Unanticipated economic fluctuations exert pressure on state governments to adjust their discretionary fiscal policies to accommodate the changing fiscal situation. Even though states adjust fiscal policy as the economy fluctuates, the typical cyclical economic factors are not the sole determinant of such adjustments. State governments budgeting systems in the United States operate under a variety of budgetary institutions. The most prominent state government budgetary institutions include balanced budget rules (BBRs), tax and expenditure limits (TELs), and supermajority voting requirements for tax increases. This dissertation examines how these budgetary institutions affect state government choices of fiscal policy under different economic conditions. To better understand the effect of state level TELs, a stringency index of state level TEL is constructed considering the major structural features. The fixed-effect panel regressions are used for the analysis of impact of TEL and BBR and tax changes and the fixed-effect Tobit is adopted to test the impact of TEL and BBR on spending cuts after the budget is adopted. The result suggests that TEL plays a more important role affecting states discretionary fiscal adjustment from the tax side, while BBR plays a more important role affecting states discretionary fiscal adjustment from the expenditure side. Results of this research show that TEL exerts pressure on states that hinder state ability to deal with volatile fiscal situations, especially in the case of periods of budget crises.

Бухгалтерский учет в бюджетной сфере – составная часть единой системы учета Российской Федерации, поэтому учет основных средств в бюджетных учреждениях постоянно подвержен реформированию. Из года в год издаются различные нормативно-правовые документы, либо вносятся поправки в ранее созданные, которые, так или иначе, меняют ведение учета основных средств в бюджетных учреждениях. Как известно, выполнение бюджетными учреждениями функции, возложенных на них, возможно при наличии одного важного условия – обеспеченности основными средствами, а также максимальной степени задействования этих средств в процессе деятельности учреждения. При этом эффективное использование основных средств – это решающий фактор роста объемов оказываемых учреждением услуг, а также улучшения качества обслуживания. На современном этапе бухгалтерский учет можно считать важным средством систематического контроля, которое обеспечивает сохранность основных средств учреждения, их правильное использование и выявление дополнительных резервов снижения расходов. Основные средства бюджетного учреждения обладают одной отличительной особенностью – они многократно используются в процессе деятельности бюджетного учреждения и при этом сохраняют первоначальную форму. Основные средства в результате их использования, а также под влиянием внешней среды постепенно изнашиваются. При этом свою первоначальную стоимость они переносят на затраты производства. Данная информация позволяет предприятию выявить пути и резервы повышения эффективности обеспеченности основных фондов, а, кроме того, вовремя обнаружить и скорректировать негативные отклонения, которые в дальнейшем могут повлечь серьезные последствия для успешной деятельности предприятия. Принятие управленческих решений в отношении основных средств связано с формированием достоверного учетно-аналитического обеспечения, что предполагает проведение экономического анализа. Экономический анализ является следующим звеном между исходной информацией, формируемой в системе бухгалтерского учета, и принимаемыми управленческими решениями. / Accounting in the budgetary sphere is an integral part of the unified accounting system of the Russian Federation, therefore, accounting for fixed assets in budgetary institutions is constantly subject to reform. From year to year, various regulatory documents are issued, or amendments are made to previously created ones, which, one way or another, change the accounting of fixed assets in budgetary institutions. As you know, the performance of the functions assigned to them by budgetary institutions is possible if there is one important condition - the provision of fixed assets, as well as the maximum degree of use of these funds in the process of the institution's activities. At the same time, the effective use of fixed assets is a decisive factor in the growth of the volume of services provided by the institution, as well as improving the quality of service. At the present stage, accounting can be considered an important means of systematic control, which ensures the safety of the institution's fixed assets, their correct use and the identification of additional reserves for reducing costs. Fixed assets of a budgetary institution have one distinctive feature - they are repeatedly used in the course of the activities of a budgetary institution and at the same time retain their original form. Fixed assets as a result of their use, as well as under the influence of the external environment, gradually wear out. At the same time, they transfer their initial value to production costs. This information allows the enterprise to identify ways and reserves to improve the efficiency of the provision of fixed assets, and, in addition, to timely detect and correct negative deviations, which in the future may entail serious consequences for the successful operation of the enterprise. The adoption of management decisions in relation to fixed assets is associated with the formation of reliable accounting and analytical support, which implies an economic analysis. Economic analysis is the next link between the initial information generated in the accounting system and the management decisions made.

Unanticipated economic fluctuations exert pressure on state governments to adjust their discretionary fiscal policies to accommodate the changing fiscal situation. Even though states adjust fiscal policy as the economy fluctuates, the typical cyclical economic factors are not the sole determinant of such adjustments. State governments budgeting systems in the United States operate under a variety of budgetary institutions. The most prominent state government budgetary institutions include balanced budget rules (BBRs), tax and expenditure limits (TELs), and supermajority voting requirements for tax increases. This dissertation examines how these budgetary institutions affect state government choices of fiscal policy under different economic conditions. To better understand the effect of state level TELs, a stringency index of state level TEL is constructed considering the major structural features. The fixed-effect panel regressions are used for the analysis of impact of TEL and BBR and tax changes and the fixed-effect Tobit is adopted to test the impact of TEL and BBR on spending cuts after the budget is adopted. The result suggests that TEL plays a more important role affecting states discretionary fiscal adjustment from the tax side, while BBR plays a more important role affecting states discretionary fiscal adjustment from the expenditure side. Results of this research show that TEL exerts pressure on states that hinder state ability to deal with volatile fiscal situations, especially in the case of periods of budget crises.