Darbe analizuojama Blackfin procesorių sparta vaizdo apdorojime akių žvilgsnio sekimui. / New Blackfin media processors perfomance was analyzed for video preprocessing in eye gaze tracking.

Little is known about the population structure and genetic variability of blackfin tuna despite catch increases over the past 25 years. In this thesis, levels of genetic variation contained in 323bp of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region-I (CR-I) and in six microsatellite loci were characterized for two regions: the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and the Northwest Atlantic. Large amounts of mtDNA diversity (h>0.99; =0.047) were observed in both regions. Mismatch distribution analysis of the CR-I sequence data, using a mutation rate of 1.6% Ma-1for scombroid fishes, indicate blackfin tuna underwent population expansion about 1.4 Ma, a timeline concordant with the expansion of other tunas and billfishes. Estimates of female effective population size were very large at 7.8 million and 12.8 million individuals for the NW Atlantic and the GoM, respectively. Both mtDNA and six microsatellite loci were used to determine blackfin tuna population structure. Microsatellite and mtDNA AMOVAs revealed significant differentiation (msat st=0.01, p=0.006 and mtDNA st=0.01, p=0.049) between the GoM and the NW Atlantic samples. Migration estimates using mtDNA data indicate that twice as many females enter the NW Atlantic from the GoM (346 individuals/generation) than the opposite direction (150 individuals/generation). Migration estimates using microsatellite data were substantially smaller, with the Gulf receiving 7 individuals/generation and the NW Atlantic 4 individuals/generation. Finally, low levels of genetic differentiation using microsatellite data have been reported in other highly abundant marine fishes, which have been attributed to homoplasy in allele size. To test this hypothesis, the allele frequency distributions of blackfin and yellowfin tuna at six microsatellite loci were compared. The distances between species were surprisingly small (Da=4.0%, (delta mu)squared=1.08), with a large degree of similarity in frequency distributions at four loci. The comparison of bigeye tuna at two microsatellite loci revealed additional inter-specific similarities. A mutation rate for these loci was estimated by modifying an equation used to estimate time since divergence. Microsatellites in tunas appear to evolve at a rate (4.3x10-7 Ma-1) that is two orders of magnitude slower than other fishes (1x10-5 Ma-1). Accordingly, microsatellite allele size similarities are plesiomorphic and not due to homoplasy.

This thesis covers the work to combine the two worlds of the hardware platform of the BLACKfin by Analog Devices and the software based on the eCos operating system to provide a foundation for embedded real-time applications to build on to benefit from the best aspects of both. This document will therefore outline the main objectives of this thesis followed by an overview of the functionality provided by eCos and the BLACKfin. It will further outline the steps required to combine both by porting the hardware abstraction layer and device drivers for the BLACKfin architecture to eCos. Prior to detailing selected implementations of particular code segments of special interest this thesis will outline the design and concept considerations involved and the conclusion drawn in order to provide a working HAL. After describing the current state of the hardware abstraction layer port conducted as part of this thesis this document will provide an evaluation of the implementation itself the benefits as well as possible limitations. To provide a conclusion to the work outlined in this document further possible questions of interest for future work based on the results of this thesis will be provided.

The ability to manage a fish stock relies on an understanding of life history characteristics and basic biology of the species. Numerous age-growth studies are facilitated by the relative ease of ageing fishes through hard-part analyses. Determining reproductive parameters for fish populations is equally important for stock assessments and management, and histological examination of gonads provides the most accurate determination of fecundity and spawning periods. Coastal pelagic fishes are often targeted commercially and recreationally due to their easy access by private vessels. However, there are few studies researching the biology and reproduction of recreational fishes in the waters of Southeastern Florida that would lead to a better understanding for management practices. The objective of this study was to provide baseline reproductive data for two fishes particularly important to Florida fisheries: the coastal pelagic scombrids Blackfin Tuna Thunnus atlanticus and Little Tunny Euthynnus alletteratus. Archived gonad samples from 2010-2014 for these two species were evaluated, and GSI values and histological examination indicated one spawning season for both species. Little Tunny spawn April through August, and Blackfin Tuna spawn May through June. Additionally both species have asynchronous oocyte development, and are batch spawners. Postovulatory follicles were used to estimate spawning frequency; for Blackfin Tuna, mean spawning occurs once every 1.49 days, and for Little Tunny, mean spawning occurs once every 1.47 days. Comparison of otolith age data to these results indicates that Little Tunny mature at a smaller size and younger age than Blackfin Tuna. Size at 50% maturity for male Blackfin Tuna was 435.2 mm TL, for female Blackfin Tuna was 392.3 mm TL, and for male Little Tunny was 347.77 mm TL. Age at 50% majority for male Blackfin Tuna was 0.66 years, and for male Little Tunny was 0.50 years. In addition to providing important baseline data for fisheries management, this study collaborated with previous research to improve accuracy of reproductive age assessments. Finally, reproductive parameter studies of fishes in Florida and the Greater Caribbean area commercial and recreational fisheries provide information important for future ecosystem based management.

