradation. These findings may have implications on our understanding of mycoplasma and HCMV pathogenesis and provide new targets for the generation of therapies.
154

Prions, autophagy, ageing and actin cytoskeleton in yeast

Speldewinde, Shaun January 2017 (has links)
Prions are infectious protein entities capable of self-replication. Prions are the causal agents behind the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies causing neurodegeneration and death in affected organisms. Prions have been identified in yeast with the best-characterized prions being [PSI+] and [PIN+], whose respective native proteins are the Sup35 translation termination factor and Rnq1 (function unknown). Autophagy is a cellular housekeeping mechanism mediating the degradation of damaged proteins and superfluous organelles. It is a highly sequential process regulated by autophagy related genes (ATGs). Autophagy has also been implicated in the clearance of amyloidogenic proteins including prions. However, the mechanistic basis underlying this activity is poorly understood, and a key objective of this project was to characterize how autophagy prevents spontaneous prion formation. Our study found that the deletion of core ATGs correlated with an increase in de novo [PSI+] and [PIN+] formation as well as Sup35 aggregation. Enhancement of autophagic flux through spermidine treatment attenuated the increased levels of de novo [PSI+] formation in mutants that normally show elevated levels of [PSI+] formation. Defective autophagy correlated with increased oxidatively damaged Sup35 in an atg1 mutant whereas anaerobic growth abrogated the increased [PSI+] formation in the atg1 mutant to wild-type levels. Our data suggest that autophagy serves a protective role in the clearance of oxidatively damaged Sup35 proteins that otherwise has a higher propensity towards [PSI+] prion formation. We also investigated the role of prion formation and autophagy during yeast chronological ageing which is the time that non-dividing cells remain viable. Prion diseases are associated with advanced age which correlates with a decline in cellular protective mechanisms including autophagy. Our study found an age dependent increase in the frequency of de novo [PSI+] formation with chronological age of yeast cells, more so in an atg1 mutant relative to the wild-type. Autophagy competent cells carrying the [PSI+] and [PIN+] prions also had improved chronological lifespan relative to prion free cells and atg1 cells. Cells carrying the [PSI+] prion elicited elevated autophagic flux that may promote improved lifespan thus suggesting a beneficial role of the [PSI+] prion during chronological ageing. The actin cytoskeleton provides the structural framework essential for a multitude of cellular processes to occur. We investigated the role of the Arp2/3 complex responsible for branching of actin filaments towards prion formation. Knockout mutants of the nucleation promoting factors of the Arp2/3 complex, in particular the abp1 mutant, showed reduced de novo [PSI+] formation and Sup35 aggregation under basal and oxidative stress conditions. Similarly, treatment with latrunclin A, an actin monomer-sequestering drug also abrogated de novo [PSI+] formation. Colocalization studies revealed that Sup35 often does not colocalize with Rnq1, a marker for the insoluble protein deposit (IPOD) in an abp1 mutant. This suggests a role for the Abp1 protein in the efficient transport of Sup35 molecules to the IPOD that may facilitate de novo [PSI+] prion formation under vegetative states and oxidant challenges.
155

Efeito da autofagia sobre a capacidade fagocítica e sobre a infecção de macrófagos de camundongos CBA/J por Leishmania amazonensis

