隨著產業環境與經濟發展的快速變化，企業的經營營運趨於複雜與困難，尤其隨著企業在邁向國際化之際，企業所面臨到的市場與需求變動更是瞬息萬變，對於大企業而言，在面臨市場快速變化之時，如何擬訂合適的經營策略和確保策略的執行完成度更是重要的經營議題。 企業的競爭能力來自於企業的核心競爭力，故如何利用企業自身的優勢，同時因應外在環境的變化以擬訂出成功的策略更是企業所關心與永續經營的成長來源。不同的國際化企業皆擁有一套企業自身成功的經營管理模式，而在國際化企業中，IBM企業則是利用一套完整的策略規劃與策略執行模型以確保企業營運策略與績效表現能有所連結，故IBM企業才能達到績效持續提升的經營績效表現與成長。 本研究主要是透過國內外文獻的資料蒐集與整理，針對策略與BLM（Business Leadership Model）模型等相關議題進行文獻整理，之後再透過個案研究方式並利用BLM模型來探討之，透過BLM模型的八個構面以分析個案公司的經營策略並整理歸納出策略改善點，並提出對於個案公司的策略建議。 本研究在策略規劃與策略執行等兩構面分別歸納出不同的問題假設，在策略規劃方面，分析結果發現個案公司缺乏完整的市場資料蒐集與分析機制、策略的推動無法落實到各事業單位、新事業推廣缺乏完整的管理流程與機制；在策略執行方面，個案公司在進行績效評估或衡量時，未能充分考量跨部門間的目標、資源配置未能充分發揮與協調、缺乏完善的客戶管理機制、策略系統未做持續的追蹤管理以確保策略執行程度。 在分析歸納出企業策略改善點後，本研究提出七大建議策略，分別為「強化企業策略規劃與展開機制」、「建立事業組合管理機制」、「強化人才培育及管理」、「強化新事業管理機制」、「強化主要客戶及銷售管理機制」、「優化績效指標（KPI）制定」和「提升組織綜效改善流程」，在企業資源和時間效益有限的情況下，本研究透過個案公司高階經理人來評估和衡量建議策略的優先順序以進行不同階段的策略執行。

The manufacturing technology of LCD is becoming skillful gradually and begins to popularize in recent years, and its relevant component is developed vigorously accordingly. In the numerous key components of LCD, back light module(BLM) is easiest to make, but its cost accounted is very high in specific gravity, so it attracts large quantities of manufacturers to plunge into the relevant studies. However, so far, most of studies concentrate on the light guide plate and the diffuser sheet, there are seldom researches corresponding to the brightness enhancement of the back light module while is relating to the prism sheet(brightness enhancement film, BEF). Therefore, this thesis will focus on the constructing of the optical module of the prism sheet and the effects of the prism sheet¡¦s structure parameter on the brightness enhancement. By utilizing optics simulation software ASAP to build and construct out the prism sheet optics module, one can analyze and discuss the effect of the variation of its structure parameter, such as prismatic degree(£c), prismatic structure(t), polyester substrate(T) and the refract rate of bottom sill on the brightness enhancement. It can be found from the result of simulation, relative to other structure parameter, the changing of the prismatic degree(£c) influence the brightness enhancement the most, and have the best result on 104 degree.

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have been widely used in the information technology such as LCD-TV, LCD monitor, laptop computer and mobile phones. Because liquid crystal does not emit lights by itself, a backlight source should be needed in order to produce viewable images on a LCD. The module which provides the light source is usually called ¡¥¡¥backlight module (BLM)¡¦¡¦ and a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) is used as the light source, which is placed behind the panel of the LCD. Due to the temperature increase of the CCFL in a BLM of a LCD subjected to lighting state, micro-deformation will occur in the BLM and result uneven luminance phenomena. The purpose of this research is to study the effects of heat source from CCFL on luminance in the BLM of a 7-inch LCD. The temperature distributions are measured by using thermal couple and the luminance variations of the BLM are measured by using luminance meters and CCD camera. The results show that the luminance distribution is more even because of the heat source from CCFL in BLM.

Liquid crystal display is the most valuable and universal produce of the electric monitor presently and it will into the stage of stable. In the future, the reliability is more important and also will be gradually the key point of index. Most of studies about the reliability of the back light module that concentrate on the thermal effect, there are seldom researches corresponding to the humidity and time effect. Therefore, we emphasize thermal, humidity and time factor for optical performance influence of the back light module in this thesis. We also used the experimental design of Taguchi method to determine the most important factor and development the basic for the reliability of the back light module. According to the result, the changing of the temperature influence the optical performance is the most.