Blackfin tuna Thunnus atlanticus, dolphinfish Coryphaena hippurus, and wahoo Acanthocybium solandri currently are not managed under the highly migratory species (HMS) fishery management plan (FMP) despite being biologically highly migratory and co-occurring in major fisheries. A review of past international, domestic and regional management regimes; recent consolidations of FMPs; the re-classification of some species within the FMPs and of the migratory patterns of these three species clearly draws into question the application of the inclusion criteria for the HMS FMP. In order to collect stakeholder opinion on including these three species into the HMS FMP, a survey was launched via online fishing forums. However, only 87 respondents participated in the 2 months-long survey process, with 43 % not even completing the whole of the survey. Aside from refusal to participate, the responses on the forums were that of extreme opposition. So, although the nature of these species certainly qualifies them to fall under this FMP, the reaction from the recreational fishing community would make these changes difficult. Given that these three stocks are not stressed nor overfished, the need to place these species under the HMS FMP may not be the best course of action at this time. Moreover, such an action could potentially hurt the recreational fishing industry by adding additional and unnecessary regulations.

Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) enable the observation of hazardous areas without endangering a pilot. Observational capabilities are provided by on-board video cameras and images are relayed to remote operators for analysis. However, vibration and wind cause video camera mounts to move and can introduce unintended motion that makes video analysis more difficult. Video stabilization is a process that attempts to remove unwanted movement from a video input to provide a clearer picture. This thesis presents an onboard video stabilization solution that removes high-frequency jitter, displays output at 20 frames per second (FPS), and runs on a Blackfin embedded processor. Any video stabilization algorithm will have to contend with the limited space, weight, and power available for embedded systems hardware on a UAV. This thesis demonstrates how architecture-specific optimizations improve algorithm performance on embedded systems and allow an algorithm that was designed with more powerful computing systems in mind to perform on a system that is limited in both size and resources. These optimizations reduce the total clock cycles per frame by 157 million to 30 million, which yields a frame rate increase from 3.2 to 20 FPS.

This thesis covers the work to combine the two worlds of the hardware platform of the BLACKfin by Analog Devices and the software based on the eCos operating system to provide a foundation for embedded real-time applications to build on to benefit from the best aspects of both. This document will therefore outline the main objectives of this thesis followed by an overview of the functionality provided by eCos and the BLACKfin. It will further outline the steps required to combine both by porting the hardware abstraction layer and device drivers for the BLACKfin architecture to eCos. Prior to detailing selected implementations of particular code segments of special interest this thesis will outline the design and concept considerations involved and the conclusion drawn in order to provide a working HAL. After describing the current state of the hardware abstraction layer port conducted as part of this thesis this document will provide an evaluation of the implementation itself the benefits as well as possible limitations. To provide a conclusion to the work outlined in this document further possible questions of interest for future work based on the results of this thesis will be provided.

In Verbindung mit eingebetteten Systemen spielte Sicherheit in der Vergangenheit eher eine untergeordnete Rolle. Im Vordergrund standen vorhersagbare Ausführungszeiten und der finanzielle Rahmen. Aufgrund der zunehmenden Vernetzung und der Konzentration mehrerer Anwendungen auf einen Prozessor gewinnt dieser Gesichtspunkt jedoch stärker an Bedeutung. Der Blackfin-Prozessor des Herstellers Analog Devices, welcher die Konzepte von Mikrocontroller und digitalem Signalprozessor in sich vereint, entspricht diesem Trend, indem er die Möglichkeit des Speicherschutzes integriert. Das Betriebssystem uClinux wurde speziell auf die Bedürfnisse von eingebetteten Systemen angepasst, da es im Gegensatz zu Linux keinen virtuellen Speicher unterstützt. Es wurde zwar bereits auf die Architektur des Blackfin Prozessors portiert, verfügte jedoch bisher nicht über nennenswerte Mechanismen zum Schutz des Speichers. Der Hauptteil dieser Diplomarbeit besteht deshalb darin, Linux’ Speicherverwaltung zu analysieren, einen ähnlichen Ansatz in uClinux zu implementieren und schließlich den Einfluss auf die Leistung des Systems zu ermitteln. Die entstandene Realisierung schützt sowohl den Speicher einzelner Prozesse als auch den des Betriebssystemkerns. Obwohl die Lösung im Moment noch prototypischen Charakter besitzt, ist sie bereits voll funktionsfähig. Des Weiteren diskutiert die Arbeit auch den Ansatz des alleinigen Kernel-Schutzes und unterbreitet einen Vorschlag zur Verringerung der Interrupt-Latenzzeit. / In the past, embedded system’s security has been often omitted in order to trade it for system cost and more predictable execution timings. Due to the pressure induced by increased networking and multitasking, this issue is getting more important. Therefore, Analog Devices’ Blackfin processor, which combines capabilities of signal processing and controlling, additionally provides means for memory protection. The operating system uClinux, which is especially suitable for embedded systems because support for Virtual Memory has been removed, has already been ported to the Blackfin architecture, but still lacks support for memory protection. Thus, the main effort of this thesis consists of analysing Linux’s memory management, reimplementing similar approaches into the uClinux kernel, and measuring the resulting overhead. The implemented protection scheme does secure both particular processes and kernel space. Even if it is still in a prototypical state, memory protection is fully functional. In addition, approaches for exclusive kernel protection and reducing interrupt latency are discussed.

