Submitted by RAFAEL SILVEIRA CARVALHO null (rafaelcarvalho28@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-14T17:40:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Rafael Carvalho.pdf: 836357 bytes, checksum: 0aee1415ea86903f46e6a546c7ae32bb (MD5) / Rejected by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: problema 1: o arquivo submetido deve, obrigatoriamente, estar em formato PDF. Seu arquivo está em word. Assim que tiver efetuado essa correção submeta o arquivo, em PDF, novamente. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-12-14T18:52:31Z (GMT) / Submitted by RAFAEL SILVEIRA CARVALHO null (rafaelcarvalho28@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-14T20:27:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Rafael Carvalho.pdf: 836357 bytes, checksum: 0aee1415ea86903f46e6a546c7ae32bb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Lucia Martins Frederico null (mlucia@fca.unesp.br) on 2017-12-19T10:39:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_rs__me_bot_int.pdf: 836357 bytes, checksum: 0aee1415ea86903f46e6a546c7ae32bb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-19T10:39:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_rs__me_bot_int.pdf: 836357 bytes, checksum: 0aee1415ea86903f46e6a546c7ae32bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-10 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Para entender melhor a influência da nutrição na eficiência reprodutiva de vacas Nelore lactantes, utilizou-se o seguinte experimento: 593 primíparas, 423 secundíparas e 893 multíparas Nelore lactantes foram sincronizadas com 38,3 ± 0,4 DPP, utilizando protocolo de IATF à base de P4/E2, e inseminadas 49,2 ± 0,3 DPP. Trinta dias após IATF foi realizado DG para ressincronização das vacas não gestantes, e 30 dias após termino da EM um segundo DG foi realizado. O ECC das vacas foi avaliado no parto, na IA e no DG. O peso corporal das matrizes foi mensurado na IA e no DG, e o peso corporal dos bezerros no desmame. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue de 535 vacas (sendo, 38% de primíparas, 24% de secundíparas e 38% de multíparas) após o parto (21 ± 0,4 DPP), na IA e no DG para dosagem das concentrações séricas de IGF-I e BHB, por ELISA. Os dados do experimento foram analisados através do programa SAS® 9.4 (SAS Inst., Cary, NC). O efeito de DPP sobre o ECC se comportou de maneira diferente de acordo com a paridade, em que as secundíparas e as multíparas começaram a se recuperar entre 20 e 60 DPP e as primíparas seguiram perdendo ECC até 80 DPP (P < 0,0001). Um maior ECC ao parto melhorou os resultados reprodutivos durante a EM, em diferentes intensidades de acordo com ECC e com a paridade (P < 0,05). Não foi identificado o efeito da alteração de ECC entre o parto e a IA nos resultados da primeira IATF (P > 0,26). Maior ECC na inseminação melhorou a taxa de prenhez à primeira IATF, independente da paridade (P < 0,08). Houve efeito positivo do aumento do ECC pós-IATF na taxa de prenhez à primeira IATF (P < 0,07), exceto em multíparas com ECC ≥ 2,75 na IA, onde houve efeito quadrático com baixa variação dos resultados (P < 0,02). As concentrações séricas de IGF-1 influenciaram de forma quadrática em primíparas no pós-parto e IA, em secundíparas no DG e em multíparas na IA a taxa de prenhez à primeira IATF (P < 0,05). As concentrações séricas de BHB demonstraram ter baixa influência na probabilidade de prenhez à primeira IATF. A alteração negativa do ECC das vacas nos primeiros 80 DPP, independente do ECC no parto ou paridade, aumentou o peso dos bezerros no desmame (P < 0,05). Adequado ECC ao parto, por si só, não foi capaz de garantir altos índices produtivos em todas as situações, no entanto demonstrou ser fundamental para garantir boa eficiência dentro do sistema de cria, devido à dificuldade em se ganhar ECC no pós-parto. / This experiment was developed to better understand how nutrition can influence the reproductive