No description available.

No description available.

A ivermectina é uma lactona macrocíclica utilizada para o tratamento de parasitoses na espécie humana e amplamente empregada em medicina veterinária como endectocida. Em mamíferos, diversas evidências indicam que as lactonas macrocíclicas interagem com canais de cloro mediados pelo ácido gama-aminobutírico (GABA). Sabe-se que o sistema GABAérgico está envolvido com a manifestação do comportamento sexual. Assim, no presente trabalho foram estudados, em ratos, os efeitos da ivermectina na coordenação motora, na motivação e no desempenho sexual de machos, bem como no comportamento sexual de fêmeas; além disso, avaliaram-se os níveis séricos de testosterona e as concentrações de diferentes neurotransmissores e seus metabólitos no hipotálamo e estriado, áreas do sistema nervoso central relacionadas, respectivamente, com o comportamento sexual e atividade motora. No presente estudo foram usadas as doses de 0,2 e 1,0 mg/kg, por via intraperitoneal, de uma formulação comercial de ivermectina; estas doses foram escolhidas considerando que a primeira é a dose usualmente empregada terapeuticamente e a segunda baseada em achados prévios que mostraram interferência no comportamento sexual de ratos machos. Os resultados mostraram que a administração de ivermectina em ratos: promoveu prejuízo na coordenação motora de machos; não interferiu na motivação sexual e na ereção peniana de machos; prejudicou o comportamento sexual de ratas; não alterou o peso relativo dos testículos, epidídimos, próstata e vesícula seminal, porém aumentou o peso relativo do fígado; não alterou o índice gonadossomático de machos, bem como não foram observadas alterações no estudo histopatológico dos diferentes órgãos; reduziu os níveis séricos de testosterona de machos; diminuiu os níveis de GABA hipotalâmico e estriatal, bem como reduziu a atividade dos sistemas serotoninérgico e dopaminérgico hipotalâmicos e, no estriado, reduziu a atividade do sistema dopaminérgico. Os resultados foram discutidos considerando a interferência da ivermectina nos sistemas de neurotransmissores central. / Ivermectin is a macrocyclic lactone used for the treatment of parasitic infections in humans and widely used in veterinary medicine as endectocide. In mammals, a number of evidence indicate that interact with the macrocyclic lactones chloride channels mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). It is known that the GABAergic system is involved in the manifestation of sexual behavior. Thus, in the present work were studied in rats, the effects of ivermectin on motor coordination, motivation and sexual performance of males and females in sexual behavior; furthermore, evaluated the serum levels of testosterone and different concentrations of neurotransmitters and their metabolites in the hypothalamus and striatum areas of the central nervous system related, respectively, sexual behavior and motor activity. In the present study doses of 0.2 and 1.0 mg / kg were used, intraperitoneally, a commercial formulation of ivermectin; these doses were chosen considering that the first dose is usually employed therapeutically and the second based on previous findings have shown that interference with sexual behavior of male rats. The results showed that administration of ivermectin in rats: impairment in motor coordination promoted male; did not interfere on the sexual motivation and the penile erection in male; impaired sexual behavior of female rats; did not alter the relative weight of the testes, epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicles, but increased the relative liver weight; did not alter the gonadosomatic index (GSI) of males and no changes were observed in the histopathological study of different organs; reduced serum testosterone levels of male; decreased levels of hypothalamic and striatal GABA and reduced the activity of the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems hypothalamic and the, reduced the activity of the dopaminergic system striatal. The results were discussed considering the interference of ivermectin in central neurotransmission systems.

