Three-Dimensional (3D) integration of circuits based on die and wafer stacking using through-silicon-via is a critical technology in enabling "more-than-Moore", i.e. functional integration of devices beyond pure scaling ("more Moore"). In particular, the scaling from multi-core to many-core architecture is an excellent candidate for such integration. 3D systems design follows is a challenging and a complex design process involving integration of heterogeneous technologies. It is also expensive to prototype because the 3D industrial ecosystem is not yet complete and ready for low-cost mass production. Networks-on-Chip (NoCs) efficiently facilitates the communication of massively integrated cores on 3D many-core architecture. In this thesis scalability and performance issues of NoCs are explored in terms of architecture, organization and functionality of many-core systems. First, we evaluate on-chip network performance in massively integrated many-core architecture when network size grows. We propose link and channel models to analyze the network traffic and hence the performance. We develop a NoC simulation framework to evaluate the performance of a deflection routing network as the architecture scales up to 1000 cores. We propose and perform comparative analysis of 3D processor-memory model configurations in scalable many-core architectures. Second, we investigate how the deflection routing NoCs can be designed to maximize the benefit of the fast TSVs through clock pumping techniques. We propose multi-rate models for inter-layer communication. We quantify the performance benefit through cycle-accurate simulations for various configurations of 3D architectures. Finally, the complexity of massively integrated many-core architecture by itself brings a multitude of design challenges such as high-cost of prototyping, increasing complexity of the technology, irregularity of the communication network, and lack of reliable simulation models. We formulate a zero-load average distance model that accurately predicts the performance of deflection routing networks in the absence of data flow by capturing the average distance of a packet with spatial and temporal probability distributions of traffic. The thesis research goals are to explore the design space of vertical integration for many-core applications, and to provide solutions to 3D technology challenges through architectural innovations. We believe the research findings presented in the thesis work contribute in addressing few of the many challenges to the field of combined research in many-core architectural design and 3D integration technology. / <p>QC 20151221</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:56:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nelson F A de Lins Neto.pdf: 2206790 bytes, checksum: 7f67f76b1aa74be0ffb3c98d30857058 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Studies of genetic diversity have been of great importance in breeding programs for reporting parameters identification of parents that allow large heterotic effect and more likely to recover superior genotypes in the progenies. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the implications of using the analysis of important characters in the elimination of traits evaluated for calculating the genetic distance in clones of guaranazeiro. The experiments were conducted in the municipalities of Iranduba, Manaus and Maués for six years, where 32 clones of guaraná were observed. The experimental design was randomized blocks with two repetitions and plots of three plants in 5 m x 5 m spacing. The variables evaluated were fruit production (PROD), number of branches per plant (NR), main branch length (CR), main branch diameter (DR) and number of leaves (NF) per plant at 12 months of age. Data were subjected to analysis of variance with fixed effects and means were compared by Scott-Knott test at 5 % of probability. Subsequently, the average Euclidean distance was calculated as standardized measure of the relative importance of the characters, which was estimated by the participation of components for each trait, the total dissimilarity observed and for the grouping of clones, we used the method of Tocher. The results suggest that there is a low genetic divergence among 32 clones, however, there is a large genetic variability. The first two principal components (PROD and NR) explained 80.79 % of variability, which are those that contributed most to the divergence. The NF was the variable that contributed least to the divergence and, therefore, subject to disposal. / Os estudos de divergência genética têm sido de grande importância em programas de melhoramento, por fornecerem informações sobre parâmetros de identificação de genitores que possibilitem grande efeito heterótico e maior probabilidade de recuperar genótipos superiores nas progênies. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo verificar as implicações da utilização da análise de importância de caracteres na eliminação de caracteres avaliados para o cálculo da distância genética de clones de guaraná. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos nos municípios de Iranduba, Manaus e Maués durante seis anos, onde foram observados 32 clones de guaranazeiro. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com duas repetições e parcelas compostas por três plantas, em espaçamento 5 m x 5 m. As variáveis avaliadas foram produção de frutos (PROD), número de ramos por planta (NR), comprimento do ramo principal (CR), diâmetro do ramo (DR) e número de folhas (NF) por planta aos 12 meses de idade. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância com efeito fixo e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Posteriormente, a distância euclidiana média padronizada foi calculada como medida da importância relativa dos caracteres, que foi estimada por meio da participação dos componentes relativos a cada característica, no total da dissimilaridade observada e para o agrupamento dos clones, utilizou-se o método de Tocher. Os resultados sugerem que há pequena divergência genética entre os 32 clones avaliados, no entanto, há uma grande variabilidade genética. Os dois primeiros componentes principais (PROD e NR) explicaram 80,79% da variabilidade existente, sendo estas as que mais contribuíram para a divergência. A variável NF foi a que menos contribuiu para a divergência sendo, portanto, passível de descarte.

We discuss the twist map, with a special interest in its use for the finite Frenkel–Kontorova model. We explain the meaning of the tensile force in some proposed models. We demonstrate that the application of the twist map for the finite FK model is not correct, because the procedure ignores the necessary boundary conditions.

Experience and key data suggest that snow and ice lead to increased numbers of cyclist falls during the winter months. Reliable in-depth data concering the extent and characteristics of this issue are currently not available in most countries. In Germany, this is due to the high level of under-reporting in official statistics, particularly for incidents involving only one bicyclist. In combination with the lack of knowledge on exposure this causes difficulties to quantify risks for cyclist falls. This study addresses these gaps. lt aims at quantifying the risk of single bicycle accidents in inclement weather conditions. This study focusses on icy and snowy conditions as these are of relevance for the risk to fall. Cyclists are particularly affected by slippery icy and snowy road conditions; these might exist in clear, cloudy, or foggy weather, in situations with high or low humidity and with higher or lower wind speed. Variables from official weather data are purposefully combined in this study to identify time periods with snow or ice on the roads and to allow for the comparison of those with all other time periods ('other weather''). We address the above-mentioned problems of exposure and underreporting by using multiple data sources for quantifying the risk of falls. This approach allows to compute clear risk ratios for icy/snowy and the other weather conditions and thus contributes to the scarce and fragmented literature that has generated such values so far. [from Background, AIM]