efficiency of suckled Nelore cows. Cows, 593 primiparous, 423 second parity and 893 multiparous were assigned at 38.3 ± 0.4 days postpartum to an estrus synchronization + fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocol, then inseminated at 49.2 ± 0.3 days postpartum. Thirty days after FTAI, an initial pregnancy diagnosis (PD) was performed via transrectal ultrasound to identify non-pregnant cows for resynchronization, which was followed by a second PD 30 days after the end of the breeding season. The body condition score (BCS) of cows was evaluated at calving, at artificial insemination (AI) and at initial PD. Body weight of the cows was measured at AI and at PD, and the body weight of calves taken at weaning. Blood samples were collected from 535 cows (38% of primiparous cows, 24% of second parity cows and 38% of multiparouscows) after calving (21 ± 0.4 days postpartum) at AI, and at initial PD. Concentrations of IGF-I and BHB were measured by ELISA assay. Data were analyzed using SAS® 9.4 (SAS Inst., Cary, NC). There was an effect of days postpartum on BCS by parity, where the nadir of curve occurred between 20 and 60 days postpartum in second parity cows and multiparous cows, but the primiparous cows continued to lose BCS up to 80 days (P < 0.0001). Greater BCS at calving positively impacted the reproductive results during the breeding season at different levels based on score and parity (P < 0.05). Positive changes in BCS between calving and AI did not improve pregnancy rate of the first FTAI (P > 0.26), however, increased BCS at AI improved pregnancy rate at the first FTAI (P < 0.08), except in multiparous cows with BCS ≥ 2,75, where there was a quadratic effect with low variation of results (P < 0.02). There was a positive correlation between BCS between AI and PD and pregnancy rate at the first FTAI, regardless of parity (P < 0.07). Serum concentration of IGF-1 influenced the pregnancy rate at first FTAI quadratically in primiparous cows at postpartum and AI, in second parity cows at PD and in multiparous cows at AI (P < 0.05). Serum BHB concentration had a lowly influenced on the probability of pregnancy at the first FTAI. 27 Negative BCS change in cows in the first 80 days postpartum, regardless of BCS at calving or parity, increased calf weight at weaning (P < 0.05). Adequate BCS at calving is the best predictor of improved reproductive results vital to ensuring efficiency within a cow-calf operation as it is more difficult to gain BCS during the early postpartum period, however it cannot guarantee high reproductive success in all situations. / 2016/01325-9

Orientador: Roberto de Oliveira Roça / Resumo: RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o período de jejum alimentar pré-abate mais adequado para Nelores terminados em confinamento e submetidos à curta jornada de transporte, considerando aspectos de bem-estar animal e qualidade da carne. O experimento foi realizado com 60 animais, machos não castrados, selecionados de mesmo lote do confinamento e divididos em 3 grupos: 6, 12 e 24 horas de jejum. As amostras de sangue foram colhidas antes do embarque (pré-jejum) e na calha de sangria (pós-jejum), assim como, foram avaliados os parâmetros relacionados a desidratação e função renal (proteínas totais, sódio, potássio, cloreto, cálcio ionizado, intervalo aniônico – “ânion GAP” e Nitrogênio ureico sanguíneo ou “Blood Ureia Nitrogen” - BUN, hematócrito percentual, hemoglobina), mobilização energética (ácidos graxos não esterificados – NEFA, β-hidroxibutirato – BHB e creatinina), resposta das proteínas de fase aguda (haptoglobina - Hp e proteína amiloide A - SAA) e avaliação do estresse (cortisol, glicose, lactato e dióxido de carbono total). Durante o resfriamento, o pH foi mensurado no Músculo longissimus thoracis, e colhidas amostras para análise do potencial glicolítico (glicogênio, glicose, glicose-6-fosfato e lactato). Após o resfriamento, amostras do M. longissimus thoracis foram colhidas e avaliadas para perda de peso por descongelamento, cor objetiva (L*, a* e b*, H* e C*), umidade, perda por cozimento e força de cisalhamento. Os resultados para os parâmetros ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

