L'adénocarcinome pancréatique est la 4ème cause de décès liés aux cancers dans les pays occidentaux et constitue un véritable défi, tant l'absence de traitement curatif assombrit son pronostic. Les récurrents échecs des thérapies ciblées soulignent la particularité de sa physiopathologie vis-à-vis des autres cancers et la nécessité d'identifier de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. La mutation activatrice de l'oncogène KRAS, considérée comme l'événement initiateur de la carcinogenèse pancréatique, est retrouvée dans plus de 90% des cas. L'activation consécutive des voies de signalisation MAPK et PI3K amorce la transformation tumorale et constitue un trait caractéristique du cancer pancréatique. Si la synthèse protéique est altérée dans de nombreux cancers, elle semble jouer un rôle encore plus important dans le cancer du pancréas, puisqu'elle se situe au carrefour de voies fortement activées. Les altérations des facteurs régulant l'initiation sont majoritaires, et ont pour but de détourner la machinerie traductionnelle, à l'avantage de la cellule cancéreuse. Si la cellule cancéreuse présente un niveau de synthèse protéique globalement élevé, l'augmentation sélective de la traduction de certains ARNm semble définir des comportements propres aux différents types de cancers. L'adénocarcinome pancréatique est caractérisé par une perte d'expression du répresseur traductionnel 4E-BP1 dès les stades précoces de la transformation, qui n'est observée dans aucun autre cancer. L'objectif de ces travaux était de mettre en évidence les processus cellulaires affectés par la perte de 4E-BP1, ainsi que leurs conséquences sur le développement du cancer pancréatique. Mes résultats démontrent que si l'absence de 4E-BP1 est favorable à la régénération tissulaire dans le contexte de la pancréatite, elle confère un avantage prolifératif aux cellules cancéreuses pancréatiques exprimant KRAS muté, en favorisant leur réplication. Cette faculté est acquise au travers d'une dérégulation de la synthèse d'effecteurs décisifs pour l'entrée en phase S et l'initiation de la réplication. Ceci suggère que la perte de 4E-BP1 pourrait constituer un mécanisme de résistance à la chimiothérapie en favorisant la réplication des cellules cancéreuses. En effet l'amorçage de nouveaux foyers de réplication pourrait permettre d'échapper à l'incorporation d'analogues toxiques de nucléosides tels que la gemcitabine. L'utilisation d'inhibiteurs de la traduction pourrait ainsi constituer une nouvelle approche thérapeutique, en bloquant la réplication et en potentialisant l'effet de la chimiothérapie. / Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the 4th cause of cancer-related deaths in western countries with a 5-years overall survival of 5% that has not improved for years. The lack of bona fide curative therapeutics brings major challenges for the development of tailored therapies. Recent clinical failures remind the particular pathophysiology of PDAC compared to other cancers and the need for new strategies to be uncovered. Mutated KRAS is considered to be the initial event in the onset of pancreatic carcinogenesis, and is found in more than 90% of cases. Consequent activation of MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways primes transformation and is particularly significant in PDAC. While protein synthesis is altered in several cancers, it seems to be highly contributive to pancreatic carcinogenesis, as it stands at the junction of hyperactivated pathways. Alterations in initiation factors are the most common, and lead to a "hijack" of the translation machinery to the advantage of the cancer cell. While global translation rates are generally higher in cancer cells, specialized cancer behaviors seem to rely on the specific translation of subsets of mRNAs. PDAC is characterized by a loss of the translational repressor 4E-BP1 that happens early in the transformation process, and which seems specific of this malignancy. Our results demonstrate that while 4E-BP1 deficiency improves tissue regeneration in the context of pancreatitis, this confers proliferative advantage to pancreatic cancer cells expressing mutated KRAS through increased replication. This ability is acquired through enhanced synthesis of effectors involved in S phase entry and replication initiation. Those results suggest that 4E-BP1 loss may serve as a mechanism of resistance to chemotherapy, by promoting cancer cells replication. Priming of new replication foci could be an escape from incorporation of toxic nucleosides such as gemcitabine. The use of translation inhibitors might be a novel therapeutic approach through replication blocking and chemotherapy potentiation.