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published_or_final_version / Urban Design / Master / Master of Urban Design

This thesis examines the ways in which Cree women of Waskaganish, James Bay use and understand the concept of tradition in narratives about their lives and changes in their community. The fieldnotes of anthropologist Regina Flannery, completed in the 1930's, serve to orient this research, and provide a starting point for discussion. / As northern communities continue to adapt in the face of social and economic changes, cultural categories such as tradition have concurrently undergone reevaluation. It is argued here that the meanings of tradition have become more complex as Cree women adjust to their changing environment. / It is demonstrated that tradition is used as a narrative tool in descriptions of the past, and a means by which women can discuss change and the future of their community. In addition, tradition currently occupies a significant symbolic space in women's individual cultural identities, and is incorporated in daily life in various ways. Furthermore, tradition has also become an important component of Cree political discourse. Finally, it is apparent that tradition remains a contested category among women themselves, and dissent exists as to the future transmission of traditional practices, language and values. / From this analysis, tradition emerges as a nuanced term that has a number of conceptual modalities. It is suggested that a more comprehensive grasp of complex concepts such as tradition is made possible through the prioritization of personal narratives, and the exploration of the ways in which individuals utilize, comprehend and expand on cultural categories.

Presence of Triaenophorus crassus Forel in the flesh of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill)) and cisco (C. artedi Lesueur) can be an important economic problem for commercial coregonine fisheries. This study was initiated during the development of native fisheries in northern Quebec. Coregonine populations from 6 lakes of the Nottaway watershed were sampled to determine infection patterns of T. crassus in relation to age and size of fish, and to document interlake differences in prevalence and number of T. crassus. Interspecific and interlake differences in the infection dynamics of T. crassus were described in relation to capsule types, sizes and plerocercoid conditions. Infection dynamics were also investigated with age of fish. All coregonine populations were infected with T. crassus, and cisco more so than lake whitefish where the two species co-occurred. Prevalence and number of T. crassus were independent of fish age and size in most lake whitefish populations. Number of T. crassus increased with fish age and size in all cisco populations, but prevalence increased only in the populations from the largest lakes. Interlake differences in prevalence and number of T. crassus were detected for both coregonine species, and were related to feeding behaviour of the fish and lake biophysical characteristics. Heavy infections in one lake whitefish population were mainly associated with piscivory. Interspecific and interlake differences in the infection dynamics of T. crassus were also observed. Differences in the proportions of capsule types, sizes, and plerocercoid conditions suggest that population turnover of T. crassus in cisco is faster than in lake whitefish. In contrast to previous studies, plerocercoid condition was found to be independent of capsule size. Coregonine populations, which did not differ in prevalence and number of T. crassus, showed some differences in the proportions of capsule types, sizes and plerocercoid conditions, suggesting

The ecology and population biology of bottlenose and humpback dolphins inhabiting the Maputo Bay, Southern Mozambique were studied through boat based photoidentification surveys and behavioural methods between December 1995 and December 1997. Data from preliminary surveys carried out in 1992 are also included. Bottlenose dolphins occurred throughout the year in Maputo Bay, but were sighted infrequently (36% of surveys). Their occurrence and group size were significantly larger during winter. Group size of bottlenose dolphins not differ significantly between months, daylight hours, semi-lunar tidal cycles and depth. Most identifiable bottlenose dolphin individuals had low site fidelity, but nursing females had relatively high site fidelity, implying that Maputo Bay is a nursing area. The group dynamics of bottlenose dolphins suggests a fluid (fission-fusion) social organisation. Age and sex appears to influence the degree of association between individuals. An influx of bottlenose dolphins occurred during winter and influenced group size and occurrence. Bottlenose dolphins occurred in restricted areas of the Bay, preferring the north eastern area (the pass between the Bay and the Ocean), and along the 3 km strip from the east coast of Inhaca Island. Their distribution here did not vary with depth, although they did not occur in intertidal areas. Feeding dominated both frequency and proportion of time of bottlenose dolphin behaviour. Social behaviour accounted for a small proportion of time (10%) and was greater in open unsheltered areas. Neither season, nor depth, nor daylight, nor tides influenced the proportion of time allocated to the types of behaviours. Non directional movement occurred on most of the sightings of bottlenose dolphins, but smaller groups of dolphins moved inshore at high tide late in the afternoon. Few bottlenose dolphin births were observed and the numbers of animals born varied between years. Recruitment rates at six months and one year were low and mortality rates of calves appeared high, but were probably inaccurate because the fate of mother-calf pairs that left the area could not be established. Population estimates of the bottlenose dolphins varied between 170 and 526 individuals. The precision of these estimates was poor, because of high proportion of transient individuals which almost certainly violated some model assumptions. Humpback dolphins occurred throughout the year in Maputo Bay, but were sighted infrequently (21% of surveys). The occurrence and group size of humpback dolphins were not influenced by season, months, daylight, semi-lunar tidal cycles and depth. Groups of humpback dolphins in Maputo Bay were the largest observed along the east coast of Southern Africa. Most identified humpback dolphin individuals showed low site fidelity, but a relatively high proportion of individuals (including nursing females) had high site fidelity. Humpback dolphin groups had a fluid (fission- fusion) social organisation, but there was a large proportion of stable associations between resident individuals. Age and sex appears to influence the degree of association between individuals. An influx of humpback dolphin individuals occurred during summer but did not change group size or occurrence, suggesting the occurrence of an outflux of other individuals. Humpback dolphins in the Bay ranged between the deep north eastern Maputo Bay to the southern intertidal areas. Most sightings occurred within 1 km from shore along the eastern coast of Inhaca Island, at variable depth. Humpback dolphins spent more time feeding (57%) and travelling (30%) than socializing and resting, because of their movements between extensive intertidal areas and deep channels. Social behaviour contributed a small proportion of time (10%), but increased when humpback dolphins moved towards and within shallow sheltered areas. Neither season, nor depth, nor daylight, nor tides influenced the proportion of time allocated to the types of behaviours of this species. Non directional movement occurred on most of the sightings of humpback dolphins, thought this was significantly influenced by diurnal tides. Few humpback dolphin births were observed and their numbers varied between years. Recruitment rates at six months and one year were low and mortality rates appeared high, but were probably inaccurate because the fate of mother-calf pairs that left the area could not be established. Population estimates of humpback dolphins varied between 105 and 308 individuals, but their precision was poor, because of a high proportion of transient individuals which almost certainly violated some model assumptions. Maputo Bay is a feeding, breeding and nursing area for bottlenose and humpback dolphins. These species are threatened by intense fishing activity, habitat degradation, coastal development and disturbance by powerboats and other activities (tourism, port) carried out in and around Maputo Bay. Their low estimated growth rates imply the implementation of precautionary conservation measures. The actual distribution of these species may reflect the deterioration of the habitats in the western part of the Bay. A coastal zone management plan to address environmental problems affecting the dolphin species need to be formulated and implemented. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.

