Este trabalho consiste em uma leitura da formação e da expansão da cidade de São Paulo. Aborda diferentes tipos de vias públicas, originados de um processo de formação planejada, sob a ótica do projeto como instrumento qualificador e renovador da cidade, no período entre 1898 e 1945. Em seu desenvolvimento, o trabalho considera não só o conhecimento técnico empregado na construção das vias, ligado aos processos de circulação, mas também sua integração com outras questões urbanas prioritárias, como saneamento, transformação estética e forma de expansão territorial. Estrutura-se na coleta, organização e interpretação de dados, pautados sobre os planos urbanos existentes no período e fundamentados em critérios técnicos, legais e normativos, assim como na análise de destacados projetos urbanos, executados durante os anos de afirmação da cidade. A pesquisa identifica ainda dois tipos distintos de vias públicas projetadas na cidade e os exemplifica por meio do conhecimento técnico acumulado por seus autores e por meio do modelo de construção da Avenida Nove de Julho, como integrante do Sistema Y e eixo de expansão à região sudoeste da cidade. A perspectiva aqui exposta é a da formação de um repertório de ações e critérios de projeto quando do tratamento do espaço público, apoiada na observação da produção das gerações precedentes. Pretende com isto avaliar as condições de formação da estrutura viária paulistana a fim de estabelecer uma contribuição para as vias a serem recuperadas ou mesmo projetadas, identificando suas características qualitativas. O conhecimento sobre a forma do espaço e a reconstrução de sua história constitui, portanto, uma das maneiras de orientar a atual ação de projeto sobre a cidade contemporânea. / This work intends to look at the formation and expansion of São Paulo city. It addresses different types of streets and avenues, originated from a process of planed formation, with focus on project as an instrumente that brings quality and innovation to the city, in the period from 1898 to 1945. In its development, the work considers not only the technical knowledge employed on the public ways - linked to the process of circulation - but also its integration with other prioritary urban issues such as sanitation, aesthetic transformations and options of territorial expansion. It is structured in data collection, organization and interpretation, based on the existing urban plans from that period and on technical, legal and regulatory criteria as well as on the analysis of important urban projects, executed during the years of the citys consolidation. The research also identifies two different types of public ways projected in the city, and exemplifies them by means of the authors accumulated knowledge and by the model of construction of the Nove de Julho Avenue, as an integrant of the Y system and axis of expansion to the southwest of the city. The perspective herein exposed is of the formation of a series of actions and project criteria for the treatment of the public space based on the observation of the production of the previous generations. The intention is to evaluate the conditions of way structure formation in São Paulo in order to establish a contribution to new public ways that will be projected or recovered, identifying its qualitative characteristics. The knowledge about the shape of the space and the reconstruction of its history is, therefore, one way of orienting the current projects of the contemporary city.

Este trabalho consiste em uma leitura da formação e da expansão da cidade de São Paulo. Aborda diferentes tipos de vias públicas, originados de um processo de formação planejada, sob a ótica do projeto como instrumento qualificador e renovador da cidade, no período entre 1898 e 1945. Em seu desenvolvimento, o trabalho considera não só o conhecimento técnico empregado na construção das vias, ligado aos processos de circulação, mas também sua integração com outras questões urbanas prioritárias, como saneamento, transformação estética e forma de expansão territorial. Estrutura-se na coleta, organização e interpretação de dados, pautados sobre os planos urbanos existentes no período e fundamentados em critérios técnicos, legais e normativos, assim como na análise de destacados projetos urbanos, executados durante os anos de afirmação da cidade. A pesquisa identifica ainda dois tipos distintos de vias públicas projetadas na cidade e os exemplifica