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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Identification of therapeutic targets in the Burkitt’s lymphoma specific B cell antigen receptor signaling network

Kruse, Vanessa 15 October 2018 (has links)
No description available.
2

Immunoglobulin M-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus suis: Modulation of B cell function

Breitfelder, Annika Katharina 05 March 2025 (has links)
Streptocuccus suis (S. suis) gehört zu den wichtigsten bakteriellen Erregern bei Schweinen, stellt als Zoonoseerreger aber auch eine Gefahr für den Menschen dar. Bis zu 100% aller Schweine sind symptomlos kolonialisiert. Allerdings kommt es auch zu schwerwiegenden invasiven Erkrankungen, gekennzeichnet durch Meningitis, Arthritis, Serositis oder plötzliche Todesfälle, hauptsächlich bei Ferkeln zwischen 4 und 10 Wochen. S. suis exprimiert die Cysteinprotease IdeSsuis, die spezifisch nur porzines IgM spaltet, was zur Komplementevasion beiträgt. Allerdings ist das Vorhandensein von IdeSsuis nicht essenziell für die Eigenschaft eines Stammes, experimentelle invasive Erkrankungen hervorzurufen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Charakterisierung der IdeSsuis-abhängigen Interaktion von S. suis mit porzinen B-Zellen. Dabei lag der Fokus auf dem IgM-B-Zellrezeptor (BCR) und der IgM-Sekretion durch IgM+ B-Zellen. Vor dem Hintergrund der Spaltung löslichen IgMs wurde die Arbeitshypothese untersucht, dass IdeSsuis auch in der Lage ist, den IgM-BCR zu spalten, was zu einer Beeinträchtigung der B-Zellfunktion durch gestörte IgM-BCR-Signalwege führt. Verschiedene IdeSsuis-Varianten sowie muramidase-released protein (MRP) als weiteres von S. suis stammendes Protein wurden rekombinant in Escherichia coli exprimiert und aufgereinigt. Die mögliche Spaltung des IgM BCR nach Inkubation porziner B-Zellen mit Medium, rIdeSsuis_homologue oder rIdeSsuis_homologue_C195S sowie aufkonzentriertem Kulturüberstand von S. suis Stamm 10 oder der isogenen Punktmutante 10ΔIdeSsuis∇IdeSsuis_C195S wurde in der Durchflusszytometrie untersucht, genauso wie nach Injektion in regionale Lymphknoten. Die Wiederherstellung der BCR-Expression auf der Zelloberfläche nach Spaltung durch rIdeSsuis_homologue sowie die Auswirkungen der BCR-Spaltung auf die intrazelluläre Signalkaskade verschiedener B-Zell-Subpopulationen (CD21+ und CD21-) wurde ebenfalls mittels Durchflusszytometrie ausgewertet. Dabei wurden B-Zellen mit intaktem oder gespaltenem BCR mit einem IgM-BCR-spezifischen Antikörper oder intrazellulär und damit BCR-unabhängig durch Pervanadat stimuliert. Um funktionelle Konsequenzen der BCR-Spaltung zu untersuchen, wurden porzine Blutzellen mit den verschiedenen rekombinanten Proteinen inkubiert, für 3 Tage mit R848 und Interleukin-2 stimuliert und dann die Anzahl an IgM-sekretierenden Zellen im Enzyme-linked Immuno Spot Assay (ELISpot) bestimmt. Parallel dazu wurde der Gehalt an löslichem, in den ELISpot-Kulturüberstand sekretierten IgM mittels Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) analysiert. Um eine Aussage über die Bindung der verschiedenen rekombinanten Proteine an IgM+ B-Zellen zu treffen, wurden diese mit einem Fluoreszenzfarbstoff markiert, mit Zellen inkubiert und der Anteil an dadurch fluoreszierenden IgM+ B-Zellen mittels Durchflusszytometrie bestimmt. Der IgM-BCR wurde in vitro und ex vivo durch rIdeSsuis sowie aufkonzentrierten Kulturüberstand von S. suis Stamm 10 gespalten, jedoch nicht durch rIdeSsuis_homologue_C195S oder den Kulturüberstand der isogenen Punktmutante. Die Wiederherstellung der Oberflächenexpression des IgM-BCR nach Spaltung benötigte ca. 20 Stunden. BCR-spezifische und -unspezifische Stimulation direkt nach Spaltung durch rIdeSsuis_homologue zeigte, dass die Signalweiterleitung am BCR gestört ist, die intrazellulären Komponenten der Signalkaskade allerdings weiterhin funktionsfähig sind. Die CD21+ und CD21- IgM B-Zell Subpopulationen unterschieden sich weder in der Effektivität der Rezeptorspaltung noch in ihrer Reaktion auf Stimulation. 3 Tage nach Inkubation mit rIdeSsuis_homologue, und in geringerem Umfang auch rIdeSsuis_C-domain, waren sowohl die Anzahl an IgM-sekretierenden Zellen als auch die Level an sekretiertem IgM reduziert, was nicht auf ein verändertes Überleben der Zellen zurückzuführen war. Obwohl rIdeSsuis_homologue_C195S keine Spaltung des BCR bewirkte, führte eine Inkubation ebenfalls zu einer Reduktion der IgM-sekretierenden Zellen. RIdeSsuis_homologue_C195S zeigte eine deutlich stabilere Bindung an IgM+ B-Zellen als die anderen rekombinanten Proteine. Das IgM-degradierende Enzym von S. suis, IdeSsuis, spaltet den IgM-BCR in vitro sowie ex vivo auf B-Zellen aus Blut und Lymphknoten. Diese Spaltung führt in vitro zu einer Störung der intrazellulären Signalweiterleitung und resultiert nach 3 Tagen in einer reduzierten B-Zellfunktion. Dabei scheint die Störung der B-Zellen nicht nur durch IgM-BCR-Spaltung, sondern auch durch starke Bindung allein zustande zu kommen. Zusammenfassend legen diese Ergebnisse einen weiteren Mechanismus der Modulation der porzinen Immunantwort durch S. suis nahe, der v.a. bei der Kolonialisierung und frühen Infektionsphasen eine entscheidende Rolle spielen könnte.:Directory ............................................................................................................................. I Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... III 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 2. Literature ............................................................................................................................ 2 2.1. Streptococcus suis .............................................................................................. 2 2.1.1. General characteristics and epidemiology ........................................................... 2 2.1.2. Disease in pigs .................................................................................................... 3 2.1.3. Disease in humans .............................................................................................. 3 2.1.4. Pathogenesis with focus on colonization ............................................................. 