Understanding the life history of a species is essential for fully understanding its role within an ecosystem. However, many of the fish species of high ecological value have not been studied due to their less prominent roles in local recreational and commercial fisheries in comparison to other targeted species. This study describes the age and growth patterns of three small tuna species inhabiting South Florida waters: blackfin tuna Thunnus atlanticus, little tunny Euthynnus alletteratus, and skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis. Tuna specimens were collected via donations obtained from various fishing tournaments and charter captains in the areas of the Florida Straits as well as hook-and-line by the Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center. Age was described via sagittal otolith deposition patterns. They were removed, dried, sectioned, and rings were counted as well as measured. Validation of the timing of ring deposits was done by marginal increment analysis. Growth parameters were determined by comparison of fish fork length to count measurements. This comparison via the Von Bertalanffy growth equation produced a growth rate for each species: blackfin, L∞ = 95.34 cm, K = 0.28, and t0 = -1.53; little tunny, L∞ = 77.93 cm, K = 0.69, and t0 = -0.69; and skipjack, L∞ = 112.76 cm, K = 0.24, and t0 = -1.70. The curves indicate an average size of an individual of a given species at a certain age. They also give an estimation of a maximum length (L∞) of each species, in addition to specific growth rate, which is indicated by the slope. Parameters of each resulting Von Bertalanffy equation were compared among species. Results were also compared with growth rates currently used in stock assessments by fisheries management organizations, such as the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT).

In Verbindung mit eingebetteten Systemen spielte Sicherheit in der Vergangenheit eher eine untergeordnete Rolle. Im Vordergrund standen vorhersagbare Ausführungszeiten und der finanzielle Rahmen. Aufgrund der zunehmenden Vernetzung und der Konzentration mehrerer Anwendungen auf einen Prozessor gewinnt dieser Gesichtspunkt jedoch stärker an Bedeutung. Der Blackfin-Prozessor des Herstellers Analog Devices, welcher die Konzepte von Mikrocontroller und digitalem Signalprozessor in sich vereint, entspricht diesem Trend, indem er die Möglichkeit des Speicherschutzes integriert. Das Betriebssystem uClinux wurde speziell auf die Bedürfnisse von eingebetteten Systemen angepasst, da es im Gegensatz zu Linux keinen virtuellen Speicher unterstützt. Es wurde zwar bereits auf die Architektur des Blackfin Prozessors portiert, verfügte jedoch bisher nicht über nennenswerte Mechanismen zum Schutz des Speichers. Der Hauptteil dieser Diplomarbeit besteht deshalb darin, Linux’ Speicherverwaltung zu analysieren, einen ähnlichen Ansatz in uClinux zu implementieren und schließlich den Einfluss auf die Leistung des Systems zu ermitteln. Die entstandene Realisierung schützt sowohl den Speicher einzelner Prozesse als auch den des Betriebssystemkerns. Obwohl die Lösung im Moment noch prototypischen Charakter besitzt, ist sie bereits voll funktionsfähig. Des Weiteren diskutiert die Arbeit auch den Ansatz des alleinigen Kernel-Schutzes und unterbreitet einen Vorschlag zur Verringerung der Interrupt-Latenzzeit. / In the past, embedded system’s security has been often omitted in order to trade it for system cost and more predictable execution timings. Due to the pressure induced by increased networking and multitasking, this issue is getting more important. Therefore, Analog Devices’ Blackfin processor, which combines capabilities of signal processing and controlling, additionally provides means for memory protection. The operating system uClinux, which is especially suitable for embedded systems because support for Virtual Memory has been removed, has already been ported to the Blackfin architecture, but still lacks support for memory protection. Thus, the main effort of this thesis consists of analysing Linux’s memory management, reimplementing similar approaches into the uClinux kernel, and measuring the resulting overhead. The implemented protection scheme does secure both particular processes and kernel space. Even if it is still in a prototypical state, memory protection is fully functional. In addition, approaches for exclusive kernel protection and reducing interrupt latency are discussed.