por meio do conhecimento técnico acumulado por seus autores e por meio do modelo de construção da Avenida Nove de Julho, como integrante do Sistema Y e eixo de expansão à região sudoeste da cidade. A perspectiva aqui exposta é a da formação de um repertório de ações e critérios de projeto quando do tratamento do espaço público, apoiada na observação da produção das gerações precedentes. Pretende com isto avaliar as condições de formação da estrutura viária paulistana a fim de estabelecer uma contribuição para as vias a serem recuperadas ou mesmo projetadas, identificando suas características qualitativas. O conhecimento sobre a forma do espaço e a reconstrução de sua história constitui, portanto, uma das maneiras de orientar a atual ação de projeto sobre a cidade contemporânea. / This work intends to look at the formation and expansion of São Paulo city. It addresses different types of streets and avenues, originated from a process of planed formation, with focus on project as an instrumente that brings quality and innovation to the city, in the period from 1898 to 1945. In its development, the work considers not only the technical knowledge employed on the public ways - linked to the process of circulation - but also its integration with other prioritary urban issues such as sanitation, aesthetic transformations and options of territorial expansion. It is structured in data collection, organization and interpretation, based on the existing urban plans from that period and on technical, legal and regulatory criteria as well as on the analysis of important urban projects, executed during the years of the citys consolidation. The research also identifies two different types of public ways projected in the city, and exemplifies them by means of the authors accumulated knowledge and by the model of construction of the Nove de Julho Avenue, as an integrant of the Y system and axis of expansion to the southwest of the city. The perspective herein exposed is of the formation of a series of actions and project criteria for the treatment of the public space based on the observation of the production of the previous generations. The intention is to evaluate the conditions of way structure formation in São Paulo in order to establish a contribution to new public ways that will be projected or recovered, identifying its qualitative characteristics. The knowledge about the shape of the space and the reconstruction of its history is, therefore, one way of orienting the current projects of the contemporary city.

This thesis is about the use of trees for commemoration and the memory that they have anchored in the landscape. There has been little written on the use of trees for commemorative purposes despite its symbolic resonance over the last 150 years. To determine the extent to which commemorative trees have been employed, the social practice and context in which the trees were planted, field and archival work was undertaken in New Zealand and Australia. This has been supported with some comparative work using examples from Britain and the United States of America. The research also utilizes the new availabilities of records on-line and the community interests that placed historical and contemporary material on-line. The commemorative tree has been a popular commemorative marker for royal events, the marking of place and as memorial for war dead. It has been as effective an anchor of memory in the landscape as any other form. The memory ascribed to these trees must be understood in terms of the era in which the tree was planted and not just from a distance. Over time the memory represented by the trees and its prescribed meanings, has changed. For all its power and fragility, memory is not permanent but nor is it so ephemeral as to exhibit no robustness at all. Instead memory exists in a state of instability that leaves it open to challenge and to constant reassessment based on the needs of the viewing generation. This instability also allows the memory, and thus the tree, to fade and become part of the domestic landscape of treescape memories (Cloke and Pawson, 2008). However, in some circumstances trees are retrieved and reinscribed with specific memory and made relevant for a new generation. The landscape created by commemorative trees is, therefore, multifunctional, in which social relations support memory, remembrance, forgetting, silences, erasures, and memory slippage.

