Arbetet för att dimensionera en stålstomme till en hallbyggnad är en omfattande process med många ingående delare. Projektethar till syfte att dimensionera en stålstommetillen stålhallsamt att jämföra stålets egenskaper med träets egenskaper. Målsättningen är att samla ihop tillräckligt med teori om trä och stål för attkunna jämföra skillnader och likheter mellan de båda materialen samt att med hjälp av beräkningsprogrammen FEM-design och Concrete Section dimensionera en stålstomme till en stålhall. Utifrån beräkningsresultatet ska sedan stålstommen 3D modelleras i CAD-programmet TeklaStructures.Resultatet i projektet innefattar maximala laster som krävs för att dimensionera grundplattan och kantbalken samt de dimensioner som krävs för de mest belastade byggnadsdelarna i varje kategori.Stål och trä är två relativtolika material ur aspekterna; materialegenskaper, fukt, brand och miljö vilket gör att det är svårt att på ett rättvist sätt bedöma vad som är bättre eller sämre mellan dessa. Det är till exempel lätt att se att trä är bäst ur miljösynpunkt eftersom det i stort sett växer av sig själv ute i naturen och inte alls har lika höga energiomsättningar ochsammahalter farliga utsläppvid tillverkningsom stål har. Läggs det däremot till aspekter som till exempel volymökningar, flexibilitet och livslängder på byggnaden som ska byggas och jämför byggnadens totala energiomsättning per år kan jämförelsen bli mer intressant. / The work involved in the design of aload-bearing steel framework of a hall building is an extensive process. The purpose of the project isto design the load-bearing steel framework of a hall building and compare the steel’s characteristics with wood ́s characteristics. The objective is to gather information about steel and wood, then compare the materials similarities and differences. Furthermore, with the help of calculating programs FEM-design and Concrete sections, to design a bearing steel framework to a hall building.From the results of the two calculating programs a 3D model will be drawn in the CAD-program Tekla Structures.The results of this project showthe maximum forces required to designthe concretebase plateas well asthemost utilized building componentineach category. Steel and wood are two quite different materials based on the aspects of: material characteristics, moisture, fire and environment. This makes it hard to make a fair comparison in order to find the better or worst between the materials. For example; it is sometimes easy to say that wood is the better material from an environmental perspective, because it has a lower energy consumption and less dangerous emissions in the manufacturing phase than steel. Looking at it with a wider perspective, the choice between the materials may be different and more interesting. Aspects such as volume increase, flexibility and life span can be included in the calculations; and the material’s energy consumption over a year could be considered instead of only the energy consumption during manufacture.

The goals of structural design are fundamentally different when designing structures at normal temperature or when designing them in a fire situation. While structures are primarily designed for normal temperature situations considering the different design limit states, in the fire design situation, however, the already designed structure is assessed for its resistance in the fire design limit state. The assessment of the structure in the fire limit state may lead to either active or passive fire protection measures. The assessment of the structure in fire may be done in several different domains such as its structural resistance, integrity of structural components to prevent spread of fire and insulation properties of materials. The focus of the thesis presented here is on the structural resistance of steel structural members particularly steel beams and trusses in fire situations.The Eurocodes permit designers to use either a simple prescriptive design procedure or a more complex performance based procedure for design of structures in fire. The prescriptive design is a simple choice regarding design of steel structures in fire due to their use of simple analytical equations; but through several studies it has been established that this approach might be conservative and in some situations it might not reflect the complexity of interaction between the heated structural members and its surrounding colder parts of the structure. The performance based approach has therefore been increasingly adopted in structural fire design, which, although more complex than the prescriptive approach, is closer to the real structural behaviour.Through a performance based approach, this thesis aims to establish that steel structural members are able to offer structural resistance in fire situations that are much higher than would be expected from a prescriptive approach. Two different types of structural members such as steel beams in multi-storey buildings and trusses in single storey buildings were considered here. It has been shown through extensive finite element analysis in both cases that actual resistance of these structural members in fire situations can exceed their primary resistance mechanism through flexure. Alternative load transfer mechanism through catenary action offers the added resistance at much higher temperatures than the conventional critical temperatures from prescriptive design. The thesis also proposes simplified calculation procedures that can be used to reasonably predict the structural resistance at elevated temperatures considering the catenary action. / <p>Godkänd; 2016; 20160808 (naviqb); Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: Naveed Iqbal Ämne: Stålbyggnad /Steel Structures Avhandling: Analysis of Catenary Effect in Steel Beams and Trusses Exposed to Fire Opponent: Professor Paulo Vila Real, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal. Ordförande: Professor Milan Veljkovic, Avdelningen för byggkonstruktion och produktion, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet, Luleå. Tid: Tisdag 6 september 2016, kl 10.00 Plats: F531, Luleå tekniska universitet</p>