This diploma thesis is focused on testing drug users. Specifically, this thesis is concerned with testing drug users in low-threshold centres.These low-threshold centres for drug users operate in the area of secondary and tertiary prevention. Furthermore, it describes individual diseases such as HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis, their mode of transmission, clinical course, diagnosis, treatment and possible prevention, drug policy of the Czech Republic, the conditions for testing the abovementioned diseases in low-threshold centres and the legal framework for testing at these facilities.The practical part is divided into several research studies.The qualitative research is aimed at low-threshold centres. In this part, I am trying to determine the number of HIV, HBV and HCV tests performed in 2014. Next, the purpose of this section is also to define where the testing takes place and who is tested. The research data were obtained using a questionnaire distributed to the low-threshold centres in the CR. According to the Annual Report on Drug Epidemiology from 2014, there are 76 low-threshold centres in the Czech Rep. A total of 32 questionnaires were collected. The questionnaire consisted of 32 questions. Close-ended questions were used to detect the type of facility, whether the facility carries out tests for the chosen types of diseases, what type of test is used, who performs the testing and where the testing is carried out. Open-ended questions were used to determine the number of people tested. The qualitative research consists of 18 interviews with drug users from the Contact Centre Český Krumlov. Thanks to its field program, this centre operates in Český Krumlov, Větřní, Kaplice, Horní Planá, Loučovice, Frymburk, Vyšší Brod and in border regions such as Horní and Dolní Dvořiště or Studánky where the drug abuse is very problematic. The data were collected using a semistructured anonymous interview. The interview consisted of 4 areas:Data for identification purposes. Drug history.Testing.Awareness.30 questionnaires received from the respondents at the Prevent Contact Centre in České Budějovice can be found in the Appendix. The data were collected using an anonymous questionnaire which consisted of three basic areas. The collected data included drug history and identification information, information about testing for infectious diseases and knowledge of health risks. The thesis states 6 goals. The first 3 goals deal with mapping of HBV, HCV and HIV testing among drug users at low-threshold centres in 2014. The purpose of the fourth goal is to determine how the testing is carried out in low-threshold centres. The fifth goal attempts to establish whether drug users are interested in HBV, HCV and HIV testing. Finally, the sixth goal determines whether drug users were tested in 2014.After processing the results I established the following hypotheses which resulted from the research.H1: Drug users are interested in their health.H2:Drug users are aware of risks that result from these diseases.H3: The possibility of testing at low-threshold centres is not chosen very often by drug users.The research showed that drug users have adequate information about the risks that are associated with drug injection and injecting equipment sharing, but the average amount of performed tests is relatively low.To sum up, drug users need to be constantly informed about the importance of regular testing. In order to increase the number of tested people, it would be advisable to adapt the testing to the users' needs and also to perform more tests within field programs. It would also be helpful to link health facilities to contact centres locally.