Lima, José Geraldo Bomfim January 2009 (has links)
Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2012-11-30T20:45:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 José Geraldo Bomfim Lima Efeito da autofagia... 2009.pdf: 32365208 bytes, checksum: 34504be1e8f6483c263480600d8e1880 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-30T20:45:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 José Geraldo Bomfim Lima Efeito da autofagia... 2009.pdf: 32365208 bytes, checksum: 34504be1e8f6483c263480600d8e1880 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brasil / A autofagia vem sendo alvo de estudos que demonstram sua participação em infecções por diversos patógenos intracelulares. A depender do patógeno, a autofagia pode facilitar a sobrevivência intracelular do patógeno ou pode funcionar como controle da infecção pela célula hospedeira. Pouco se sabe sobre a participação da autofagia na infecção por Leishmania. Foi demonstrado que o vacúolo parasitóforo induzido por L mexicana adquire nutrientes citosólicos por microautofagia. Além disso, recentemente foi demonstrado que a indução de autofagia promove aumento da carga parasitária de L. amazonensis em macrófagos infectados. Esses dados sugerem a participação do processo autofágico no estabelecimento da infecção por Leishmania, como um mecanismo que favorece a sobrevivência intracelular do parasito. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a influência da autofagia na infecção, in vitro, de macrófagos de camundongos CBA/J por L. amazonensis. Macrófagos foram induzidos à autofagia por duas formas, fisiológica ou farmacológica, após ou antes da infecção por L. amazonensis ou exposição a partículas de levedo ou zimosan. O percentual de infecção e de fagocitose foi estimado. Os resultados mostram que a indução de autofagia, após a infecção, não altera o percentual de macrófagos infectados, mas promove o aumento na carga parasitária de macrófagos infectados por L. amazonensis. Além disso, a prévia indução de autofagia promove a inibição da capacidade fagocítica do macrófago murino. Estudos adicionais serão realizados no intuito de esclarecer os mecanismos pelos quais a indução de autofagia favorece a infecção por L. amazonensis e altera a capacidade fagocítica do macrófago murino / Recently, studies to delineate the participation of autophagy in intracellular pathogen infections have been performed. Dependent on pathogen infection, autophagy can facilitate microorganism intracellular survival or can control pathogen infection by host cell. Few works evaluated the role of autophagy in Leishmania infection. Recently, it was demonstrated that L mexicana-'mduced parasitophorous vacuoles acquire cytosolic nutrients by microautophagy. Additionally, it was also demonstrated that autophagy promotes enhancement of L. amazonensis burden on infected cells. Taken together, these data suggest the involvement of autophagic process on Leishmania infection, as a mechanism that favors parasite survival. The present work intent to determine the influence of autophagy in L. amazonensis infection of CBA/J macrophages in vitro. Autophagy was induced after and before L. amazonensis infection or particle addition to macrophage cultures. The percentage of infection and particle phagocytosis was estimated. The results show that autophagy induction after infection does not influence the percentage of L. a/rjazonens/s-infected cells, but enhances L. amazonensis burden on infected cells. In addition, previous autophagy induction inhibited macrophage phagocytic capacity. Further studies will be performed to understand the mechanisms involved in autophagy effect on L. amazonensis infection and on macrophage phagocytic capacity.
156

Estudo do efeito da autofagia sobre a endocitose e a adesão celular em macrófago murino in vitro

