Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1952. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [345]-355).

Thesis (M.S.)--Humboldt State University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 41-46). Also available via the Internet from Humboldt Digital Scholar.

The grassland bird-community has declined significantly in abundance and diversity in Illinois over the past century. Reclamation of surface coal-mines in southern Illinois has created ca. 50,000 ha of grassland habitat that offers surrogate habitat for grassland and shrubland birds. Much of the grassland habitat created by reclamation of mine lands has not been managed and has succeeded to shrubland habitat dominated by both native and non-native shrubs. The purposes of this research were to identify the bird community utilizing reclaimed surface-mines in southern Illinois, and to examine the habitat-associations of the bird community and compare those to previously reported habitat-associations. I examined bird communities, plant structure and composition, and invertebrate communities at grasslands and shrublands at 3 reclaimed surface-mines in southern Illinois. I used 100-m wide strip-transects to survey the bird community and measured habitat characteristics including: vegetation height and density, litter depth and cover, shrub density and height, and plant composition. I observed 57 bird species over 126 surveys in 2008 and 2009. I used Generalized Linear Models and Akaike's Information Criteria to develop habitat-association models for 7 bird species: Henslow's sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii), grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna), dickcissel (Spiza americana), indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea), field sparrow (Spizella pusilla), and Bell's vireo (Vireo belli). Of these 7 species, dependable models were found for the Henslow's sparrow, grasshopper sparrow, eastern meadowlark, and field sparrow. The best habitat model for Henslow's sparrows indicated a positive association with % litter cover and a negative association with large variations in grass cover. The best habitat model for grasshopper sparrows indicated a negative association with both litter cover and depth and a positive association with grassland area. The best habitat model for the eastern meadowlark indicated a negative association with visual obstruction and shrub density. The best habitat model for the field sparrow indicated a curvilinear association with shrub density and visual obstruction. The habitat-association model for Henslow's sparrows differed from previous research in that neither vegetation height nor density were indicated as important habitat characteristics. To identify the habitat characteristics that have the greatest effect on the overall bird-community composition, I generated graphical ordinations using non-metric multidimensional scaling. The habitat factors most affecting the bird community composition were: vegetation density, vegetation height, litter depth, shrub density, shrub height, warm-season grass cover, and the ratio of habitat area to perimeter. Invertebrate biomass at a site was positively correlated to forb cover and plant richness and negatively correlated to grass cover. Grassland bird species have distinct habitat-associations that allow them to reduce interspecific competition through niche partitioning and would be best managed with a diverse set of successional stages.

Marine renewable energy developments (MREDs) are becoming an increasing feature of the marine environment. Scotland has considerable potential for generating energy from the marine environment in the form of extensive wind, wave and tidal-stream resources. Scotland also hosts numerous internationally important breeding populations of seabirds and Scottish territorial waters represent a key overwintering area for many species. EU legislation requires that MREDs do not damage the integrity of protected seabird populations but potential effects of MREDs on seabirds are not yet fully understood. This thesis aims to address gaps in knowledge regarding how MREDs may affect seabird populations. I generate vulnerability and confidence indices to predict the effects of offshore wind, wave and tidal-stream renewable energy developments on Scottish seabird populations; track the movements of a seabird species identified as lacking in data to better understand overlap with MREDs; and investigate seabird use of a high current flow environment leased as a tidal-stream energy development site. Overall, this thesis indicates that seabird responses to MREDs are likely to be species-specific and will vary dependent on the development location and design of the energy generating technology. My findings indicate that effects of MREDs will differ dependent on individual foraging strategies, age and life stage of individuals, which implies that MREDs are likely to differently affect subsections of seabird populations.

