The introductory part of this thesis sums up the state of knowledge on aposematism and mimicry, the effect of aposematic and mimetic signals on spider predators, and cases when spiders do not receive but send such signals. Attachments of the thesis include four original manuscripts. In the first study, we presented jumping spiders (Evarcha arcuata, Salticidae) with different colour forms (red-and-black, yellow-and-black, white-and-black) of the firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus, Pyrrhocoridae). Our goal was to compare reactions of the spiders to various intensity of aposematic signalization, expecting red-and-black coloration to have the strongest effect. Aversive learning of all colour forms was equally effective, but generalization of the learned avoidance to other colour forms was more effective after switch from less (white-and-black, yellow-and-black) to more (red-and-black) conspicuously coloured prey. When tested the next day, avoidance of the white-and-black prey got mostly forgotten. In the second study, we assessed little studied sensitivity of spiders to smells of unpalatable prey. After jumping spiders learned to avoid firebugs, most of them avoided the firebug smell, showing their sensitivity not only to optical, but also to chemical part of signalization of the unpalatable prey. In the...

O transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC) é uma condição clínica crônica e associada a prejuízo funcional. Esse transtorno é caracterizado pela ocorrência de obsessões e/ou compulsões. Alguns fatores ambientais relacionados ao TOC são as experiências adversas na infância e adolescência (EAIA), as quais podem ter efeitos no desenvolvimento cognitivo, socioemocional e comportamental. Além disso, há outros processos envolvidos como a resiliência, a esquiva experiencial e as experiências dissociativas, que podem ser potenciais mediadores. Apesar de ser reconhecida essa importância, há poucos estudos que tenham investigado conjuntamente as EAIA e esses processos em pacientes com TOC, irmãos discordantes para TOC e controles. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivos: 1a) comparar os três grupos quanto a EAIA, resiliência, esquiva experiencial, experiências dissociativas e investigar se essas variáveis são preditoras de qual grupo o participante pertence; 1b) caracterizar e comparar a trajetória das EAIA nos três grupos. 2a) verificar se EAIA, esquiva experiencial, resiliência e experiências dissociativas predizem desfechos clínicos (número de transtornos psiquiátricos, gravidade de sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos, depressivos e ansiosos); 2b) verificar se a relação entre EAIA e sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos, de ansiedade e depressão é mediada por processos de esquiva experiencial, resiliência e experiências dissociativas. A amostra foi composta por 72 participantes divididos em 24 trios (paciente, irmão sem TOC e controle). Do ponto de vista estatístico, para a comparação entre os grupos foram feitos testes de Kruskal-Wallis/Wilcoxon, modelos de regressão multinomiais e modelos de equações de estimação generalizadas. Para os desfechos de relação entre as variáveis foram feitos modelos de regressão de Poisson e lineares e modelos de mediação. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: escala de cronologia de exposição ao abuso e aos maustratos; escala de resiliência para adultos; questionário de aceitação e ação II; questionário multidimensional de esquiva experiencial; e escala de experiências dissociativas; além dos dados clínicos. Em relação às EAIA, observou-se maior frequência de abuso emocional entre pares no grupo de pacientes comparados a controles. Os pacientes tiveram menores escores de resiliência e maiores de esquiva experiencial que os demais grupos. No entanto, os irmãos não se diferenciaram dos controles. A esquiva experiencial foi a melhor variável para diferenciar tanto os grupos pacientes de não pacientes quanto irmãos de controles. As variáveis preditoras de desfechos clínicos foram as experiências dissociativas e as EAIA na amostra de pacientes. Parte da relação entre as EAIA (e dentre esses destacou-se o abuso emocional entre pares) e os sintomas depressivos foi mediada pela resiliência e pela esquiva experiencial. Os achados do presente estudo destacaram a importância da mensuração dos EAIA, sobretudo de escalas que contemplem o abuso emocional entre pares. Destacou-se a importância do estudo de processos como a resiliência, a esquiva experiencial e as experiências dissociativas como variáveis preditoras e mediadoras de desfechos psicopatológicos. Espera-se que os dados do presente estudo motivem estudos futuros que tratem da importância da prevenção dos EAIA e do desenvolvimento