Lima, José geraldo Bomfim January 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2016-04-27T17:39:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 José Geraldo Bomfim Lima Estudo do efeito....pdf: 7893051 bytes, checksum: a043a24c2d08a6c835942fd381ead5a4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2016-04-27T17:40:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 José Geraldo Bomfim Lima Estudo do efeito....pdf: 7893051 bytes, checksum: a043a24c2d08a6c835942fd381ead5a4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:40:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 José Geraldo Bomfim Lima Estudo do efeito....pdf: 7893051 bytes, checksum: a043a24c2d08a6c835942fd381ead5a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / INTRODUÇÃO: A influência da autofagia em processos celulares que participam da homeostase celular, como a endocitose e a adesão celular, até o momento, foi pouco estudada. A endocitose consiste na internalização de material extracelular, quando as vesículas endocíticas são menores que 500nm é chamada de endocitose em microescala e quando as vesículas formadas são maiores que essa medida trata-se de endocitose em macroescala. Foi demonstrado que a conexão da via endocítica com a via autofágica é fundamental para a degradação de material citosólico e, subsequente, produção de energia e disponibilização de substrato para o metabolismo celular. Estudos controversos da literatura mostraram que a autofagia pode favorecer ou não interferir com a endocitose em macroescala. Além disso, alguns trabalhos demonstraram que o processo autofágico foi capaz de reduzir a reciclagem de integrinas para a membrana plasmática por alterar a endocitose em microescala envolvida na internalização desse tipo de proteína, reduzindo a capacidade de adesão e, consequentemente, a migração celular. Assim, em conjunto, esses achados evidenciam que a autofagia pode interagir e interferir com eventos celulares dependentes da participação da membrana plasmática como a endocitose e a adesão celular. OBJETIVO: No presente estudo, hipotetizamos que a prévia indução de autofagia em macrófagos é capaz de reduzir a endocitose em micro e macroescala, além de reduzir a capacidade de adesão celular. Desta forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi determinar o efeito da indução de autofagia, in vitro, sobre a endocitose e a adesão de macrófagos murino. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Macrófagos foram induzidos à autofagia por privação de nutrientes (starvation) ou pelo tratamento com um indutor farmacológico, a rapamicina, seguida da exposição a macromoléculas ou grandes partículas de diferentes naturezas. Além disso, após indução de autofagia, macrófagos em suspensão foram incubados em superfícies como o vidro ou uma matriz de colágeno e fibronectina para avaliação da capacidade de adesão. Os percentuais de endocitose em microescala, em macroescala e de adesão foram estimados. RESULTADOS: Mostramos que a indução de autofagia promoveu redução da capacidade fagocítica em cerca de 60% no percentual de macrófagos que internalizam grandes partículas, como levedo, sendo um mecanismo precoce e reversível. Ao passo que a indução de autofagia por privação de aminoácidos ou farmacológica não interferiu na endocitose em microescala. A indução de autofagia não alterou a endocitose de transferrina (endocitose mediada por receptores) e endocitose de BSA (endocitose de fase fluida). Em contraste, a indução de autofagia promoveu redução em aproximadamente 70% da quantidade de macrófagos que aderem a matriz de colágeno e fibronectina. Uma possível explicação para a redução da endocitose em macroescala pode estar relacionada à autofagia diminuir a disponibilidade de grandes extensões de membrana necessárias à internalização de partículas maiores que 500nm. Alternativamente, a indução de autofagia pode estar levando a célula a uma indisponibilidade de receptores na membrana plasmática que justificaria a redução da capacidade fagocítica e de adesão do 11 macrófago murino. CONCLUSÕES: A indução de autofagia diminui a capacidade fagocítica e a capacidade de adesão do macrófago murino. / INTRODUCTION: The influence of autophagy on cellular processes that participate in cellular homeostasis, such as endocytosis and cell adhesion has been poorly evaluated. Endocytosis consists in the internalization of extracellular material and includes microscale endocytosis, when endocytic vesicles are smaller than 500nm, and macroscale endocytosis, when the formed vesicles are larger than this measure. It has been shown that the connection between the endocytic and the autophagic pathways is essential for degradation of cytosolic material and, subsequently, power generation and provision of substrate for cellular metabolism. Controversial studies showed that autophagy can improve or do not interfere with macroscale endocytosis. Furthermore, some studies demonstrated that the autophagic process reduced integrin recycling to the plasma membrane through the modulation of microscale endocytosis involved in the internalization of this protein, reducing cell adhesion and migration. Taken together, these findings show that autophagy can interact and interfere with cellular events that depend on plasma membrane participation, such as endocytosis and cell adhesion. OBJECTIVES: In the present study, we hypothesized that prior autophagy induction in macrophage reduces micro and macroscale endocytosis, as well as cell adhesion. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of autophagy induction, in vitro, on endocytosis and adhesion of murine macrophages. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Autophagy by nutrient deprivation (starvation) or by treatment with an inducer drug, rapamycin, was induced in macrophages, followed by exposure to macromolecules or large particles of different natures. Furthermore, after autophagic induction, macrophages were plated on different surfaces like glass or collagen-fibronectin matrix to evaluate cell adhesiveness. After that, the percentage of endocytosis in micro and macroscale and adhesion were determined. RESULTS: We showed that autophagy induction decreases phagocytic ability to 60% in macrophages that internalized large particles like yeast. This is a reversible mechanism that occurs at early stages after autophagy induction. On the other hand, autophagy by amino acid deprivation or pharmacological induction does not interfere with the microscale endocytosis. The autophagy induction doesn’t alter transferrin endocytosis (receptor-mediated endocytosis) and BSA endocytosis (fluid-phase endocytosis). By contrast, the autophagy induction leads to a reduction of approximately 70% in macrophages adhesion on a collagen-fibronectin matrix. The reduction of macroscale endocytosis may be related to the decreased availability of large areas of membrane required for internalization of particles larger than 500nm caused by autophagy. Alternatively, autophagy induction may be leading to receptors unavailability in plasm membrane, which would explain the reduction of the phagocytic and adhesion ability. CONCLUSIONS: autophagy induction reduces
157