Products from iron and copper mining are among Sweden’s top exports. However, as the metals are excavated, they often end up in the aquatic environment where they can cause toxicity. To implement the Water Framework Directive (WFD) within the European Union, all member states must classify their waters and set local environmental quality standards (EQS). These EQS are used to set the maximum concentration of a metal allowed in water and can be set both by the Swedish EPA and EU. The WFD EQS are to be based on the bioavailable metal fraction, as compared to the total metal concentration as have been used previously. As a tool in setting EQS, bioavailability models, like the biotic ligand model (BLM), have been proposed. BLMs can calculate toxicity endpoints based on water chemistry and organismal response and these predictions can be used for regional EQS values. However, BLMs are often calibrated toward hard waters with neutral or high pH, containing low concentrations of natural organic material (NOM), a water chemistry most commonly found in the central and southern parts of Europe. The overarching aim of this doctoral thesis was, therefore, to assess the regulatory applicability of Cu BLMs for Swedish conditions. Results from Paper I and II show that for at least 50% of Fennoscandinavian (Sweden, Finland and Norway) freshwater bodies, the models are not fully applicable. This due to crucial model input parameters being outside of the current calibration range of the Cu BLM. Papers II and III further showed that BLM calculated results differed from measured Cu toxicity to daphnids and algae, indicating that model-based EQS will not be protective for these organisms. Moreover, Paper III showed that Al had an impact on Cu speciation and, hence, toxicity. In conclusion, the present thesis shows that several available Cu BLMs are not yet fully applicable for Swedish or Scandinavian freshwater bodies due to incomplete parameterisation of the models.  To improve the applicability of the models, there is a need to calibrate the models for soft freshwater bodies and include Al and NOM properties as input parameters. / Produkter från metallindustrin är bland Sveriges viktigaste exportprodukter. Metallutvinning leder dock till utsläpp som kan hamna i den akvatiska miljön och där orsaka toxicitet. Europeiska Unionens Vattendirektiv syftar till att alla medlemsstater ska klassificera sina vatten och ta fram miljökvalitetsnormer. Dessa normer ska baseras på den biotillgängliga fasen av metaller istället för den totala som tidigare. Biotiska ligand modeller (BLM) har förts fram som verktyg i denna process. BLM kan beräkna utsläppsnivåer för sötvatten baserat på rådande vattenkemi samt vattenorganismers känslighet och ger användaren en specifikt anpassad rekommendation (LC/EC50, NOEC, PNEC o.s.v.). Dock är dessa modeller ofta kalibrerade för en vattenkemi gällande i de centrala och södra delarna av Europa. I Sverige är det vanligt med sura mjuka vatten, vilka har en högre koncentration av biotillgängliga metaller vilka kan orsaka toxicitet. Det övergripande syftet med denna doktorsavhandling var att undersöka hur dagens BLM för koppar (Cu) fungerar för svenska sötvatten. Resultaten från Artikel I och II visar att en stor del av de Fennoskandinaviska vatten som testats faller utanför kalibreringsintervallet för BLM. Vidare visar Artikel III och IV att de testade modellerna inte på ett korrekt sätt kunde uppskatta toxicitet för alger och vattenloppor, vilket innebär att de inte räknar ut skyddande rekommendationer för dessa arter. Det var även tydligt i Artikel IV att aluminium (Al) påverkar kopparspecieringen och genom detta även koppars toxicitet. Sammanfattningsvis visar denna avhandling att flera tillgängliga BLM inte är helt applicerbara i mjuka vatten, ofta p.g.a. opassande intervall för de kemiska parametrarna. För att förbättra tillämpbarheten av BLMs i Sverige krävs det att modellerna dels kalibreras för den rådande vattenkemin och dels att Al och NOMs egenskaper inkluderas.