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The 52 kDa intermediate filament protein desmin plays an important role in force transmission in skeletal muscle by connecting myofibrils at Z-lines and to the sarcolemma. Desmin content in muscle adapts to contractile activity and may be involved in cellular signaling mechanisms responsible for muscle growth. Purpose: To compare signaling responses of the mTOR pathway in wild type (WT) vs desmin knock out (KO) mice. Methods: WT (n=12) and KO (n=12) mice were exposed to high frequency electric stimulation of the left hindlimb to elicit an acute response of the mTOR pathway. Non-stimulated right hindlimbs were used as a within animal control. Right and left TA and EDL muscles were dissected 30 min post-stimulation and examined for changes in mTOR, 4E-BP1 and p70S6K. Results: Relative to WT control samples, total mTOR and total 4E-BP1 content was higher in KO control samples. Electrical stimulation resulted in an increase p70S6K phosphorylation in WT and KO animals however there was no difference between the groups. 4E-BP1 phosphorylation was increased in WT but not KO following electrical stimulation. There was no change in mTOR phosphorylation in response to stimulation in WT or KO. Conclusion: The absence of desmin in skeletal muscle does not impair the phosphorylation of p70S6K demonstrating that a tensile load on the muscle will likely result in an increase in protein synthesis. Elevated levels of total mTOR and 4E-BP1 may imply an adaptation to increase sensitivity to growth stimuli in the muscle.

A diferenciação das células THP-1 em macrófagos, induzida por PMA, é associada ao aumento da expressão de PPAR. A UTR 5` de PPAR regula negativamente sua síntese, porém, o mecanismo molecular envolvido não foi esclarecido. Neste estudo, o estado traducional das células THP-1 diferenciadas por PMA foi investigado em associação à superprodução de PPAR. A presença de uORFs no transcrito de PPAR, contendo códons de iniciação compatíveis com seqüências de Kosak, poderia ser a causa do efeito inibitório da UTR 5`. A incorporação reduzida de L-[U-14C]leucina revelou que a superprodução de PPAR ocorre durante inibição global da tradução, confirmada pela redução dos polissomos. Além disso, desfosforilação de 4E-BP1 foi observada após tratamento com PMA e é associada a inibição da iniciação da tradução e estimulação da tradução dependente de IRES. De fato, a estrutura da UTR 5` de PPAR apresenta características de transcritos que formam IRES. Assim, a produção de PPAR pode ser regulada por IRES e ocorre concomitantemente com a inibição da tradução dependente de cap / The differentiation of THP-1 cells in macrophages, induced by PMA, is associated to overexpression of PPARb. Previous studies have shown that the PPARb 5\' UTR negatively regulates its expression. In our study the translational status of PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells was investigated in association to PPARb overexpression. Putative compatible Kosak initiation codons were identified in the PPARb uORFs and could be involved in the inhibitory effect of 5\' UTR. Decreased incorporation of L-[U-14C]leucine in proteins revealed that the overproduction of PPARb in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells coincides with a global decrease in the protein synthesis process. Translation impairment was confirmed by polysome profile assay. An intense dephosphorylation of 4E-BP by PMA treatment was observed. Dephosphorylated 4E-BP causes inhibition of eIF4E cap-dependent translation initiation and favors IRES-dependent translation. The PPARb 5\' UTR structure has some characteristics that resemble the one described for IRES. Therefore, the PPARb production may be controlled by IRES

A diferenciação das células THP-1 em macrófagos, induzida por PMA, é associada ao aumento da expressão de PPAR. A UTR 5` de PPAR regula negativamente sua síntese, porém, o mecanismo molecular envolvido não foi esclarecido. Neste estudo, o estado traducional das células THP-1 diferenciadas por PMA foi investigado em associação à superprodução de PPAR. A presença de uORFs no transcrito de PPAR, contendo códons de iniciação compatíveis com seqüências de Kosak, poderia ser a causa do efeito inibitório da UTR 5`. A incorporação reduzida de L-[U-14C]leucina revelou que a superprodução de PPAR ocorre durante inibição global da tradução, confirmada pela redução dos polissomos. Além disso, desfosforilação de 4E-BP1 foi observada após tratamento com PMA e é associada a inibição da iniciação da tradução e estimulação da tradução dependente de IRES. De fato, a estrutura da UTR 5` de PPAR apresenta características de transcritos que formam IRES. Assim, a produção de PPAR pode ser regulada por IRES e ocorre concomitantemente com a inibição da tradução dependente de cap / The differentiation of THP-1 cells in macrophages, induced by PMA, is associated to overexpression of PPARb. Previous studies have shown that the PPARb 5\' UTR negatively regulates its expression. In our study the translational status of PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells was investigated in association to PPARb overexpression. Putative compatible Kosak initiation codons were identified in the PPARb uORFs and could be involved in the inhibitory effect of 5\' UTR. Decreased incorporation of L-[U-14C]leucine in proteins revealed that the overproduction of PPARb in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells coincides with a global decrease in the protein synthesis process. Translation impairment was confirmed by polysome profile assay. An intense dephosphorylation of 4E-BP by PMA treatment was observed. Dephosphorylated 4E-BP causes inhibition of eIF4E cap-dependent translation initiation and favors IRES-dependent translation. The PPARb 5\' UTR structure has some characteristics that resemble the one described for IRES. Therefore, the PPARb production may be controlled by IRES