CLN5 deficiency results in alterations in the activation of autophagy

Budden, Theodore January 1900 (has links)
Master of Science / Department of Biology / Stella Y. Lee / CLN5 is one of several proteins that when mutated result in the lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL). CLN5 is a soluble lysosomal protein that has no known function at this time. Previously we showed that eight asparagine residues in CLN5 are N-glycosylated, and that this modification is important for the protein’s transport and function. Now, we have identified a link between the activation of autophagy and CLN5 deficiency. The autophagy-lysosomal protein degradation system is one of the major pathways the cell uses to degrade intracellular material and recycle cellular building blocks. It was recently shown that other CLN proteins affect the relative level of autophagy, indicating a potential link between the autophagy pathway and the NCLs. By knocking down endogenous CLN5 in HeLa we showed that, upon stress induction, cells responded with higher levels of autophagy activation. Consistent with these knockdown experiments, there is a higher level of the autophagy marker protein, LC3-II, in CLN5 patient cells that are naturally deficient for the CLN5 protein. Pharmaceutical induction of autophagy through different means also showed higher LC3-II levels compared to control, though patterns differed in the type of autophagy induced. In summary, we discovered that the autophagy pathway is altered in CLN5 deficient cells, indicating a potential role for CLN5 in autophagy. Further analyses of the autophagy pathway will shed light on where CLN5 is acting and the mechanism by which defective CLN5 causes NCL.
158

Étude de l’interaction entre L. pneumophila et l’autophagie de la cellule hôte / Study of the interaction between L. pneumophila and host cell autophagy

Lelogeais, Virginie 04 October 2016 (has links)
L. pneumophila est l'agent responsable de la légionellose, une pneumonie sévère associée à 10% de mortalité. Cette bactérie intracellulaire a acquis la capacité de survivre et de se répliquer dans des cellules humaines. Notamment, L. pneumophila sécrète un grand nombre d'effecteurs par son système de sécrétion de type IV, qui interagissent avec différentes voies cellulaires, dont l'autophagie. L'autophagie est une voie de dégradation conservée qui permet aux cellules eucaryotes de réguler l'homéostasie cellulaire et d'éliminer les agents pathogènes intracellulaires. Néanmoins, nombre d'entre eux ont évolué pour manipuler cette voie à leur propre avantage. Même si l'interaction entre L. pneumophila et l'autophagie a été rapportée, aucun modèle clair n'est déterminé. Dans cette étude, nous montrons qu'une infection à L. pneumophila induit une stimulation globale de l'autophagie, mais que ce phénotype dépend des souches utilisées, et notamment de la présence de certains effecteurs. De plus, l'inhibition de l'autophagie est liée à un défaut de réplication intracellulaire suggérant que cette voie est bénéfique à la bactérie. Afin de rechercher les déterminants génétiques impliqués dans cette interaction, nous avons identifié des effecteurs communs sécrétés par le système de sécrétion de type IV entre L. pneumophila et Coxiella burnetii, une bactérie de l'ordre des Legionellales connue pour stimuler et détourner l'autophagie. La capacité des mutants de ces effecteurs à stimuler l'autophagie chez L. pneumophila a été analysée. Si aucun d'entre eux ne semble impliqué dans la modulation de l'autophagie, cette étude suggère d'autres fonctions pour ces effecteurs conservés / Legionella pneumophila is responsible for the legionellosis disease, a severe pneumonia associated with 10% mortality rate. This intracellular bacterium has evolved the ability to survive and replicate within human cells. Notably, L. pneumophila secretes a high number of type IV secretion system effectors that interfere with many cellular pathways including autophagy. Autophagy, a highly conserved degradative pathway, allows eukaryotic cells to regulate cell homeostasis and fight intracellular pathogens. Nevertheless numerous microorganisms have evolved strategies to subvert this mechanism to their own advantage. The interaction between L. pneumophila and autophagy has been reported but remains unclear. In this study, we show that L. pneumophila infection induces a global stimulation of autophagy, but importantly this autophagy stimulation depends on the bacterial strain. Moreover, we also observed that inhibition of autophagy results in decreased intracellular bacterial proliferation suggesting that host cell autophagy is benificial for L. pneumophila. In order to decipher the molecular determinants involved in the interaction with autophagy, we identified common effectors secreted by the type IV secretion system between L. pneumophila and Coxiella burnetii, a bacterium from the order Legionellale responsible for Q fever and known to stimulate and hijack host cell autophagy. Mutant of these common effectors in L. pneumophila were analysed. While, none of them seems to be implicated in autophagy modulation, this study suggests other functions for these conserved effectors
159