Orientador: Reginaldo José Donatelli / Banca: Fátima do Rosário N. Knoll / Banca: Carolina Demetrio Ferreira / Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as comunidades de aves em duas variáveis topográficas de 480m Porção Norte (PN) e 520m Porção Sul (PS) na Estação Ecológicas dos Caetetus, verificando assim, suas relações ecológicas quanto a composição de espécies, abundância, estrutura trófica e estratificação da avifauna, bem como testar se há variações na detecção de espécies e indivíduos em períodos diferentes em dois períodos do dia (manhã e tarde) e do ano, sendo o período chuvoso (dezembro de 2007 a abril 2008) e seco (maio a setembro de 2008). O estudo ocorreu entre os meses de dezembro de 2007 a janeiro de 2008, utilizou-se o método de Ponto de Escuta. O levantamento quantitativo registrou 125 espécies para PN e 156 espécies para PS. O Índice Pontual de abundância variou de 0,008 (1 contato) a 0,87 (210 contatos) na PN e de 0,004 (1 contato) a 0,91 (219 contatos) na PS. A diversidade para PN foi de = 3,76 e para PS H' = 2,68. A comunidade de aves mostrou o mesmo padrão encontrado em outros fragmentos florestais de mata estacional semidecidual. Os insetívoros foram a categoria mais representativa, sendo a família Tyrannidae a que mais se destacou nas duas porções. As diferenças encontradas entre as duas porções foram resultantes das características da vegetação que garantiram boa parte das espécies exclusivas na PS, o que indica a forte influência da vegetação nas aves. O estudo da influencia do dia, mostrou os dados apóiam a idéia de maior atividade das aves se dá durante a manhã, sendo este período responsável pelo registro significativo de mais espécies e indivíduos. Já a analise da influência do regime de chuvas na EECa não influenciou a distribuição das aves / Abstract: This study it had as objective to analyze the communities of birds in two topographical variable of 480m Porção Norte (PN) and 520m Porção Sul (PS) in the ecological Station Ecological of the Caetetus, thus verifying, its relations how much the species composition, abundance, structures of guildas and stratification of avifauna, as well as testing if it has variations in the species detention and individuals in different periods in two periods of the day (morning and late) and of the year, being the rainy period (December of 2007 April 2008) and dry (May the September of 2008). The study the January of 2008 occurred enters the months of December of 2007, used the method of Point of Listening. The quantitative survey registered 125 species for PN and 156 species for PS. The Prompt Index of abundance varied of 0,008 (1 contact) the 0,87 (210 contacts) in the PN and of 0,004 (1 contact) the 0.91 (219 contacts) in the PS. The diversity for PN was of = 3,76 and for PS H' = 2,68. The community of birds the same showed standard found in other forest fragmentos of semidecidual estacional bush. The insetívoros had been the category most representative, being the Tyrannidae family the one that more was distinguished in the two portions. The differences found between the two portions had been resultant of the characteristics of the vegetation that had guaranteed good part of the exclusive species in the PS, what it indicates the strong influence of the vegetation in the birds. The study of it influences of the day, it showed the data support the idea of bigger activity of the birds if of the one during the morning, being this responsible period for the significant register of more species and individuals. Already it analyzes it of the influence of the rain regimen in the EECa did not influence the distribution of the birds / Mestre

Acompanha 1 CD-ROM / Orientador: Jacques Marie Edme Vielliard / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universdidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T16:48:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Corbo_MilenaCristina_M.pdf: 9930237 bytes, checksum: 416a118da2c24ccabc6090073e6958c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O repertório de Troglodytes aedon é bastante complexo, apresentando variações intra e inter-individuais. Neste trabalho os indivíduos foram gravados usando o gravador de rolo NAGRA-E com auxílio de um microfone cardióide dinâmico montado em uma parábola acústica. Os 29 indivíduos analisados apresentaram um total de 113 tipos de notas e 177 tipos de cantos. Dessas notas, 20 foram únicas, mas todos os individuos também emitiram notas em comum. Cada frase foi composta de 6 a 34 notas com duração entre 0,9 e 4 segundos. Cada tipo de frase foi emitido de 10 a 60 vezes seguidas antes do cantor mudar para outro tipo. As frases foram divididas em três partes: inicial, central e final, cada uma apresentando notas específicas. Foram analisados também cantos de outros estados brasileiros e de alguns países da América do Sul. Os cantos de todos os indivíduos apresentaram notas em comum. Nenhum tipo de canto foi compartilhado entre os indivíduos analisados, pois apesar de os indivíduos usarem em parte as mesmas notas, a forma de emissão destas assumiu diversas posições seqüênciais dentro das respectivas partes do canto. Tal estrutura de organização de canto pressupõe um modo peculiar de aprendizagem que presisa ser decifrado. / Abstract: The repertoire of Troglodytes aedon is large and its song, fairly complex, presents inter-individual variations. The singers have been recorded on open-reel NAGRA-E with a dynamic cardioid microphone mounted on an acoustic parabola. The 29 individuals that have been analyzed presented a total of 113 types of notes and 177 song-types. Of the notes, 20 were unique, but all individuals emitted also notes in common. Each phrase is normally composed of 6 to 34 notes with duration between 0.9 and 4 seconds. Each type of phrase was emitted 10 to 60 times before the singer switches to another song-type. The phrases were divided into three parts: initial, central and final, each one presenting specific notes. Were analyzed also songs from other Brazilian states and some countries in South America. They all presented notes in common. No song-type has been shared between the individuals analyzed, because even though the individuals used in part the same notes, they emitted them in diverse sequence positions within their respective parts of the song. This structure assumes an uncommon way to learn that should be interpreted. / Mestrado / Mestre em Multimeios