The hypothesis of this thesis is that there are rational, technical and architectural gains to be made from interactively developed architectural and structural utilisation of massive timber plates. The aim is to study and describe architectural features of structural applications of massive timber and ways to utilise and develop timber-based plates in building applications by combining an architectural and a structural engineering perspective. The work presented in this thesis concerns the fields of architecture and structural engineering, their interrelations and interaction in building systems based on cross-laminated timber products. Characteristic of the entire work is the search for advantages from material- and product-specific features and how to utilise these architecturally and structurally, unified in a holistic perspective. The work contains two case studies and a theoretical extension. The studies and discussions on development of the utilisation have lead in two directions: towards industrialised residential building construction and towards timber plate structures in combination with steel rods or cables for wide spans. For building systems production, erection methods and system-action are of main importance for the result and a case study comprising four Swedish and two Austrian projects on medium- and high-rise residential blocks has been performed. For advanced structures it is the material and product properties that are of main importance and a case study on timber-structures for wide spans has been performed. One Swedish project has been considered aligned with four Austrian examples. Two- and three-dimensional structures for wide spans of the type treated in the thesis are not yet in production. The results from the case studies and a discussion on form finding, the study of and search for the interplay between force and structural form, have been developed into a theoretical extension of advanced structures with timber-plates in combination with steel rods, cables and trestle structures. The theoretical extension has resulted in a new type of structural element based on timber plates. / Hypotesen i avhandlingen är att det går att dra fördelar, i fråga om rationalitet, konstruktion och formspråk, av massivträapplikationer som utvecklats genom interaktion mellan arkitektur och konstruktion. Syftet har varit att studera och beskriva arkitektoniska aspekter av massivträkonstruktioner, samt sätt att utnyttja och utveckla träbaserade skivelement (plattor och skivor) i byggnader genom att anlägga ett kombinerat arkitektoniskt och konstruktivt perspektiv. Arbetet som presenteras i denna avhandling rör områdena arkitektur och konstruktion samt dessas inbördes relationer och interaktion i byggsystem baserade på krysslimmade träbaserade konstruktionselement. Genomgående i avhandlingen är att diskussionerna kretsar kring material- och produktspecifika egenskaper och hur dessa kan utnyttjas arkitektoniskt och konstruktivt, sammanfört i ett holistiskt perspektiv. I arbetet ingår två fallstudier och en teoretisk del. Studier av och diskussioner kring utvecklingen av utnyttjandet har lett i två rikningar: mot industrialiserad produktion av flerbostadshus och mot kombinationer av träskivor och dragstål eller kablar för stora spännvidder. I fallet med flerfamiljshus är produktion, byggmetoder och systemverkan av stor betydelse för resultatet. En fallstudie har genomförts omfattande fyra svenska och två österrikiska projekt med flerfamiljshus. I det andra fallet är framför allt material och produktegenskaper av stor betydelse och en fallstudie har genomförts, omfattande ett svenskt projekt och fyra österrikiska referensobjekt. Två- och tredimensionella konstruktioner för stora spännvidder, av den typ som behandlas i avhandlingen, är ännu inte i produktion. Resultaten från fallstudierna och en diskussion kring form finding, studiet av samspelet mellan krafter och konstruktiv form, har utvecklats i ett teoretiskt avsnitt om avancerade konstruktioner med träskivor i kombination med dragstål, kablar och bockkonstruktioner. Det teoretiska utvidgningen har resulterat i ett nytt konstruktionselement. / Godkänd; 2005; 20061001 (ysko)