O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em esclarecer os mecanismos bioquímicos e hormonais da ação da somatotropina recombinante bovina (r-bST), recomendada no tratamento de toxemia da prenhez (TP). Para tal, foram realizados dois experimentos nos quais induziram-se quadros de hipercetonemia ou hiperlipidemia em 39 ovelhas com elevada condição corporal tratadas ou não previamente com 160 mg de um produto comercial de r-bST, pela via subcutânea. A hipercetonemia foi provocada pela infusão IV de 5 mM/kg P.V. de beta hidroxibutirato (BHB) no decorrer de duas horas e a hiperlipidemia com injeção IV de solução 20% de óleo de peixe, perfazendo 0,54g de triacilglicerol/kg P.V. no decorrer de quatro dias. Essas quantidades infundidas lograram provocar os quadros esperados. No primeiro experimento, o tratamento com r-bST promoveu aumento significativo da gliconeogênese por meio da conversão de BHB em glicose, maiores teores de insulina, com consequente aumento da resistência insulínica, incremento na concentração de IGF1 que levou a mobilização de nitrogênio ureico para os depósitos e maior atividade de GGT. No segundo experimento, o rbST gerou destacado aumento da gliconeogênese, pela metabolização dos AGNEs e de BHB em glicose, com maior destaque aos AGNEs, elevação dos teores de insulina e do percentual de resistência insulínica, e maior atividade da AST e GGT e bilirrubinal direta e total. Assim, conclui-se que a atuação farmacológica do r-bST se baseia na vigorosa capacidade do aumento da gliconeogênese, diminuindo concomitantemente os nefastos catabólitos (AGNEs e BHB) no processo da TP. Foi realizado ainda um experimento subsidiário para comparar a capacidade diagnóstica da detecção de BHB, em sangue total, entre o kit diagnóstico enzimático (Randox®), padrão ouro, e tiras reativas comerciais (Precision Xceed®) lidas em dosímetro portátil. Foram obtidas 247 amostras de sangue das ovelhas nas quais tinham sido infundida solução de BHB, no experimento um. Duas faixas de acetonemia foram consideradas: de 0,7 a 1,5 mM caracterizada como cetose inaparente e acima deste valor como cetose clínica. A correlação entre os métodos foi alta (r = 0,98 ; P < 0,001). Na cetose inaparente as tiras reativas apresentaram sensibilidade de 0,97 e especificidade de 0,89 e na cetose aparente sensibilidade de 0,99 e especificidade de 0,75, respectivamente. As tiras reativas podem ser empregadas eficientemente no diagnóstico precoce de casos de TP, com custo baixo e rápida leitura ao pé dos animais. / The aim of this study was to clarify the biochemical and hormonal mechanisms of action of recombinant bovine somatotropin (r-bST), recommended in the treatment of pregnancy toxemia (PT). Two experiments were conducted inducing hyperlipidemia or hyperketonemia in 39 high body condition sheep pretreated or no with 160 mg of a commercial product of rbST subcutaneously. The hyperketonemia was caused by IV infusion of 5 mM / kg BW of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) during two hours and hyperlipidemia with IV injection of a 20% fish oil solution corresponding to 0.54 g of triglyceride / kg BW in four days course. These infusions successfully caused the expected effects. In the first experiment, treatment with rbST caused a significant increase of gluconeogenesis by converting BHB into glucose, higher levels of insulin, with consequent increased insulin resistance, increase in the concentration of IGF1 leading to mobilization of urea nitrogen for deposits and increased activity of GGT. In the second experiment, the r-bST greatly increased gluconeogenesis generated by metabolism of non esterified fatty acids (NEFA), BHB and glucose, with emphasis on NEFA, elevated levels of insulin and the percentage of insulin resistance, and increased activity of AST and GGT and bilirrubin direct and total. In conclusion, the pharmacological action of r-bST is based on vigorous increase capacity on gluconeogenesis, concomitantly reducing the adverse catabolites (NEFA and BHB) in the PT process. An additional experiment was performed to compare the diagnostic capability of detecting BHB in whole blood, between the enzymatic diagnostic kit (Randox®), considered gold standard, and commercial test strips (Precision Xceed®) read in hand-held meter. 247 sheep blood samples were obtained in the first experiment in which BHB solution had been infused. Two ketonemic tracks were considered: 0.7 to 1.5 mM characterized as unapparent ketosis and above this value as a clinical ketosis. The correlation between the methods was high (r = 0.98, P <0.001). In test strips method, ketosis unapparent showed sensitivity of 0.97 and specificity of 0.89 and in ketosis apparent sensitivity of 0.99 and specificity of 0.75, respectively. The test strips can be used efficiently in the early diagnosis of cases of TP, with fast reading and low cost.