de habilidades sociais e fatores de proteção relacionados à resiliência e seu impacto no desenvolvimento / Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic clinical condition and associated with functional impairment. This disorder is characterized by the occurrence of obsessions and/or compulsions. Some environmental factors related to OCD are adverse experiences in childhood and adolescence (AECA), which may have effects on cognitive, behavioral and emotional development. In addition, there are other processes involved such as resilience, experiential avoidance, and dissociative experiences, which may be potential mediators. Although this importance is recognized, there are few studies that have investigated jointly the AECA and these processes in patients with OCD, siblings without OCD and controls. The objective of this study was 1a) to compare the three groups with regard to AECA, resilience, experiential avoidance, dissociative experiences, and to investigate whether these variables are predictors of which group belongs to 1b) to characterize and compare the trajectory of AECA in all three groups. 2a) to verify if AECA, experiential avoidance, resilience and dissociative experiences predict clinical outcomes (number of psychiatric disorders, severity of obsessive-compulsive, depressive and anxious symptoms); 2b) to verify if the relationship between AECA and obsessivecompulsive symptoms, of anxiety and depression is mediated by processes of experiential avoidance, resilience and dissociative experiences. The sample consisted of 72 participants divided into 24 trios (patient, sibling without OCD and control). The statistical analyzes used were Kruskal-Wallis/Wilcoxon tests, multinomial regression models and generalized estimation equation models to compare the groups. Poisson and linear regression models and mediation models were used for the relationship outcomes between the variables. The instruments used were: maltreatment and abuse chronology of exposure; resilience scale for adults; acceptance and action questionnaire II; multidimensional experiential avoidance questionnaire; dissociative experiences scale; in addition to clinical data. In relation to AECA, a higher frequency of peer emotional abuse was observed in the group of patients compared to controls. Patients had lower resilience scores and higher experiential avoidance than the other groups. However, the siblings did not differ from controls. Experiential avoidance was the best variable to differentiate both patient and non-patient groups and siblings from controls. Predictors of clinical outcomes were dissociative and AECA in the patient sample. Part of the relationship between AECA (among which was peer emotional abuse) and depressive symptoms was mediated by resilience and experiential avoidance. The findings of the present study emphasized the importance of measuring AECA, especially, scales that contemplate emotional abuse between peers. The importance of the study of processes such as resilience, experiential avoidance and dissociative experiences as predictors and mediators of psychopathological outcomes was highlighted. The data from the present study are expected to motivate future studies that address the importance of AECA prevention and the development of social skills and protection factors related to resilience and its developmental impact

Jan Raška: Reactions of the jumping spider Evarcha arcuata to aposematic true bugs Abstract: This paper studies the effect of qualities of a prey on predatory behaviour of Evarcha arcuata (Araneae: Salticidae). Naturally coloured aposematic larveae of Pyrrhocoris apterus have been compared to two types of prey: 1) to identically coloured but in defensive secretion different larvae of Scantius aegyptius, and 2) differently coloured larvae of white mutants of P. apterus. The defensive secretion of S. aegyptius has been found less effective in the first interaction with predator than that of P. apterus, however, after several trials the difference of reactions of the spider has not been noticeable. When changed the species of prey, E. arcuata has symmetrically and considerably generalised between the two species. Significant difference has been established in memory test - while P. apterus has been avoided even after one day, S. aegyptius has been attacked as thought the spiders were naive. The learning sequence has been similar in both colour forms of P. apterus; the generalisation of the two colours has been symetrical as well. Both colour forms succeeded in memory test (e.g. spiders have proven difference in comparison with the naive ones), however, white mutants have been successfully attacked...

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 2005. / Typescript (photocopy).