A ivermectina é uma lactona macrocíclica utilizada para o tratamento de parasitoses na espécie humana e amplamente empregada em medicina veterinária como endectocida. Em mamíferos, diversas evidências indicam que as lactonas macrocíclicas interagem com canais de cloro mediados pelo ácido gama-aminobutírico (GABA). Sabe-se que o sistema GABAérgico está envolvido com a manifestação do comportamento sexual. Assim, no presente trabalho foram estudados, em ratos, os efeitos da ivermectina na coordenação motora, na motivação e no desempenho sexual de machos, bem como no comportamento sexual de fêmeas; além disso, avaliaram-se os níveis séricos de testosterona e as concentrações de diferentes neurotransmissores e seus metabólitos no hipotálamo e estriado, áreas do sistema nervoso central relacionadas, respectivamente, com o comportamento sexual e atividade motora. No presente estudo foram usadas as doses de 0,2 e 1,0 mg/kg, por via intraperitoneal, de uma formulação comercial de ivermectina; estas doses foram escolhidas considerando que a primeira é a dose usualmente empregada terapeuticamente e a segunda baseada em achados prévios que mostraram interferência no comportamento sexual de ratos machos. Os resultados mostraram que a administração de ivermectina em ratos: promoveu prejuízo na coordenação motora de machos; não interferiu na motivação sexual e na ereção peniana de machos; prejudicou o comportamento sexual de ratas; não alterou o peso relativo dos testículos, epidídimos, próstata e vesícula seminal, porém aumentou o peso relativo do fígado; não alterou o índice gonadossomático de machos, bem como não foram observadas alterações no estudo histopatológico dos diferentes órgãos; reduziu os níveis séricos de testosterona de machos; diminuiu os níveis de GABA hipotalâmico e estriatal, bem como reduziu a atividade dos sistemas serotoninérgico e dopaminérgico hipotalâmicos e, no estriado, reduziu a atividade do sistema dopaminérgico. Os resultados foram discutidos considerando a interferência da ivermectina nos sistemas de neurotransmissores central. / Ivermectin is a macrocyclic lactone used for the treatment of parasitic infections in humans and widely used in veterinary medicine as endectocide. In mammals, a number of evidence indicate that interact with the macrocyclic lactones chloride channels mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). It is known that the GABAergic system is involved in the manifestation of sexual behavior. Thus, in the present work were studied in rats, the effects of ivermectin on motor coordination, motivation and sexual performance of males and females in sexual behavior; furthermore, evaluated the serum levels of testosterone and different concentrations of neurotransmitters and their metabolites in the hypothalamus and striatum areas of the central nervous system related, respectively, sexual behavior and motor activity. In the present study doses of 0.2 and 1.0 mg / kg were used, intraperitoneally, a commercial formulation of ivermectin; these doses were chosen considering that the first dose is usually employed therapeutically and the second based on previous findings have shown that interference with sexual behavior of male rats. The results showed that administration of ivermectin in rats: impairment in motor coordination promoted male; did not interfere on the sexual motivation and the penile erection in male; impaired sexual behavior of female rats; did not alter the relative weight of the testes, epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicles, but increased the relative liver weight; did not alter the gonadosomatic index (GSI) of males and no changes were observed in the histopathological study of different organs; reduced serum testosterone levels of male; decreased levels of hypothalamic and striatal GABA and reduced the activity of the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems hypothalamic and the, reduced the activity of the dopaminergic system striatal. The results were discussed considering the interference of ivermectin in central neurotransmission systems.