Este trabalho discute as interferências no ambiente urbano provenientes de ações e intervenções realizadas nas cidades tendo como principal elemento de análise o transporte público centrado no projeto e na obra do Expresso Tiradentes e seus efeitos sobre o comércio da Rua Silva Bueno, no Ipiranga, São Paulo. A partir de notícias veiculadas na mídia impressa foi elaborado, inicialmente, um histórico da concepção, projeto e obra do Expresso Tiradentes e do contexto socioeconômico e político de todo o seu processo, destacando os efeitos no entorno urbano, com destaque para as imediações da estação Sacomã e seu reflexo na principal rua de comércio do bairro do Ipiranga. Para a análise do comércio foram realizados mapeamentos dos estabelecimentos comerciais, entrevistas com comerciantes e consumidores, levantamento de notícias na mídia impressa e de demais ações envolvidas com a área. Com base nessas análises foi possível reforçar a amplitude das interferências decorrentes de intervenções urbanas e da necessidade de uma compreensão mais sistêmica de tais projetos, principalmente no que se refere às deficiências presentes nas análises de estudos de impacto urbano sobre os efeitos em áreas predominantemente comerciais, bem como da importância de ações pró ativas no enfrentamento e apropriação das mudanças observadas. / This paper discusses the interference in the urban environment from actions and interventions in the cities with the primary element of analysis focused on public transportation project and the work of the Expresso Tiradentes and its effects on trade of Silva Bueno Street, in Ipiranga, São Paulo. From reports in the print media was developed, initially a historical concept, design and workmanship of the Expresso Tiradentes and the socioeconomic and political context of the whole process, highlighting the effects on the urban environment, especially in the vicinity of the station Sacomã and its reflection in the main shopping street in the neighborhood of Ipiranga. For the analysis of trade were made mappings from business premises, interviews with traders and consumers, survey on news print and other actions involved in the area. Based on these analyzes it was possible to enhance the amplitude of interference from urban interventions and the need for amore systemic understanding of such projects, especially with regard to the deficiencies present in the analysis of urban impact studies on the effects in predominantly commercial and the importance of pro active in dealing and ownership of the changes that was observed. Keywords:

A arborização viária possui importante papel na manutenção do equilíbrio físico-ambiental das cidades e pode ser considerada um indicativo de qualidade de vida. Porém, a falta de planejamento em sua implantação e manutenção acaba por prejudicar sua eficiência. Também o não conhecimento do patrimônio arbóreo e arbustivo presente e das suas respectivas condições, dificultam a tomadas de decisões corretas. O presente trabalho ocupa-se, do levantamento quali-quantitativo da arborização viária da Estância de Águas de São Pedro-SP. Para tanto, foi adotado o método de inventário do tipo censo, ou seja, foram inventariados todos os indivíduos arbóreos e arbustivos contidos nas vias públicas. Foram levantados um total de 3654 indivíduos, perfazendo 161 espécies, 126 gêneros e 54 famílias. Desse total, 61,33% das espécies são exóticas e 38,67% são nativas, distribuídas, segundo hábito de crescimento em 70,85% arbóreas, 19,90% arbustivas, 6,05% palmeiras e 3,20% coníferas. O índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener calculado é de 3,90. Na Estância de Águas de São Pedro há apenas uma discreta predominância da Caesalpinia peltophoroides (sibipiruna) que representa 13,36% da arborização viária. O índice médio de indivíduos por quilômetro de rua percorrida é de 130, considerado alto, embora o hábito de crescimento não tenha sido considerado neste cálculo. Existe uma tendência ao plantio de arbustos, especialmente em anos mais recentes, que deve ser revertida. São sugeridas indicações de manejo, como novos plantios, substituições, adequação das podas e na condução de mudas e incremento do plantio de espécies arbóreas nativas em detrimento das arbustivas. Conclui-se que há a necessidade de implementação de um plano diretor que contemple a arborização, para que se melhore sua qualidade, eliminando-se assim, dificuldades na manutenção e das tendências de manejo e plantio levados a efeito da população. / Street arborization plays an important role on keeping the physical and environmental balance in urban areas thus, improving the life quality. Lack of planning on its implantation and maintenance can jeopardize its efficiency. The knowledge of the street tree and shrub assets as well as their overall conditions can support the correct decisions on high quality arborization. The present work describes a quali-quantitative survey on street arborization of Águas de São Pedro Resort, in São Paulo State, Brazil. Census is the type of inventory used in this research; therefore, all individuals planted on streets sidewalks have been assessed. A number of 3,654 individuals were analyzed, comprising 161 species, 126 genus and 54 families. A total of 61.33% species were found to be exotic whilst 38.67% were native. According to their growth habit, 70.85% were classified as trees, 19.90% shrubs, 6.05 palms and 3.20% conifers. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was found to be 3.90. Only a discreet predominance of Caesalpinia peltophoroides (sibipiruna) was observed, which represented 13.36% of all street arborization of Águas de São Pedro. The average index of individuals per kilometer of street was 130, which can be considered high, despite the growth habit not being considered in the calculations. There is a trend in planting shrubs instead of trees, especially in recent years, which should be reversed. This work contains recommendations on the management, new planting of trees and replacements, adaptation and management of newly planted individuals, adequate pruning and improvement of the planting of native trees over the shrubby species. There is also a need to implement a directive plan in order to improve the quality of the arborization. This plan should bring positive effects on reducing difficulties on management as well as controlling both the planting and management carried out by the local population.