The nutritional and sociocultural significance of Canada Goose was documented through field research in Wemindji, Quebec and laboratory analyses (proximate composition, trace elements, fatty acids and heavy metals) at McGill University. Consumption of different parts varies by age/gender groups. Cooked flesh samples contained 25.04--36.46 g/100g protein, 6 19--26.35 g/100g fat, 5.58--11.68 mg/100g iron, 2.77--4.81 mg/100g zinc, 4.91--27.59 mg/100g calcium and 0.22--0.75 mg/100g copper. Lung and liver samples contained high amounts of iron (44.24 and 49.18 mg/100g, respectively). Canada goose provides lower amounts of saturated fatty acids and higher amounts of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids as compared to lard. Heavy metal content of Canada goose was found to be very low, with exception of several samples containing high lead levels. Canada goose is a highly valued food, providing important amounts of energy, protein, iron, zinc and copper. This resource also has significance in spiritual, cultural and social life of the Cree.

ln this study the exploitation of the fish fauna of the Kosi estuarine system by man and natural predators is described and estimates made of the off-take and its species composition. The most important human exploitation, that by the traditional Zulu fish traps, was monitored over a four year period and the data collected were used to give an insight into the marine fish populations of the system. All the physical parameters, which it was thought could influence the migrations of fish, were monitored and correlations between these and the daily and monthly fish trap catches were used to interpret fish movements into and out of the system. Reasons for the annual migrations and day to day movements of fish were investigated. In order to establish relative off-takes by local fishermen and sport anglers fish were tagged inside the system and the recovery rates by the various fishing methods were used to calculate estimates of the percentage off-takes of these principal human exploitation methods. These data were also used to obtain estimates of the population sizes of the major marine fish species inside the system. Catch data were used to indicate the levels of estuarine dependence of these species. Where possible comparable data from other areas were used to indicate whether or not similar trends in catch abundance were obvious. The ecological and economic importance of the Kosi system is discussed and its value to the local inhabitants stressed. Competition between the various fishing techniques is described and recommendations are made concerning future fish exploitation. Natural predation rates are also discussed and levels compared with those of other systems. The fish food resources of the systems are considered in the light of recently declining salinities, destruction of swamp forests and increasing numbers of hippopotami. The implications of these changing factors are discussed as is their impact on the Kosi Bay fisheries. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1986.

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Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references. / Microfiche. / xxi, 338 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Data on primary productivity, chlorophyll a, nitrate, and phosphate in surface waters were collected on a 14-month (March, 1970 to April, 1971) series of approximately biweekly cruises in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. During the latter part of the survey data ammonium ion concentrations and light penetration through the water column were also collected. The year is divided into two seasons on the basis of rainfall, and the effects on the dynamics of the phytoplankton community of terrestrial runoff and sewage effluents entering the bay are separated on the basis of differences between wet season and dry season productivity indices (productivity/Chl. a). The bay is divided into three sectors; South, Transition, and North. The most important nutrient sources are; the Kaneohe Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant effluent to the South Sector, terrestrial runoff to the Transition Sector, and a persistent, but unidentified nitrate input to the North Sector. The Municipal Treatment Plant effluent is shown to be toxic to phytoplankton in the immediate area. Phosphate concentration is not correlated with rainfall, and is present in non-limiting concentrations in all sectors. Nitrate concentration is strongly correlated with rainfall in the Transition Sector, and low dry season (summer) concentrations may limit phytoplankton growth. Wet season (winter) nitrate concentrations in the other two sectors are also higher than summer values, but the differences are not significant. Fluctuations in phytoplankton population size seem to be primarily a function of variable grazing pressure by herbivorous zooplankton. Phytoplankton growth rates peak in summer and winter, and may be related to the availability of light. Light penetration itself is directly related to phytoplankton density in the water column, and the winter growth rate peak may result from increasing light penetration due to extensive grazing on the phytoplankton population. The present data are compared with similar data collected 10 years earlier. Based on a hyperbolic relationship between substrate concentration and growth rate, the South Sector is shown to have been eutrophic for at least the past decade, while in the Transition and North Sectors symptoms of eutrophication have appeared during this decade. / Typescript. Theses for the degree of Master of Science (University of Hawaii at Manoa)--University of Hawaii, 1973. Bibliography: leaves 87-90.