4 2.1.5. IdeSsuis and its comparison to other streptococcal immunoglobulin proteases ...... 5 2.2. The immune system with focus on IgM and B cells ........................................... 18 2.2.1. The complement system and complement evasion strategies ........................... 18 2.2.2. Immunoglobulins/antibodies with focus on IgM .................................................. 20 2.2.2.1. IgM .................................................................................................................... 21 2.2.2.2. Other immunoglobulin classes ........................................................................... 23 2.2.2.2.1. IgG .................................................................................................................... 23 2.2.2.2.2. IgA and immune exclusion ................................................................................ 23 2.2.2.3. Course of IgM and IgG in the piglet after weaning and role of IgM in the protection against S. suis ................................................................................................... 25 2.2.3. B cell populations with focus on IgM+ B cells ..................................................... 26 2.2.3.1. B cell development and B cell populations in the mouse ................................... 26 2.2.3.2. B cell development and B cell populations in the pig ......................................... 30 2.2.4. B cell surface receptors important for the interaction with pathogens ................ 33 2.2.4.1. B cell receptor (BCR) ........................................................................................ 33 2.2.4.2. Other receptors ................................................................................................. 35 3. Publications ....................................................................................................................... 37 3.1. Immunoglobulin M-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus suis (IdeSsuis) impairs porcine B cell signaling .................................................................................................................. 37 3.2. The immunoglobulin M-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus suis (IdeSsuis) leads to a long-lasting inhibition of activation of porcine IgM-secreting B cells. ...................................... 52 4. Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 69 5. Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................................ 75 6. Summary .......................................................................................................................... 77 7. References ........................................................................................................................ 79 8. Appendix ........................................................................................................................ 109 8.1. Supplementary Material to Breitfelder et al. 2023: Immunoglobulin M-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus suis (IdeSsuis) impairs porcine B cell signaling ................................... 109 8.2. Supplementary Material to Breitfelder et al. 2024: The immunoglobulin M-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus suis (IdeSsuis) leads to a long-lasting inhibition of activation of porcine IgM-secreting B cells. ...................................................................................... 122 8.3. Table 3: murine B cell populations ............................................................................... 126 8.4. Presentations given during the development of this thesis ........................................... 134 / Introduction S. suis is one of the most important bacterial pathogens in pigs, with zoonotic potential. Up to 100% of all pigs are colonized, but S. suis can also cause severe invasive disease manifesting as meningitis, arthritis, serositis or sudden death, mainly in piglets between 4 and 10 weeks of age. S. suis expresses the cysteine protease IdeSsuis, which specifically cleaves porcine IgM. This cleavage contributes to complement evasion, but IdeSsuis expression is not crucial for the ability of a strain to cause signs of invasive disease after experimental infection. Aim The aim of this work was to characterize the IdeSsuis-dependent interaction of S. suis with porcine B cells. In this context, I focused on IgM B cell receptor (BCR) cleavage and IgM secretion by IgM+ B cells. On the background of the previously demonstrated cleavage of soluble IgM, I investigated the working hypothesis that IdeSsuis also cleaves the IgM B cell receptor, which might lead to a disturbed B cell function by inhibiting the BCR signaling. Material and Methods Different IdeSsuis variants as well as muramidase-released protein (MRP) as another streptococcal control protein were recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli. IgM BCR cleavage after incubation of porcine B cells with medium, rIdeSsuis_homologue, rIdeSsuis_homologue_C195S or concentrated culture supernatant of S. suis strain 10 or the respective point-mutant was investigated in flow cytometry. Putative IgM BCR cleavage was also confirmed after injection of rIdeSsuis_homologue in whole regional lymph nodes. BCR recovery after cleavage as well as the consequences of IgM BCR cleavage on intracellular signaling was investigated in flow cytometry. To address BCR-specific and BCR-independent signaling, B cells were stimulated with a BCR-specific antibody or pervanadate. To assess functional consequences of BCR cleavage, cells were incubated with the different recombinant proteins, followed by 3 days stimulation with porcine IL-2 and R848. The number of IgM-secreting cells was determined using an Enzyme-linked Immuno Spot Assay (ELISpot) and the corresponding levels of soluble IgM were investigated in an Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Finally, the different recombinant proteins were labeled with a fluorescent dye to investigate binding to IgM+ B cells using flow cytometry. Results The IgM BCR was cleaved in vitro and ex vivo by