Caracterização bioquímica e celular da proteína TRIM49 / Biochemical and cellular characterization of the TRIM49 protein

Dimitrius Santiago Passos Simões Fróes Guimarães 10 August 2017 (has links)
A autofagia é o processo de degradação de estruturas celulares através do seu direcionamento ao lisossomo. As proteínas TRIMs reconhecem as -cargas? autofágicas e reúnem o complexo de nucleação do fagóforo, contudo se desconhece a função de cada domínio e a importância da atividade de E3 ligase para a sua atividade. A proteína TRIM49 clonada e expressa em E. coli ou em células humanas HEK293T não apresentou atividade de E3 ubiquitina ligase in vitro e reduziu os níveis totais de ubiquitinação in vivo, indicando que não é um E3 ubiquitina ligase. Células desafiadas com Htt74Q apresentaram menores níveis de citotoxicidade quando co-transfectadas com TRIM49 selvagem, mas não com os mutantes do domínio RING ou SPRY, indicando os dois domínios são necessários para sua atividade celular. A proteína selvagem se colocaliza com o marcador autofágico LC3, após o bloqueio da autofagia com bafilomicina A1. Os resultados indicam que a TRIM49 pode atuar na degradação intracelular de proteínas, por um mecanismo não dependente de atividade de E3 ligase. / Autophagy is the process of degradation of intracellular proteins through their directioning to the lysosome. TRIM proteins can directely recognize autophagic cargo and also act as a hub for the phagophore nucleation complex, however the function of each domain and the role of the E3 ligase activity in this process is unknown. The TRIM49 protein cloned and expressed in E. coli or in human cells HEK23T showed no ubiquitin E3 ligase activity in vitro and cells transfected with the wild type protein showed lower levels of polyubiquitinated proteins, indicating that TRIM49 is not a bona fide E3 ubiquitin ligase. Cells challenged with Htt74Q presented lower cytotoxicity levels when cotransfected with wild type TRIM49, when compared with the RING domain mutant or with the truncated protein lacking the SPRY domain, indicating that both domains are required for its cellular activity. The wild type protein colocalizes with the autophagic marker LC3 after treatment with the autophagy inhibitor bafilomycin A1. Taken together, these results indicate that the TRIM49 protein plays a role in protein degradation independently of a E3 ligase activity.
160

Mecanismos Envolvidos na InduÃÃo de Morte Celular por Desacetilnemorona em CÃlulas de CÃncer Colorretal / Mechanisms Involved in the Induction of Cell Death by Desacetilnemorona in Colorectal Cancer Cells