O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em esclarecer os mecanismos bioquímicos e hormonais da ação da somatotropina recombinante bovina (r-bST), recomendada no tratamento de toxemia da prenhez (TP). Para tal, foram realizados dois experimentos nos quais induziram-se quadros de hipercetonemia ou hiperlipidemia em 39 ovelhas com elevada condição corporal tratadas ou não previamente com 160 mg de um produto comercial de r-bST, pela via subcutânea. A hipercetonemia foi provocada pela infusão IV de 5 mM/kg P.V. de beta hidroxibutirato (BHB) no decorrer de duas horas e a hiperlipidemia com injeção IV de solução 20% de óleo de peixe, perfazendo 0,54g de triacilglicerol/kg P.V. no decorrer de quatro dias. Essas quantidades infundidas lograram provocar os quadros esperados. No primeiro experimento, o tratamento com r-bST promoveu aumento significativo da gliconeogênese por meio da conversão de BHB em glicose, maiores teores de insulina, com consequente aumento da resistência insulínica, incremento na concentração de IGF1 que levou a mobilização de nitrogênio ureico para os depósitos e maior atividade de GGT. No segundo experimento, o rbST gerou destacado aumento da gliconeogênese, pela metabolização dos AGNEs e de BHB em glicose, com maior destaque aos AGNEs, elevação dos teores de insulina e do percentual de resistência insulínica, e maior atividade da AST e GGT e bilirrubinal direta e total. Assim, conclui-se que a atuação farmacológica do r-bST se baseia na vigorosa capacidade do aumento da gliconeogênese, diminuindo concomitantemente os nefastos catabólitos (AGNEs e BHB) no processo da TP. Foi realizado ainda um experimento subsidiário para comparar a capacidade diagnóstica da detecção de BHB, em sangue total, entre o kit diagnóstico enzimático (Randox®), padrão ouro, e tiras reativas comerciais (Precision Xceed®) lidas em dosímetro portátil. Foram obtidas 247 amostras de sangue das ovelhas nas quais tinham sido infundida solução de BHB, no experimento um. Duas faixas de acetonemia foram consideradas: de 0,7 a 1,5 mM caracterizada como cetose inaparente e acima deste valor como cetose clínica. A correlação entre os métodos foi alta (r = 0,98 ; P < 0,001). Na cetose inaparente as tiras reativas apresentaram sensibilidade de 0,97 e especificidade de 0,89 e na cetose aparente sensibilidade de 0,99 e especificidade de 0,75, respectivamente. As tiras reativas podem ser empregadas eficientemente no diagnóstico precoce de casos de TP, com custo baixo e rápida leitura ao pé dos animais. / The aim of this study was to clarify the biochemical and hormonal mechanisms of action of recombinant bovine somatotropin (r-bST), recommended in the treatment of pregnancy toxemia (PT). Two experiments were conducted inducing hyperlipidemia or hyperketonemia in 39 high body condition sheep pretreated or no with 160 mg of a commercial product of rbST subcutaneously. The hyperketonemia was caused by IV infusion of 5 mM / kg BW of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) during two hours and hyperlipidemia with IV injection of a 20% fish oil solution corresponding to 0.54 g of triglyceride / kg BW in four days course. These infusions successfully caused the expected effects. In the first experiment, treatment with rbST caused a significant increase of gluconeogenesis by converting BHB into glucose, higher levels of insulin, with consequent increased insulin resistance, increase in the concentration of IGF1 leading to mobilization of urea nitrogen for deposits and increased activity of GGT. In the second experiment, the r-bST greatly increased gluconeogenesis generated by metabolism of non esterified fatty acids (NEFA), BHB and glucose, with emphasis on NEFA, elevated levels of insulin and the percentage of insulin resistance, and increased activity of AST and GGT and bilirrubin direct and total. In conclusion, the pharmacological action of r-bST is based on vigorous increase capacity on gluconeogenesis, concomitantly reducing the adverse catabolites (NEFA and BHB) in the PT process. An additional experiment was performed to compare the diagnostic capability of detecting BHB in whole blood, between the enzymatic diagnostic kit (Randox®), considered gold standard, and commercial test strips (Precision Xceed®) read in hand-held meter. 247 sheep blood samples were obtained in the first experiment in which BHB solution had been infused. Two ketonemic tracks were considered: 0.7 to 1.5 mM characterized as unapparent ketosis and above this value as a clinical ketosis. The correlation between the methods was high (r = 0.98, P <0.001). In test strips method, ketosis unapparent showed sensitivity of 0.97 and specificity of 0.89 and in ketosis apparent sensitivity of 0.99 and specificity of 0.75, respectively. The test strips can be used efficiently in the early diagnosis of cases of TP, with fast reading and low cost.

