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Using data from Arizona, United States, the present study seeks to further our understanding of lone other language items (LOLIs) in bilingual discourse and their status as either borrowings or codeswitches by measuring the degree of incorporation that can indicate a LOLI's status as a borrowing or codeswitching. To accomplish this aim, nouns from 40 sociolinguistic interviews from 8 Spanish monolingual speakers from Sonora, Mexico, 8 English monolingual speakers from Arizona, and 24 Spanish-English bilinguals from Arizona (from Sonoran families) are compared. Codeswitching can be defined as the "juxtaposition of sentences or sentence fragments, each of which is internally consistent with the morphological and syntactic (and optionally, phonological) rules of the language of its provenance" (Poplack, 1993, p. 255). Borrowing involves the incorporation of LOLIs from a donor language incorporated into a recipient language and need to be morphologically and syntactically adapted into the recipient language (Poplack, Sankoff, and Miller, 1988; Sankoff, Poplack, and Vanniarajan, 1990). Accordingly, the key difference between codeswitching and borrowing is that borrowings are morphosyntactically incorporated into the recipient language while codeswitches are not incorporated. It is important to note that in terms of LOLIs' status, phonological integration has been discarded for being too variable and therefore not a reliable factor in discerning one-item codeswitches from borrowings (Poplack and Sankoff, 1984; Poplack, Sankoff, and Miller, 1988). In order to measure the degree of incorporation that can in turn indicate the LOLI's status as a borrowing or a codeswitch, the present study applies a sociolinguistic comparative method to loanwords, following Poplack and Meechan (1995, 1998) by comparing nouns from Spanish (recipient language), nouns from English (donor language), and LOLIs from English in Spanish discourse. Since phonology has not been applied to the method of analysis, this study also seeks to explore if phonological integration is correlated to morphosyntactic integration of determiner realization of LOLIs. The results show, in accordance to previous studies, that the LOLIs overall act morphosyntactically like patrimonial Spanish words in terms of the variables that condition determiner usage. In terms of how phonological integration interacts with morphosyntactic integration, it does seem that the two correlate. LOLIs with Spanish morphology are more morphosyntactically similar to Spanish patrimonial nouns and LOLIs with English phonology are more morphosyntactically similar to English patrimonial nouns in both overall frequencies and the factors that condition determiner usage, leading to the hypothesis that LOLIs that are integrated phonologically are established borrowings and LOLIs that are not integrated phonologically are either codeswitches or nonce borrowings. We provide further evidence for this hypothesis by examining the pauses and false starts that are present before LOLIs with Spanish versus English phonology. The results indicate that LOLIs with English phonology are more often preceded with pauses and false starts than LOLIs with Spanish phonology. The findings of this study suggest that phonological integration is a factor that should be brought back to the discussion on discerning LOLIs' status as a borrowing or a codeswitch.

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This thesis analyses the dimensions and dynamics of clientship in the microfinance sector in Sri Lanka with a special focus on multiple clientship. It examines the extent of different dimensions of clientship and how they have changed between 2006/07 and 2009/10, based on an original framework developed in this thesis. It further explores the reasons for households to borrow and save with multiple financial institutions and the implications of multiple borrowing and multiple saving on households and on microfinance institutions (MFIs). The research is based on mixed methods and uses both primary and secondary data sources. The findings reveal that MFI clients are heterogeneous in terms of financial services utilised and the number and the types of financial institutions accessed by them. The majority of MFI clients are multiple clients and the level of multiple clientship has increased significantly between 2006/07 and 2009/10, with the majority of clients accessing a combination of MFIs and commercial financial institutions (CFIs) like commercial banks. The findings reveal that the microfinance sector and the formal financial sector, that are conventionally believed to serve distinct segments of the market, have converged over time, catering to the financial needs of a broad group of clients. The factors that have contributed to such a high level of financial access and increasing convergence between MFIs and CFIs in Sri Lanka are also examined in the thesis. The research finds that multiple borrowing among households is driven by both promotional and protectional needs, though for the majority of households, it is driven either entirely or at least partially, by promotional needs such as income-generation activities. By contrast, multiple saving among households is driven by a combination of reasons rather than a single reason. One of the key reasons for the widespread use of CFIs among MFI clients is to access pawning facilities. Such services are not available from most MFIs, and are largely used as a strategy to deal with emergency financial needs among lower income households. While the high level of financial services in Sri Lanka should be lauded, debt levels among households, particularly among multiple borrowers have increased and some of the key MFIs have experienced deteriorating portfolio quality and weak financial performance in recent years, bringing concerns to the microfinance sector of the country. The findings stress the need to monitor multiple borrowing and to strengthen the performance of MFIs, to enable them to better face the rising competition and multiple clientship in the sector, and to ensure sustainable access to financial services by all.

This thesis presents the results of a survey conducted to determine the need and benefits of a toy loan center.

This study examines Jordan's development policy and analyzes the role of Jordan's external public borrowing in economic development during the period 1967-1983. Mainly, Jordan's rapidly increasing external indebtedness is related to its development strategy which is based on the concept of unbalanced growth . This strategy has emphasized' the concentration of development resources (including external loans) in certain areas (e . g . Amman and Zarka) and certain economic sectors (e.g. industry and service) which are assumed to be growth propelling. The agricultural sector has been seriously ignored in Jordan's development process. Jordan's growth has been quite impressive, but the problems of poverty and inequality have remained intact. On an ave rage, the real growth rate of t he GNP was 7 percent per year during the period of study. However, the Jordanian economy suffers not only from inequality i n income distribution but also in opportunity (i.e . lack of access to goods and services). In order to show the impact external borrowing has on Jordan's economic growth and on a set of macroeconomic variables , an econometric model based on the production function approach was developed and a set of regression equations was specified. The findings of the model and a series of regress ion analyses showed that external borrowing was negatively associated with GOP growth rate and domestic savings. Howe ver , it was positively associated with in vestment, imports and exports. The association with consumption was positive, but statistically insignificant. Overall, external debt retarded economic growth and didn't help to reduce Jordan 's deficits during the 1967-1983 period. Increasing debt deteriorate the balance thereby affecting the service obligations recently may of payments in the near future, level of Jordan's international reserves and possibly threatening its development process. Hence, it is argued that Jordan should adopt vital policy measures to curb its external debt burden.

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Successful episodic recollection occurs when an event properly binds with its context. Source misattribution demonstrates incorrect binding of a memory with its contextual information. By contrast, false memories are memories of events that did not occur. Although theoretically they should not be bound with contextual information, often, false memories are accompanied by contextual information. This phenomenon is known as content borrowing. This thesis project examined the differences between the two contextual memory errors. The DRM paradigm was used to induce both source misattributions and content borrowing. This allowed the neural differences between the two to be directly tested. No differences were found between source misattribution and content borrowing. However, false memories with content borrowing showed different neural activations from true memory with correct source, true memory with incorrect source, and correct rejection. This suggests that false memories and source misattributions may represent similar errors in memory that rely on gist memory traces. / Master of Science