A arborização viária possui importante papel na manutenção do equilíbrio físico-ambiental das cidades e pode ser considerada um indicativo de qualidade de vida. Porém, a falta de planejamento em sua implantação e manutenção acaba por prejudicar sua eficiência. Também o não conhecimento do patrimônio arbóreo e arbustivo presente e das suas respectivas condições, dificultam a tomadas de decisões corretas. O presente trabalho ocupa-se, do levantamento quali-quantitativo da arborização viária da Estância de Águas de São Pedro-SP. Para tanto, foi adotado o método de inventário do tipo censo, ou seja, foram inventariados todos os indivíduos arbóreos e arbustivos contidos nas vias públicas. Foram levantados um total de 3654 indivíduos, perfazendo 161 espécies, 126 gêneros e 54 famílias. Desse total, 61,33% das espécies são exóticas e 38,67% são nativas, distribuídas, segundo hábito de crescimento em 70,85% arbóreas, 19,90% arbustivas, 6,05% palmeiras e 3,20% coníferas. O índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener calculado é de 3,90. Na Estância de Águas de São Pedro há apenas uma discreta predominância da Caesalpinia peltophoroides (sibipiruna) que representa 13,36% da arborização viária. O índice médio de indivíduos por quilômetro de rua percorrida é de 130, considerado alto, embora o hábito de crescimento não tenha sido considerado neste cálculo. Existe uma tendência ao plantio de arbustos, especialmente em anos mais recentes, que deve ser revertida. São sugeridas indicações de manejo, como novos plantios, substituições, adequação das podas e na condução de mudas e incremento do plantio de espécies arbóreas nativas em detrimento das arbustivas. Conclui-se que há a necessidade de implementação de um plano diretor que contemple a arborização, para que se melhore sua qualidade, eliminando-se assim, dificuldades na manutenção e das tendências de manejo e plantio levados a efeito da população. / Street arborization plays an important role on keeping the physical and environmental balance in urban areas thus, improving the life quality. Lack of planning on its implantation and maintenance can jeopardize its efficiency. The knowledge of the street tree and shrub assets as well as their overall conditions can support the correct decisions on high quality arborization. The present work describes a quali-quantitative survey on street arborization of Águas de São Pedro Resort, in São Paulo State, Brazil. Census is the type of inventory used in this research; therefore, all individuals planted on streets sidewalks have been assessed. A number of 3,654 individuals were analyzed, comprising 161 species, 126 genus and 54 families. A total of 61.33% species were found to be exotic whilst 38.67% were native. According to their growth habit, 70.85% were classified as trees, 19.90% shrubs, 6.05 palms and 3.20% conifers. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was found to be 3.90. Only a discreet predominance of Caesalpinia peltophoroides (sibipiruna) was observed, which represented 13.36% of all street arborization of Águas de São Pedro. The average index of individuals per kilometer of street was 130, which can be considered high, despite the growth habit not being considered in the calculations. There is a trend in planting shrubs instead of trees, especially in recent years, which should be reversed. This work contains recommendations on the management, new planting of trees and replacements, adaptation and management of newly planted individuals, adequate pruning and improvement of the planting of native trees over the shrubby species. There is also a need to implement a directive plan in order to improve the quality of the arborization. This plan should bring positive effects on reducing difficulties on management as well as controlling both the planting and management carried out by the local population.