Für die Untersuchung standen 20 tragende Booroola*Merinofleischschaf Kreuzungsgenotypen, meist pluripar, zwischen 2 und 6 Jahren zur Verfügung. Während der Trächtigkeit wurden in wöchentlichem Abstand die Größenveränderungen der Plazentomdurchmesser mittels transkutaner und transrektaler Ultrasonographie erfasst und Blutproben genommen. Post partum erfolgte die detaillierte Auswertung der Plazenta nach Anzahl und Durchmesser der Kotyledonen und des Kotyledonen- und Sekundinengewichts. Aus den gewonnenen Daten wurden Plazentomwachstumskurven im Verlauf der Trächtigkeit erstellt. Die Blutproben wurden hormonanalytisch auf Progesteron, 17ß-Östradiol, und IGF-1, sowie stoffwechselphysiologisch auf die, den Eiweiß- und Energiehaushalt charakterisierenden Substanzen Albumin, Gesamteiweiß, Harnstoff, BHB, Bilirubin und Glukose untersucht. Zudem erfolgte die Bestimmung von Substanzen, die in der Trächtigkeit stark beansprucht werden, wie ASAT, Calcium, Eisen und Cholesterol. Die Auswertung sämtlicher Daten erfolgte in Abhängigkeit von Wurfgröße (WG) und Wurfgewichtsklassen (WGK). Der größte Einfluss von WG und WGK auf die Plazenta zeigt sich bei der Auswertung der morphologischen Aspekte. Dabei sind in erster Linie eine Vergrößerung der Plazentomdurchmesser von uni- zu triparen Tieren sowie von WGK 1 zur WGK 3 festzustellen. In den jeweils höchsten Klassen fällt der Durchmesser wieder. Zudem nimmt in der Regel mit steigender WG und WGK die Anzahl der Plazentome mit kleinen Durchmessern (1-20 mm)ab, die Anzahl der Plazentome mit großen Durchmessern (20-50 mm) dagegen zu. Tripare Tiere und WGK 3 weisen die meisten Plazentome mit den größten Durchmessern (40-50 mm) auf. Bei der Gesamtkontaktfläche zeigt sich ein Anstieg der Fläche von uni- bis zu quadriparen Tieren und der WGK 1 bis WGK 4. Nur WGK 5 weist eine gegenüber WGK 4 verminderte Gesamtkontaktfläche auf. Unabhängig von WG und WGK verkleinern sich die Plazentomdurchmesser und die Gesamtkontaktflächen p.p. gegenüber den Plazentomdurchmessern und Gesamtkontaktflächen a.p. WG und WGK beeinflussen den Hormonhaushalt mäßig. Dabei zeigt sich der größte Einfluss beim Progesteron. Die kleinste WG bzw. WGK präsentiert die niedrigsten Progesteronkonzentrationen. Beim 17ß-Östradiol ist der Verlauf aller Konzentrationskurven im gesamten Trächtigkeitsverlauf und beim IGF-1 ab dem 100. Tag p.c. einheitlich. Durch WG oder WGK werden bei den Booroola*MF Kreuzungsgenotypen keine den Stoffwechsel charakterisierenden Substanzen in einer auffallenden oder für die Tierart untypischen Weise verändert. Die Anzahl Feten bzw. die WGK zeigen im vorliegenden Datenmaterial keinen gravierenden Einfluss auf den maternalen Stoffwechsel während der Gravidität. / The analysis was founded on 20 pregnant Booroola* Merino Mutton crossbreed sheep between 2 and 6 years, most of them pluriparous. During pregnancy the variations of size of the placentomdiameters were drawn up on a weekly basis using transcutaneous and transrectal ultrasonography. Samples of blood were taken likewise in a weekly rhythm. After birth a detailed examination of the placentae followed, considering especially their number and diameter as well as the weight of the cotyledons and the secundinae. The gained data were used to create placentom-growth-diagrams during pregnancy. The samples of blood were hormonally analysed with regard to progesterone, estradiol and IGF-1 as well as to the substances that characterize the protein- and energy metabolism as