abstract: Obesity impairs skeletal muscle maintenance and regeneration, a condition that can progressively lead to muscle loss, but the mechanisms behind it are unknown. Muscle is primarily composed of multinucleated cells called myotubes which are derived by the fusion of mononucleated myocytes. A key mediator in this process is the cellular fusion protein syncytin-1. This led to the hypothesis that syncytin-1 could be decreased in the muscle of obese/insulin resistant individuals. In contrast, it was found that obese/insulin resistant subjects had higher syncytin-1 expression in the muscle compared to that of the lean subjects. Across the subjects, syncytin-1 correlated significantly with body mass index, percent body fat, blood glucose and HbA1c levels, insulin sensitivity and muscle protein fractional synthesis rate. The concentrations of specific plasma fatty acids, such as the saturated fatty acid (palmitate) and monounsaturated fatty acid (oleate) are known to be altered in obese/insulin resistant humans, and also to influence the protein synthesis in muscle. Therefore, it was evaluated that the effects of palmitate and oleate on syncytin-1 expression, as well as 4E-BP1 phosphorylation, a key mechanism regulating muscle protein synthesis in insulin stimulated C2C12 myotubes. The results showed that treatment with 20 nM insulin, 300 µM oleate, 300 µM oleate +20 nM insulin and 300 µM palmitate + 300 µM oleate elevated 4E-BP1 phosphorylation. At the same time, 20 nM insulin, 300 µM palmitate, 300 µM oleate + 20 nM insulin and 300 µM palmitate + 300 µM oleate elevated syncytin-1 expression. Insulin stimulated muscle syncytin-1 expression and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation, and this effect was comparable to that observed in the presence of oleate alone. However, the presence of palmitate + oleate diminished the stimulatory effect of insulin on muscle syncytin-1 expression and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation. These findings indicate oleate but not palmitate increased total 4E-BP1 phosphorylation regardless of insulin and the presence of palmitate in insulin mediated C2C12 cells. The presence of palmitate inhibited the upregulation of total 4EB-P1 phosphorylation. Palmitate but not oleate increased syncytin-1 expression in insulin mediated C2C12 myotubes. It is possible that chronic hyperinsulinemia in obesity and/or elevated levels of fatty acids such as palmitate in plasma could have contributed to syncytin-1 overexpression and decreased muscle protein fractional synthesis rate in obese/insulin resistant human muscle. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biology 2017

Functional adaptations in human skeletal muscle following a period of resistance exercise are the result of regular activation of cellular signaling pathways that elevate muscle protein synthesis. It has been reported that the addition of whole body vibration (WBV) to a resistance exercise program enhances performance. Such improvements in muscle function may be the result of increased activation of cellular signaling pathways associated with muscle growth. Purpose: We have investigated whether an acute bout of resistance exercise in combination with WBV results in a greater activation of the mTOR signaling pathway compared to resistance exercise alone. Methods: Eight untrained college-age males (23 ± 2 yrs, 179 ± 1 cm, 75.0 ± 2.5 kg, and 12.6 ± 1.8% body fat) performed unilateral leg press exercises with (Vbx) and without (RT) vibration. Muscle samples were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle pre-exercise (baseline) and one-hour following the bout of resistance exercise. Muscle tissue samples were analyzed for phosphorylated levels of mTOR, p70S6K, and 4E-BP1 proteins. Results: One-hour following the resistance exercise bout there were no differences between phosphorylated levels of mTOR or 4E-BP1 in Vbx or RT (p > 0.05). Levels of phosphorylated p70S6K were increased at the one-hour post-exercise time-point in both Vbx (baseline: 504 ± 286 OD; post: 5039 ± 2351 OD, p < 0.05) and RT (baseline: 356 ± 131 OD; post: 5430 ± 1218 OD, p < 0.05); however, there was no difference in protein phosphorylation levels between conditions (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Vibration does not augment acute activation of the mTOR signaling pathway in human skeletal muscle suggesting that performance benefits resulting from combining resistance exercise and vibration may not be the result of an enhanced cellular growth response.