The horizontal stabilization of timber frame buildings is oftenprovided by shear walls. Plastic design methods can be used todetermine the load-carrying capacity of fully and partially anchoredshear walls. In order to use these methods, a ductile behaviour of thesheathing-to-framing joint must be ensured. If hold-downs are notprovided, the vertical uplifting forces are transferred to the substrate bythe fasteners of the sheathing-to-framing joints. Since the forces in theanchor bolts and the sheathing-to-framing joints do not act in the samevertical plane, the bottom rail will be subjected to bending in thecrosswise direction, and splitting of the bottom rail may occur. If thebottom rail splits the applicability of the plastic design method forpartially anchored shear walls is questionable. This doctoral thesisaddresses the problem of brittle failure of the bottom rail in partiallyanchored timber frame shear walls.The first part of the study comprised of two basic experimentalprograms, for single-sided and double-sided sheathed shear walls. Theaim was to evaluate the different failure modes and the correspondingsplitting capacity of the bottom rail. Two brittle failure modes wereobserved: (1) a crack opening from the bottom surface of the bottomrail; and (2) a crack opening from the side surface of the bottom railalong the line of the fasteners of the sheathing-to-framing joints. It wasfound that the distance between the washer edge and the loaded edgeof the bottom rail has a decisive influence on the type of failure modeand the maximum failure load of the bottom rail.Two theoretical models for the load-carrying capacity for each typeof failure mode based on a fracture mechanics approach are studied andvalidated. The two analytical closed-form solutions are in goodagreement with the test results. The fracture mechanics models seem tocapture the essential behaviour and to include the decisive parametersof the bottom rail. These parameters can easily be determined and thefracture mechanics models can be used in design equations for bottomrails in partially anchored shear walls. Also, an extended fracturemechanics model for the load-carrying capacity for each type of failuremode is presented and evaluated.The present study discusses the splitting behaviour of the bottom railand provides methods to determine the splitting capacity for two brittlefailure modes, splitting of the bottom surface (mode 1) and of the sidesurface of the rail (mode 2). By these means brittle failure of thebottom rail can be avoided and the full plastic load-carrying capacity ofthe sheathing-to-framing joints can be utilized. / <p>Godkänd; 2014; 20141024 (giucap); Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: Giuseppe Caprolu Ämne: Träbyggnad/Timber Structures Avhandling: Evaluation of Splitting Capacity of Bottom Rails in Partially Anchored Timber Frame Shear Walls Opponent: Professor Ian Smith, University of New Brunnswick, Wood Science and Technology Centre, USA Ordförande: Professor Ulf Arne Girhammar, Avd för byggkonstruktion och -produktion, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Torsdag den 18 december 2014, kl 10.00 Plats: E632, Luleå tekniska universitet</p>

Under en lång tid har trä tappat marknad till stål och betong vad gäller stommar för flervåningshus, ett skäl till detta är att bristen på kundfokusering lett till att träindustrins sida halkat efter vad gäller framtagandet av effektiva systemlösningar för husbyggandet och helhetsåtagande gällande kvalitetstänkande. I dagsläget upplever träkomponenttillverkarna att byggföretag väljer att använda sig av andra material, framför allt betong, därför att de är vana vid det, även i situationer där massivträlösningar skulle kunna vara ett konkurrenskraftigt alternativ. Byggföretagen menar att det är för osäkert att bygga med massivträ, eftersom man inte vet vilka problem som kan uppstå och hur man kan lösa dem. Licentiatuppsatsen har ett praktiskt syfte att undersöka och visa hur en direkt samverkan mellan träkomponenttillverkare och stora byggföretag kan öka kommunikationen och materialflödet och därmed effektivisera utvecklingen av ett konkurrenskraftigt byggsystem i massivt trä. Ett sådant byggsystem förväntas leda till ökade förtjänstmöjligheter för både träkomponenttillverkare och byggföretag genom att utgöra ett alternativ till stål och betong. En direkt samverkan antas också öka konkurrenskraften för massiva träprodukter samtidigt som det på längre sikt ger större valmöjligheter och därmed också större möjligheter för byggföretaget att kundanpassa sin produktion. Studien ska också leda till en ökad vetenskaplig förståelse för vad som påverkar samverkan mellan tillverkare av massiva träkomponenter och byggföretagen. Företagen som deltagit i studien har visat ett stort intresse för att skapa en samverkansrelation mellan parterna. Resultaten visar att syftet med att samverka, för industrirepresentanterna, är att förbättra ekonomin för båda parter. Detta ska framför allt ske genom att man med ett gemensamt systemperspektiv utvecklar det massiva stomsystemet. Resultaten visar också att företagen måste utveckla nya typer av arbetsformer vilka stödjer kundfokusering för båda parter. Utvecklingen inom dessa områden förväntas bidra till en utveckling på en rad andra områden så som produktutveckling och miljöfokusering. Parterna tror att samverkan måste karakteriseras av en vilja att arbeta tillsammans och att göra det som är bra för båda parter, inte bara för den egna organisationen. För att upprätthålla viljan att arbeta tillsammans krävs effektiva sätt att ta hand om konflikter mellan parterna och att man tydligt definierar syftet med relationen och vilka åtaganden respektive part har, eventuellt genom skrivna avtal. / <p>Godkänd; 2003; 20070217 (ysko)</p>