Este trabalho discute as interferências no ambiente urbano provenientes de ações e intervenções realizadas nas cidades tendo como principal elemento de análise o transporte público centrado no projeto e na obra do Expresso Tiradentes e seus efeitos sobre o comércio da Rua Silva Bueno, no Ipiranga, São Paulo. A partir de notícias veiculadas na mídia impressa foi elaborado, inicialmente, um histórico da concepção, projeto e obra do Expresso Tiradentes e do contexto socioeconômico e político de todo o seu processo, destacando os efeitos no entorno urbano, com destaque para as imediações da estação Sacomã e seu reflexo na principal rua de comércio do bairro do Ipiranga. Para a análise do comércio foram realizados mapeamentos dos estabelecimentos comerciais, entrevistas com comerciantes e consumidores, levantamento de notícias na mídia impressa e de demais ações envolvidas com a área. Com base nessas análises foi possível reforçar a amplitude das interferências decorrentes de intervenções urbanas e da necessidade de uma compreensão mais sistêmica de tais projetos, principalmente no que se refere às deficiências presentes nas análises de estudos de impacto urbano sobre os efeitos em áreas predominantemente comerciais, bem como da importância de ações pró ativas no enfrentamento e apropriação das mudanças observadas. / This paper discusses the interference in the urban environment from actions and interventions in the cities with the primary element of analysis focused on public transportation project and the work of the Expresso Tiradentes and its effects on trade of Silva Bueno Street, in Ipiranga, São Paulo. From reports in the print media was developed, initially a historical concept, design and workmanship of the Expresso Tiradentes and the socioeconomic and political context of the whole process, highlighting the effects on the urban environment, especially in the vicinity of the station Sacomã and its reflection in the main shopping street in the neighborhood of Ipiranga. For the analysis of trade were made mappings from business premises, interviews with traders and consumers, survey on news print and other actions involved in the area. Based on these analyzes it was possible to enhance the amplitude of interference from urban interventions and the need for amore systemic understanding of such projects, especially with regard to the deficiencies present in the analysis of urban impact studies on the effects in predominantly commercial and the importance of pro active in dealing and ownership of the changes that was observed. Keywords:

This thesis examines the problems of building on Toronto’s main streets. These arterial mixed-use corridors that define much of the public face of the city are the subject of ongoing residential intensification efforts through the Official Plan policies of the City of Toronto. The form that this new development takes can either reinforce and improve existing streetscapes and housing stock, or it might –as is already happening– replace the long-established vital urban patterns of main streets with very different, less versatile, and less diverse building forms with a diminished standard of both urban and interior living space. Part I considers main streets at the urban scale, while Part II is a discussion of housing quality and architectural aims that informs a series of proposed prototypical building designs to be located on a site on Queen Street West as an example of site conditions found on main streets in a variety of locations throughout the city. To understand the urban implications of main street building, this study looks at the specific historical factors that have shaped Toronto’s main streets, and looks at why they continue to have value and have become a focus for intensification today. It revisits key episodes in Toronto’s redevelopment planning over the last four decades, particularly the St. Lawrence Neighborhood Plan, the Ataratiri Plan, and the Housing on Toronto’s Main Streets Initiative. The precedent historical research points to the need for small increments of development on main streets in order to maintain the economic, social, and visual diversity that have made them such a vital and dynamic component of the city in the past. This scale of development calls for new building types to respond to the very particular site conditions of main streets. Modern building types that are typically used in these situations are ill suited to respond to these conditions, provide a limited range of unit types, and are leading to compromises of urban and interior spatial quality when applied to these sites. The architectural discussion centers on the observation that traditional main street lot patterns, despite inherent rigidity and rationality, have nonetheless proven to be a functionally flexible urban structure that has accommodated and encouraged a remarkable diversity of uses, architectural forms, and individual interpretations over time. Comparable complexity and diversity of spatial qualities can be found in a variety of architectural design approaches, including those of Adolf Loos’ ‘Raumplan’, Rudolf Schindler’s ‘Space Architecture’, or Herman Hertzberger’s concept of ‘Polyvalent Form’. The spaces created by these architects are an architectural analogue of the dynamic, richly varied urban characteristics of Toronto’s existing main streets. Both create the opportunities for individual expression and continually varied spatial experience that better reflects the complexity of both urban and domestic life. These precedents of architectural form -imbued with qualities of multiplicity, heterogeneity and reinterpretability- propose a counterpoint to the standard of functionally rigid, spatially limited and typologically predictable buildings and living spaces currently available. The proposed building designs are intended to widen the options for dwelling within the city, while offering an update and intensification of main streets that reinforces rather than replaces desirable existing urban patterns.