Le facteur de transcription BP1 humain est exprimé dans les cellules érythroïdes pendant le développement fœtal mais son niveau d’expression est réduit au stade adulte. Les études antérieures in vitro ont montré que BP1 est un répresseur du gène adulte de β-globine mais sa fonction dans la régulation des gènes ε et γ n’a pas été abordée à ce jour. Dans notre étude, nos analyses de BP1 humain ont été menées in vivo au stade embryonnaire en utilisant une lignée de souris transgénique surexprimant BP1 dans les cellules érythroïdes définitives murines. Au niveau protéique, BP1 humain est exprimé aux âges E12.5 et E13.5 dans les cellules érythroïdes fœtales des embryons transgéniques. Toutefois, les niveaux de BP1 humain ne perturbent pas l’érythropoïèse définitive fœtale: les embryons transgéniques ne sont pas anémiques et ne meurent pas in utero. La surexpression de BP1 humain altère tout de même le niveau endogène des facteurs de transcription Ikaros et SOX6 impliqués dans la régulation des gènes de β-globine durant l’érythropoïèse définitive fœtale murine. Chez les embryons doubles transgéniques exprimant BP1 et les gènes humains de β-globine à E12.5, l’expression du gène adulte β est réduite alors que celle des gènes ε et γ est non réprimée. Les mesures d’expression des gènes humains de β-globine effectuées en absence d’Ikaros à E12.5 précisent le rôle de BP1 humain dans l’activation du gène embryonnaire ε. Dans les cellules érythroïdes fœtales murines dépourvues d’Ikaros à E12.5, BP1 humain augmente grandement l’expression des facteurs de transcription EKLF et BCL11A et semble déréprimer l’expression de SOX6, ce qui conduit à une répression des gènes fœtaux et une activation du gène adulte β au jour embryonnaire murin suivant. Puisque BP1 atténue l’altération de l’expression des gènes fœtaux et adultes causée par l’absence d’Ikaros, nous proposons que BP1 et Ikaros soient liés dans les mécanismes de transcription des gènes humains de β-globine. / The transcription factor BP1 is expressed in erythroid cells during fetal development but is downregulated at adult stage. In vitro previous studies revealed that BP1 acts as a repressor of adult β-globin gene expression but its function in ε and γ globin gene regulation has not been investigated so far. In our studies, BP1 functions analyses were proceeded in vivo at embryonic stage by using a transgenic mouse line overexpressing human BP1 in murine definitive erythroid cells. At protein level, human BP1 is expressed in E12.5 and E13.5 fetal erythroid cells of transgenic embryos. However, levels of human BP1 do not impair murine fetal definitive erythropoiesis : transgenic embryos are not anemic and survive during gestation. Overexpression of human BP1 impairs, nonetheless, endogenous level of the transcription factors Ikaros and SOX6 involved in β-globin gene regulation during murine fetal definitive erythropoiesis. In double transgenic mice expressing BP1 and human β-globin genes at embryonic day E12.5, β gene expression is reduced whereas ε- and γ-globin genes are not repressed. Measurements of β-globin gene expression in absence of Ikaros pinpoint the role of human BP1 in embryonic ε-globin gene activation. In E12.5 Ik-/- murine fetal erythroid cells, human BP1 highly increases EKLF and BCL11A transcription level and seems to derepress SOX6 expression which lead to γ silencing and β activation at E13.5. Since BP1 attenuates globin gene alterations caused by absence of Ikaros, we propose that BP1 and Ikaros are linked in transcriptional mechanisms of human β-globin genes.