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Bloom syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that is caused by mutations in the BLM gene. BLM associates with TopoIIIα and RMI1 to form a complex that is essential to maintain genome integrity. This complex catalyzes a dissolution reaction that resolves recombination intermediates containing two Holliday junctions without crossing over of genetic material. Dissolution activity is remarkable because it accounts for the in vivo role of BLM-TopoIIIα-RMI1 in suppressing sister chromatid exchanges. To further understand the biochemical roles that each member of the BLM complex plays in dissolution, I generated single-stranded catenanes that resemble the proposed intermediates at the latest steps of dissolution. Using this substrate, I demonstrated that TopoIIIα is a single-stranded DNA decatenase that is specifically stimulated by BLM and RMI1. Interaction between TopoIIIα and RMI1 is essential for the optimal decatenase activity. Furthermore, binding of RPA to single-stranded DNA substrate inhibits TopoIIIα decatenase activity. However, complex formation between BLM, TopoIIIα and RMI enables TopoIIIα to displace RPA and catalyze decatenation. Since the decatenase activity is presumed to be involved in many aspects of DNA metabolism, I investigated the roles of RMI1 and TopoIIIα in DNA replication in vivo. Using the molecular combing technique, I showed that RMI1 functions downstream of BLM to promote normal replication fork progression. In addition, BLM, TopoIIIα and RMI1 colocalize with one another in response to replication stress. Finally, interaction between TopoIIIα and RMI1 is essential for nuclear localization of the complex and for the complex to promote recovery from replication stress. This work defines molecular functions for RMI1 and TopoIIIα in DNA replication and repair, providing insight into their roles as suppressors of genome instability.

RecQ-like proteins are a family of DNA helicases that are evolutionary conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. A large amount of experimental evidence suggests these proteins have a major role in the maintenance of genome stability. In humans five RecQ like helicase have been identified (RecQL1, BLM, WRN, RecQL4, and RecQL5), three of which are associated with rare genetic disorders with sever chromosomal and developmental abnormalities, and an elevated predisposition to cancer. Among the disease associated RecQ-like helicases, BLM and WRN have been subject to extensive research, while our collective knowledge about the function of RecQL4 is still very limited. Similarly, little is known about the role of RecQL1 and RecQL5 in maintenance of genome integrity. In the past studies of Sgs1, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae homolog of RecQ, have been very informative regarding BLM function. Thus, here we sought to further investigate BLM, RecQL1, and RecQL4 by using yeast as a model. By constructing humanized yeast strains we evaluated the ability of these genes to complement defects observed in sgs1∆. In Chapter 2, our investigation led to the development of a novel chimeric system, which was able to complement some defects of the sgs1∆ strain. In Chapter 3, by taking advantage of this chimeric system, we evaluated 41 known BLM variants identified in the general human population. This study resulted in identification of six novel variants that completely impaired BLM function and three novel variants that partially impaired BLM function. In Chapter 4 we conducted multiple yeast 2-hybrid screens in search for novel protein-protein interaction for RecQL1 and RecQL4. We have identified two new putatively interacting partners for RecQL1 and three putatively interacting partners for RecQL4. In Chapter 5, functional characterization of RecQL1, BLM, RecQL4 and RecQL5 in yeast suggested genetic interaction between BLM and RecQL4 and RecQL5. Finally, in Chapter 6 a random mutagenesis screen of BLM has led to identification a mutation that impairs BLM function by disrupting the HRDC domain. This mutant suggests that the HRDC domain of BLM has an important role in proper functionality of this helicase.

Bloom syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that is caused by mutations in the BLM gene. BLM associates with TopoIIIα and RMI1 to form a complex that is essential to maintain genome integrity. This complex catalyzes a dissolution reaction that resolves recombination intermediates containing two Holliday junctions without crossing over of genetic material. Dissolution activity is remarkable because it accounts for the in vivo role of BLM-TopoIIIα-RMI1 in suppressing sister chromatid exchanges. To further understand the biochemical roles that each member of the BLM complex plays in dissolution, I generated single-stranded catenanes that resemble the proposed intermediates at the latest steps of dissolution. Using this substrate, I demonstrated that TopoIIIα is a single-stranded DNA decatenase that is specifically stimulated by BLM and RMI1. Interaction between TopoIIIα and RMI1 is essential for the optimal decatenase activity. Furthermore, binding of RPA to single-stranded DNA substrate inhibits TopoIIIα decatenase activity. However, complex formation between BLM, TopoIIIα and RMI enables TopoIIIα to displace RPA and catalyze decatenation. Since the decatenase activity is presumed to be involved in many aspects of DNA metabolism, I investigated the roles of RMI1 and TopoIIIα in DNA replication in vivo. Using the molecular combing technique, I showed that RMI1 functions downstream of BLM to promote normal replication fork progression. In addition, BLM, TopoIIIα and RMI1 colocalize with one another in response to replication stress. Finally, interaction between TopoIIIα and RMI1 is essential for nuclear localization of the complex and for the complex to promote recovery from replication stress. This work defines molecular functions for RMI1 and TopoIIIα in DNA replication and repair, providing insight into their roles as suppressors of genome instability.