Caligid copepods, also called sea lice, are ectoparasites of marine fish, with Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837) emerging as a problem for mariculture of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758) in the northern hemisphere. Annual costs of sea lice to global salmon farming was estimated to be in excess of €300 million in 2006, with the majority of this accounted for through expenses accrued from chemical treatments. Only a limited range of anti-sea louse drugs are available and licensed for the treatment of fish, and the continued use of only a few compounds creates a situation potentially favouring the development of drug resistance. Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is currently used as a salmon delousing agent, being employed as a 0.2 % in-feed pre-mix (SLICE®). Atlantic salmon farmers have reported increased incidence of reduced L. salmonis sensitivity to SLICE®, which has highlighted the requirement for further research into the molecular mechanisms controlling salmon louse resistance to EMB. Genomic and transcriptomic research concerning L. salmonis drug resistance mechanisms has not often been reported, with previous transcriptomic studies using candidate gene approaches and genetic studies focussing on population genetics. Drug resistance in ecdysozoan invertebrates is associated with a variety of molecular mechanisms including target site mutations and changes in the expression of components in drug detoxification pathways. The research reported in this thesis was aimed at the exploration of mechanisms employed by L. salmonis to reduce the toxicity of EMB exposure, following a transcriptomic approach that utilised custom oligonucleotide (oligo) microarrays and a genetic approach that utilised Restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) to identify Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers. An EMB-resistant (PT) and drug-susceptible (S) L. salmonis laboratory-maintained strain were to be used as a model for this research, as these two strains differ in EMB susceptibility (~ 7-fold) and show stable susceptibility profiles through multiple generations, suggesting that this drug resistance phenotype may be a heritable trait. Sequence resources available for salmon lice are limited as an annotated L. salmonis genome is currently under construction. Therefore, a significant amount of this study involved creating new resources to facilitate the analysis of EMB susceptibility. Suppression subtractive hybridisation (SSH) was used to enrich for transcripts that were differentially expressed between strains PT and S, which provided sufficient target sequence for the development of 15K oligo microarrays when combined with sequences assembled from existing L. salmonis ESTs. Additionally, transcripts were generated through sequencing a pooled sample representing key developmental stages of the L. salmonis life cycle, which were later used in the construction of a 44K oligo microarray. The toxicity of EMB and other avermectins (AVMs) against ecdysozoan invertebrates is reported to be based mainly on their interaction with ligand-gated ion channels (LGIC), specifically glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCl). However, -aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channels (GABA-Cls) are also believed to be targeted by AVMs and neuronal acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) can be allosterically modulated by the AVM compound ivermectin. Transcriptional responses in PT and S salmon lice were investigated using custom 15K L. salmonis oligo microarrays. In the absence of EMB exposure, 359 targets differed in transcript abundance between the two strains. GABA-Cl and nAChR subunits showed significantly lower transcript levels in PT compared to S lice, which was estimated at ~1.4-fold for GABA-Cl and ~2.8-fold for nAChR using RT-qPCR, suggesting their involvement in AVM toxicity in caligids. Although, salmon lice from the PT strain showed few transcriptional responses following acute exposure (1 or 3 h) to 200 µg L-1 of EMB, a drug concentration tolerated by PT lice, but toxic for S lice. RAD-seq analysis of both genders from L. salmonis strains S and PT identified 15 RAD-markers that show complete association with salmon louse strain, although these preliminary results will need further analysis to confirm marker association with reduced EMB susceptibility. Additionally, RAD marker Lsa101901 showed complete association with sex for all individuals analysed, being heterozygous in females and homozygous in males. Using an allele-specific PCR assay, this SNP association pattern was further confirmed for three unrelated salmon louse strains. Marker Lsa101901 was located in the coding region of the prohibitin-2 gene, which showed a sex-dependent differential expression, with mRNA levels determined by RT-qPCR about 1.8-fold higher in adult female than adult male salmon lice. In conclusion, the identification of decreased transcript abundances for LGIC subunits in EMB-resistant salmon lice, and polymorphic SNP markers showing complete association with L. salmonis strains S or PT, provides suitable candidates for further investigation into their association with reduced EMB susceptibility. Further analysis will also be required to confirm whether EMB-induced mechanisms are not associated with reduced EMB susceptibility in L. salmonis. Additionally, the identification of sex-linked SNP Lsa101901 suggests that sex determination in the salmon louse is genetic and follows a female heterozygous system, with marker Lsa101901 providing a tool to determine the genetic sex of salmon lice. Improved knowledge of L. salmonis biology and the mechanisms potentially involved in EMB resistance, obtained during this study, may provide molecular markers that contribute to successful monitoring and management of this commercially important parasite of Atlantic salmon.