Le facteur de transcription BP1 humain est exprimé dans les cellules érythroïdes pendant le développement fœtal mais son niveau d’expression est réduit au stade adulte. Les études antérieures in vitro ont montré que BP1 est un répresseur du gène adulte de β-globine mais sa fonction dans la régulation des gènes ε et γ n’a pas été abordée à ce jour. Dans notre étude, nos analyses de BP1 humain ont été menées in vivo au stade embryonnaire en utilisant une lignée de souris transgénique surexprimant BP1 dans les cellules érythroïdes définitives murines. Au niveau protéique, BP1 humain est exprimé aux âges E12.5 et E13.5 dans les cellules érythroïdes fœtales des embryons transgéniques. Toutefois, les niveaux de BP1 humain ne perturbent pas l’érythropoïèse définitive fœtale: les embryons transgéniques ne sont pas anémiques et ne meurent pas in utero. La surexpression de BP1 humain altère tout de même le niveau endogène des facteurs de transcription Ikaros et SOX6 impliqués dans la régulation des gènes de β-globine durant l’érythropoïèse définitive fœtale murine. Chez les embryons doubles transgéniques exprimant BP1 et les gènes humains de β-globine à E12.5, l’expression du gène adulte β est réduite alors que celle des gènes ε et γ est non réprimée. Les mesures d’expression des gènes humains de β-globine effectuées en absence d’Ikaros à E12.5 précisent le rôle de BP1 humain dans l’activation du gène embryonnaire ε. Dans les cellules érythroïdes fœtales murines dépourvues d’Ikaros à E12.5, BP1 humain augmente grandement l’expression des facteurs de transcription EKLF et BCL11A et semble déréprimer l’expression de SOX6, ce qui conduit à une répression des gènes fœtaux et une activation du gène adulte β au jour embryonnaire murin suivant. Puisque BP1 atténue l’altération de l’expression des gènes fœtaux et adultes causée par l’absence d’Ikaros, nous proposons que BP1 et Ikaros soient liés dans les mécanismes de transcription des gènes humains de β-globine. / The transcription factor BP1 is expressed in erythroid cells during fetal development but is downregulated at adult stage. In vitro previous studies revealed that BP1 acts as a repressor of adult β-globin gene expression but its function in ε and γ globin gene regulation has not been investigated so far. In our studies, BP1 functions analyses were proceeded in vivo at embryonic stage by using a transgenic mouse line overexpressing human BP1 in murine definitive erythroid cells. At protein level, human BP1 is expressed in E12.5 and E13.5 fetal erythroid cells of transgenic embryos. However, levels of human BP1 do not impair murine fetal definitive erythropoiesis : transgenic embryos are not anemic and survive during gestation. Overexpression of human BP1 impairs, nonetheless, endogenous level of the transcription factors Ikaros and SOX6 involved in β-globin gene regulation during murine fetal definitive erythropoiesis. In double transgenic mice expressing BP1 and human β-globin genes at embryonic day E12.5, β gene expression is reduced whereas ε- and γ-globin genes are not repressed. Measurements of β-globin gene expression in absence of Ikaros pinpoint the role of human BP1 in embryonic ε-globin gene activation. In E12.5 Ik-/- murine fetal erythroid cells, human BP1 highly increases EKLF and BCL11A transcription level and seems to derepress SOX6 expression which lead to γ silencing and β activation at E13.5. Since BP1 attenuates globin gene alterations caused by absence of Ikaros, we propose that BP1 and Ikaros are linked in transcriptional mechanisms of human β-globin genes.