Abstract RF-gradients produced utilizing RF-field inhomogenity of conventional receiver/transmitter coil of NMR-probe can be used to mimic the effects of B0-gradients. This is done by placing long inhomogenous pulse in between two 90° pulses of appropriate phases (z-rotation cluster). B0-gradient based excitation sculpting can be converted into RF-gradient version. Selective one-dimensional TOCSY and NOESY using RF-gradient based excitation sculpting are described. In addition, non-selective two-dimensional experiments, TOCSY and NOESY, with RF-gradient based coherence selection are presented. Excitation sculpting using BIRD or BIRDR as inversion element results in isotope filter. Pre-suppression of non-13C-bound protons using RF-gradient BIRD prior to HSQC enables recording of spectrum of comparable quality to B0-gradient selected HSQC. This is beneficial for spectrometers lacking B0-gradient capabilities. Excitation sculpting using BIRDR can be used efficiently as low-pass filter in HMBC experiment. Furthermore, simultaneous elimination of protons bound to 15N and 13C can be accomplished with BIRDR based method.

[From Introduction]. From an early period in the lake's history research was undataken to determine the potential of Kyle as a source of edible fish, In such a study, knowledge of the number and weight of fish consumed by piscivorous birds would seem to be an obvious consideration. Accordingly special investigation was undertaken into the food requirements of fish eating birds which live in the lake area. The method employed, on this occasion, to obtain the required information has differed radically from that more generally used by investigators working with similar objects in view. The common practise has been to examine the stomach contents of a considerable number of birds of the same species, which have been destroyed in order to make information available.

Birds are a diverse group of vertebrates, with over 10,000 extant species. Diversification into volant, aquatic and terrestrial environmental niches has precipitated a remarkable morphological diversity between species. Birds have a unique respiratory system consisting of a rigid lung connected to an air sac system. Air is pumped into the respiratory system via movements of the ribcage and sternum. Previous research identified the uncinate processes, ossified projections extending from the vertebral ribs, as critical respiratory and locomotor structures. Uncinate processes facilitate inspiration and expiration through associated muscles that displace the ribs and therefore sternum. External intercostal muscles project from the processes and function during locomotion to stabilise body roll. Therefore uncinate processes provide a link between breathing and locomotion in birds. The objective of my PhD is to extend beyond this basic research on uncinate processes to investigate how diversity in avian body morphology relates to the fundamental functions of breathing and locomotion.While the function of uncinate processes in respiration has been identified, the mechanism whereby ventilatory movements are elicited is not known. Therefore I present a model that demonstrates how respiratory movements of the skeleton are facilitated by the lever action of uncinate processes. Furthermore, variation in process and sternal morphology is driven by adaptation to different forms of locomotion. Therefore fundamental differences in breathing mechanics may be associated with specialisation to locomotor behaviour. Detailed developmental studies of the uncinate processes in birds are almost nonexistent. I provide the first detailed description of developmental changes in the uncinate processes in the turkey. Ossification of the uncinate processes begins around the time of hatch. However, the base is cartilaginous upon hatching and so the lever action of the processes may be compromised in the chick. I provide further evidence for a functional link between process length and respiratory physiology, since elongated processes support an elevated resting metabolic rate in birds. This link was further explored in physiological experiments where the energetic cost of walking in the barnacle goose was manipulated by load carrying. Carrying extra mass on the sternum is more energetically costly than an equivalent back load indicating that the cost of breathing increased. A directly proportional relationship exists between increasing mass of back load and metabolic rate, while sternal loads were approximately twice as expensive to carry during locomotion. Leg loads incurred the greatest increase in metabolism. Finally, I demonstrate how uncinate processes functioned as respiratory structures in basal avian species and a theropod ancestor of modern birds. Development of the uncinate processes may have been an important step in the evolution of the avian lung - air sac system.The principal findings of the five first author research articles presented in this PhD thesis shed important new light on the ventilatory mechanics in birds and highlight interactions between breathing and locomotion. Diversity in avian body morphology driven by adaptation to various locomotor behaviours has resulted in modification of the respiratory system.

North American grassland bird populations are declining more rapidly than other groups of birds. A well-established method of quantifying and monitoring grassland bird populations is by locating active nests. Active nests are often difficult to locate in grassland swards due to the varying heights within the canopy that nests are established. Studies quantifying grassland bird populations have low statistical power due to low sample sizes and high disturbance. Advances in small, unmanned aerial systems and thermographic imaging technologies have potential to improve efficiency of locating nests throughout canopies. This study explored detection accuracy of using thermal imagery to identify simulated grassland bird nests located at different heights within monoculture tall-stature grass canopies. This methodology was tested in blind evaluations, using multiple evaluators. Results from this study suggest that surveying thermal images is a reliable method for detecting active nests at depths of up to 1 m into a grass canopy.