Ana JÃrsia AraÃjo 05 August 2013 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A desacetilnemorona (HCRH) Ã um diterpeno abietano com anel para-quinona em sua estrutura, sendo entÃo classificada como tanshinona que sÃo frequentemente descritas pelo seu amplo espectro de atividades biolÃgicas. O diterpeno HCRH foi isolado e identificado pela primeira vez em 1971 a partir das raÃzes de plantas do gÃnero Salvia, no entanto sua atividade biolÃgica ainda nÃo havia sido descrita previamente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial anticÃncer da desacetilnemorona isolada das raÃzes da planta Hyptis carvalhoi. O presente estudo avaliou o potencial citotÃxico do diterpeno HCRH em vÃrias linhagens de cÃlulas tumorais e normais pelo teste do MTT e seu possÃvel mecanismo de aÃÃo. ApÃs 72 horas de incubaÃÃo, o composto testado apresentou valores de CI50 que variaram de 3,91 a 32,01 ÂM em cÃlulas tumorais de cÃlon (HCT-116) e leucÃmicas (HL-60), respectivamente. Enquanto que para cÃlulas normais esses valores foram de 35,68 ÂM para a linhagem V-79 e maiores que 72 ÂM para linhagens 3T3-L1 e CMSP. Em cÃlulas tumorais de cÃlon (HCT-116), o diterpeno mostrou potencial antiproliferativo de maneira tempo-dependente, induzindo aumento do nÃmero de cÃlulas na fase G0/G1 do ciclo celular e uma diminuiÃÃo expressiva da sÃntese de DNA. Esses efeitos foram acompanhados por alteraÃÃes nos nÃveis de ciclinas e CDKs, alÃm do aumento nos nÃveis das proteÃnas p21waf1/cip1 e p27kip1, independente da ativaÃÃo de p53. Dentre os eventos iniciais induzidos pelo diterpeno HCRH estÃo a geraÃÃo de espÃcies reativas de oxigÃnio (EROs) e a induÃÃo de dano ao DNA, com posterior ativaÃÃo das vias de morte. Com isso podemos sugerir que a desacetilnemorona apresenta potente atividade antiproliferativa que provavelmente se inicia com a geraÃÃo de EROs levando ao dano de DNA, o que impede a progressÃo do ciclo celular e encaminha as cÃlulas aos processos de morte por apoptose e autofagia. / The desacetylnemorone (HCRH) is an abietane diterpene with para-quinone ring in its structure, and then classified as a tanshinone that are often described by their broad spectrum of biological activities. The diterpene HCRH was isolated and identified for the first time in 1971 from roots of plants of the genus Salvia, however its biological activity has not been yet fully characterized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anticancer potential of desacetylnemorone isolated from the roots of the plant Hyptis carvalhoi. The present study evaluated the cytotoxic potential of the diterpene HCRH in several tumor and normal cell lines using the MTT assay and its possible mechanism of action. After 72 hours of incubation, the tested compound showed IC50 values ranging from 3.91 to 32.01 ÂM in colon tumor (HCT-116) and leukemic (HL-60) cells, respectively. While for normal cells IC50 values ranged from 35.68 ÂM in V-79 to higher than 72 ÂM in 3T3-L1 and PBMC cells. In colon tumor cells (HCT-116), the diterpene showed antiproliferative potential of time-dependent manner, leading to increased number of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and a substantial decrease in DNA synthesis. These effects were accompanied by changes in the levels of cyclins and CDKs, in addition to the increase in the levels of proteins p21waf1/cip1 and p27kip1, independent of p53 activation. Among the initial events induced by diterpene HCRH are the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the induction of DNA damage with subsequent activation of death pathways. Thus, we can suggest that desacetylnemorone has potent antiproliferative activity associated with ROS generation leading to DNA damage, which prevents cell cycle progression and drive cells to the process of death by apoptosis and autophagy.

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