there are: albumin, protein, urea, BHB, bilirubin, glucose. Moreover substances which are highly required during pregnancy were determined as e.g. ASAT, calcium, iron, cholesterol. The evaluation of all the gained data was made in dependence on the littersize (LS) and total litterweight (TLW). The major influence of the LS and TLW on the placenta is noticed at the morphological aspects. The placentomdiameter increase from uni- to triparous ewes and from TLW 1 to TLW 3. On the other hand the placentomdiameters decrease in the highest groups. With an increase of LS and TLW the amound of placentoms with small diameters (1-20 mm) generally decreased in favour of the placentoms with big diameters (20-50 mm). Triparous ewes and TLW 3 show most of the placentoms with the largest diameters (40-50 mm). The "total contact area" demonstrates an increase from uni-to quadriparous ewes and TLW 1 to TLW 4. Only TLW 5 has a smaller "total contact area" as TLW 4. Independent of LS and TLW of the Booroola* Merino Mutton crossbreed sheep the placentomdiameter and the "total contact area" decrease p.p. in comparison to the placentomdiameter and "total contact area" a.p. The influence of LS and TLW on the endocrinological system is moderate. The highest influence is proved concerning progesterone, the smallest LS and TLW show the lowest blood-progesterone concentration. In contrast to this, the estradiol concentration of both groups seems to be uniform during the whole pregnancy and equally the IGF-1 concentration from the 100 day p.c. None of the metabolism characterising substances seems to be affected by the LS or TLW. The littersize as well as the litterweight do not influence in the gained data the maternal metabolism during pregnancy.

Für die Untersuchung standen 20 tragende Booroola*Merinofleischschaf Kreuzungsgenotypen, meist pluripar, zwischen 2 und 6 Jahren zur Verfügung. Während der Trächtigkeit wurden in wöchentlichem Abstand die Größenveränderungen der Plazentomdurchmesser mittels transkutaner und transrektaler Ultrasonographie erfasst und Blutproben genommen. Post partum erfolgte die detaillierte Auswertung der Plazenta nach Anzahl und Durchmesser der Kotyledonen und des Kotyledonen- und Sekundinengewichts. Aus den gewonnenen Daten wurden Plazentomwachstumskurven im Verlauf der Trächtigkeit erstellt. Die Blutproben wurden hormonanalytisch auf Progesteron, 17ß-Östradiol, und IGF-1, sowie stoffwechselphysiologisch auf die, den Eiweiß- und Energiehaushalt charakterisierenden Substanzen Albumin, Gesamteiweiß, Harnstoff, BHB, Bilirubin und Glukose untersucht. Zudem erfolgte die Bestimmung von Substanzen, die in der Trächtigkeit stark beansprucht werden, wie ASAT, Calcium, Eisen und Cholesterol. Die Auswertung sämtlicher Daten erfolgte in Abhängigkeit von Wurfgröße (WG) und Wurfgewichtsklassen (WGK). Der größte Einfluss von WG und WGK auf die Plazenta zeigt sich bei der Auswertung der morphologischen Aspekte. Dabei sind in erster Linie eine Vergrößerung der Plazentomdurchmesser von uni- zu triparen Tieren sowie von WGK 1 zur WGK 3 festzustellen. In den jeweils höchsten Klassen fällt der Durchmesser wieder. Zudem nimmt in der Regel mit steigender WG und WGK die Anzahl der Plazentome mit kleinen Durchmessern (1-20 mm)ab, die Anzahl der Plazentome mit großen Durchmessern (20-50 mm) dagegen zu. Tripare Tiere und WGK 3 weisen die meisten Plazentome mit den größten Durchmessern (40-50 mm) auf. Bei der Gesamtkontaktfläche zeigt sich ein Anstieg der Fläche