rIdeSsuis_homologue or concentrated culture supernatant of S. suis strain 10, but not by rIdeSsuis_homologue_C195S or the supernatant of the corresponding point mutant. IgM BCR recovery took at least 20 hours. BCR-specific and BCR-independent stimulation directly after cleavage demonstrated a defect in BCR-mediated signaling, while the intracellular signaling cascade was still intact. CD21+ and CD21- B cell subsets did not differ in IgM BCR cleavage efficiency or the reaction to stimulation. Three days after incubation with rIdeSsuis_homologue, rIdeSsuis_homologue_C195S and, to a lesser extent, also rIdeSsuis_C-domain, and subsequent stimulation with IL-2 and R848, the number of IgM-secreting cells as well as total levels of secreted IgM were reduced. This was not due to decreased cell viability. Interestingly, rIdeSsuis_homologue_C195S bound significantly stronger to IgM+ B cells than the other recombinant proteins. Conclusion The IgM-degrading enzyme of S. suis, IdeSsuis, cleaves the IgM BCR in vitro and ex vivo on B cells originating from blood or lymph nodes. This cleavage leads to a disturbed intracellular BCR signaling in vitro and results in an impaired B cell function after 3 days. In this context, also protein binding seems to be sufficient to disturb the B cells. In conclusion, the results suggest a modulation of the porcine immune response by S. suis, which could play a role especially during colonization and early invasion.:Directory ............................................................................................................................. I Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... III 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 2. Literature ............................................................................................................................ 2 2.1. Streptococcus suis .............................................................................................. 2 2.1.1. General characteristics and epidemiology ........................................................... 2 2.1.2. Disease in pigs .................................................................................................... 3 2.1.3. Disease in humans .............................................................................................. 3 2.1.4. Pathogenesis with focus on colonization ............................................................. 4 2.1.5. IdeSsuis and its comparison to other streptococcal immunoglobulin proteases ...... 5 2.2. The immune system with focus on IgM and B cells ........................................... 18 2.2.1. The complement system and complement evasion strategies ........................... 18 2.2.2. Immunoglobulins/antibodies with focus on IgM .................................................. 20 2.2.2.1. IgM .................................................................................................................... 21 2.2.2.2. Other immunoglobulin classes ........................................................................... 23 2.2.2.2.1. IgG .................................................................................................................... 23 2.2.2.2.2. IgA and immune exclusion ................................................................................ 23 2.2.2.3. Course of IgM and IgG in the piglet after weaning and role of IgM in the protection against S. suis ................................................................................................... 25 2.2.3. B cell populations with focus on IgM+ B cells ..................................................... 26 2.2.3.1. B cell development and B cell populations in the mouse ................................... 26 2.2.3.2. B cell development and B cell populations in the pig ......................................... 30 2.2.4. B cell surface receptors important for the interaction with pathogens ................ 33 2.2.4.1. B cell receptor (BCR) ........................................................................................ 33 2.2.4.2. Other receptors ................................................................................................. 35 3. Publications ....................................................................................................................... 37 3.1. Immunoglobulin M-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus suis (IdeSsuis) impairs porcine B cell signaling .................................................................................................................. 37 3.2. The immunoglobulin M-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus suis (IdeSsuis) leads to a long-lasting inhibition of activation of porcine IgM-secreting B cells. ...................................... 52 4. Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 69 5. Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................................ 75 6. Summary .......................................................................................................................... 77 7. References ........................................................................................................................ 79 8. Appendix ........................................................................................................................ 109 8.1. Supplementary Material to Breitfelder et al. 2023: Immunoglobulin M-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus suis (IdeSsuis) impairs porcine B cell signaling ................................... 109 8.2. Supplementary Material to Breitfelder et al. 2024: The immunoglobulin M-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus suis (IdeSsuis) leads to a long-lasting inhibition of activation of porcine IgM-secreting B cells. ...................................................................................... 122 8.3. Table 3: murine B cell populations ............................................................................... 126 8.4. Presentations given during the development of this thesis ........................................... 134

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