This thesis examines the problems of building on Toronto’s main streets. These arterial mixed-use corridors that define much of the public face of the city are the subject of ongoing residential intensification efforts through the Official Plan policies of the City of Toronto. The form that this new development takes can either reinforce and improve existing streetscapes and housing stock, or it might –as is already happening– replace the long-established vital urban patterns of main streets with very different, less versatile, and less diverse building forms with a diminished standard of both urban and interior living space. Part I considers main streets at the urban scale, while Part II is a discussion of housing quality and architectural aims that informs a series of proposed prototypical building designs to be located on a site on Queen Street West as an example of site conditions found on main streets in a variety of locations throughout the city. To understand the urban implications of main street building, this study looks at the specific historical factors that have shaped Toronto’s main streets, and looks at why they continue to have value and have become a focus for intensification today. It revisits key episodes in Toronto’s redevelopment planning over the last four decades, particularly the St. Lawrence Neighborhood Plan, the Ataratiri Plan, and the Housing on Toronto’s Main Streets Initiative. The precedent historical research points to the need for small increments of development on main streets in order to maintain the economic, social, and visual diversity that have made them such a vital and dynamic component of the city in the past. This scale of development calls for new building types to respond to the very particular site conditions of main streets. Modern building types that are typically used in these situations are ill suited to respond to these conditions, provide a limited range of unit types, and are leading to compromises of urban and interior spatial quality when applied to these sites. The architectural discussion centers on the observation that traditional main street lot patterns, despite inherent rigidity and rationality, have nonetheless proven to be a functionally flexible urban structure that has accommodated and encouraged a remarkable diversity of uses, architectural forms, and individual interpretations over time. Comparable complexity and diversity of spatial qualities can be found in a variety of architectural design approaches, including those of Adolf Loos’ ‘Raumplan’, Rudolf Schindler’s ‘Space Architecture’, or Herman Hertzberger’s concept of ‘Polyvalent Form’. The spaces created by these architects are an architectural analogue of the dynamic, richly varied urban characteristics of Toronto’s existing main streets. Both create the opportunities for individual expression and continually varied spatial experience that better reflects the complexity of both urban and domestic life. These precedents of architectural form -imbued with qualities of multiplicity, heterogeneity and reinterpretability- propose a counterpoint to the standard of functionally rigid, spatially limited and typologically predictable buildings and living spaces currently available. The proposed building designs are intended to widen the options for dwelling within the city, while offering an update and intensification of main streets that reinforces rather than replaces desirable existing urban patterns.

This thesis is about the use of trees for commemoration and the memory that they have anchored in the landscape. There has been little written on the use of trees for commemorative purposes despite its symbolic resonance over the last 150 years. To determine the extent to which commemorative trees have been employed, the social practice and context in which the trees were planted, field and archival work was undertaken in New Zealand and Australia. This has been supported with some comparative work using examples from Britain and the United States of America. The research also utilizes the new availabilities of records on-line and the community interests that placed historical and contemporary material on-line. The commemorative tree has been a popular commemorative marker for royal events, the marking of place and as memorial for war dead. It has been as effective an anchor of memory in the landscape as any other form. The memory ascribed to these trees must be understood in terms of the era in which the tree was planted and not just from a distance. Over time the memory represented by the trees and its prescribed meanings, has changed. For all its power and fragility, memory is not permanent but nor is it so ephemeral as to exhibit no robustness at all. Instead memory exists in a state of instability that leaves it open to challenge and to constant reassessment based on the needs of the viewing generation. This instability also allows the memory, and thus the tree, to fade and become part of the domestic landscape of treescape memories (Cloke and Pawson, 2008). However, in some circumstances trees are retrieved and reinscribed with specific memory and made relevant for a new generation. The landscape created by commemorative trees is, therefore, multifunctional, in which social relations support memory, remembrance, forgetting, silences, erasures, and memory slippage.