von uni- bis zu quadriparen Tieren und der WGK 1 bis WGK 4. Nur WGK 5 weist eine gegenüber WGK 4 verminderte Gesamtkontaktfläche auf. Unabhängig von WG und WGK verkleinern sich die Plazentomdurchmesser und die Gesamtkontaktflächen p.p. gegenüber den Plazentomdurchmessern und Gesamtkontaktflächen a.p. WG und WGK beeinflussen den Hormonhaushalt mäßig. Dabei zeigt sich der größte Einfluss beim Progesteron. Die kleinste WG bzw. WGK präsentiert die niedrigsten Progesteronkonzentrationen. Beim 17ß-Östradiol ist der Verlauf aller Konzentrationskurven im gesamten Trächtigkeitsverlauf und beim IGF-1 ab dem 100. Tag p.c. einheitlich. Durch WG oder WGK werden bei den Booroola*MF Kreuzungsgenotypen keine den Stoffwechsel charakterisierenden Substanzen in einer auffallenden oder für die Tierart untypischen Weise verändert. Die Anzahl Feten bzw. die WGK zeigen im vorliegenden Datenmaterial keinen gravierenden Einfluss auf den maternalen Stoffwechsel während der Gravidität. / The analysis was founded on 20 pregnant Booroola* Merino Mutton crossbreed sheep between 2 and 6 years, most of them pluriparous. During pregnancy the variations of size of the placentomdiameters were drawn up on a weekly basis using transcutaneous and transrectal ultrasonography. Samples of blood were taken likewise in a weekly rhythm. After birth a detailed examination of the placentae followed, considering especially their number and diameter as well as the weight of the cotyledons and the secundinae. The gained data were used to create placentom-growth-diagrams during pregnancy. The samples of blood were hormonally analysed with regard to progesterone, estradiol and IGF-1 as well as to the substances that characterize the protein- and energy metabolism as there are: albumin, protein, urea, BHB, bilirubin, glucose. Moreover substances which are highly required during pregnancy were determined as e.g. ASAT, calcium, iron, cholesterol. The evaluation of all the gained data was made in dependence on the littersize (LS) and total litterweight (TLW). The major influence of the LS and TLW on the placenta is noticed at the morphological aspects. The placentomdiameter increase from uni- to triparous ewes and from TLW 1 to TLW 3. On the other hand the placentomdiameters decrease in the highest groups. With an increase of LS and TLW the amound of placentoms with small diameters (1-20 mm) generally decreased in favour of the placentoms with big diameters (20-50 mm). Triparous ewes and TLW 3 show most of the placentoms with the largest diameters (40-50 mm). The "total contact area" demonstrates an increase from uni-to quadriparous ewes and TLW 1 to TLW 4. Only TLW 5 has a smaller "total contact area" as TLW 4. Independent of LS and TLW of the Booroola* Merino Mutton crossbreed sheep the placentomdiameter and the "total contact area" decrease p.p. in comparison to the placentomdiameter and "total contact area" a.p. The influence of LS and TLW on the endocrinological system is moderate. The highest influence is proved concerning progesterone, the smallest LS and TLW show the lowest blood-progesterone concentration. In contrast to this, the estradiol concentration of both groups seems to be uniform during the whole pregnancy and equally the IGF-1 concentration from the 100 day p.c. None of the metabolism characterising substances seems to be affected by the LS or TLW. The littersize as well as the litterweight do not influence in the gained data the maternal metabolism during pregnancy.