One of the identified reasons for the low amount of timber construction in Sweden is a general lack of knowledge about timber engineering and how timber can be used to its full advantage. One way for increased timber construction is the development of a cost-efficient and easy to comprehend building system. Efficiency in construction has recently been under hot debate following the success of lean production in the manufacturing industry. Therefore, the attention of construction has been directed towards the manufacturing industry in an attempt to learn successful methods. Three main principles, modularity, lean construction, and buildability, emerge as potentially useful in order to streamline construction. The aim of this research project is to create a knowledge- based framework for long-span timber construction. This framework should be able to store knowledge and experience about timber construction as well as aid in the design and production of buildable timber structures. A buildable structure is here defined as a structure constructed in competition with all other materials and sub-system choices, i.e., by this definition a constructed structure is buildable and therefore competitive. The research is based on a case study of the design and production of long- span timber structures performed at a Swedish design company. The case study includes interviews, and a survey of 60 constructed long-span timber structures. A literature review of the industrialisation principles reveals that modularity has been a key concept in the evolution of the manufacturing industry. Therefore, the long-span timber construction industry should emit a bottom-up view where product modularity guides the construction processes. A systematic framework, Experience Feedback System (EFS), is created to store buildable construction knowledge based on modularity. The EFS is based on two distinct systems; Experience Based System (EBS), and Construction Knowledge Database (CKD), connected by a feedback loop for buildable construction feedback. The EBS utilises neural network theory containing competitive knowledge and experience of long-span timber structures, providing aid in early design. The CKS is based on the Design Structure Matrix (DSM), providing management of innovative construction and aid in detailed design. Due to the adaptability of neural networks and the developed 3-D DSM hierarchy representing the structural system, the systematic framework is potentially useful for the design and development of other types of structures and materials choices in the future. / Godkänd; 2004; 20070128 (ysko)

This thesis deals with the plastic behaviour of steel. It comprises an investigation with focus on biaxial tests and constitutive modelling. Tests were performed on one stainless steel grade in two different strength classes, C700 and C850, as well as one extra high strength structural steel grade. An earlier developed concept for biaxial testing of cross-shaped specimens was utilised. However, there was a demand for new specimen designs to enable testing of the extra high strength steel. A comprehensive test programme including an initial and one subsequent loading was carried out. This provides data for stress-strain curves in two steps as well as stress points describing initial and subsequent yield criteria. The Bauschinger effect was evident for all grades. Furthermore, the behaviour in subsequent loadings was found to be direction dependent and the transition from elastic to plastic state was observed as gradual. A constitutive model with the possibility of depicting the phenomenological observations from the tests was earlier developed at Steel Structures, LTU, and proposed for annealed stainless steels. Further, it is a two surface model utilising the concept of distortional hardening and it was applied to the steel grades tested in this work. The model was found to be applicable to the steels tested in this study as well and compared to simpler models the applied model clearly improves the agreement with experimental tests. / Godkänd; 2004; 20070131 (ysko)

No description available.

The research question this thesis asks is what accounts for the intra state variation of mosque building projects in Western Europe, using as case studies Britain, France, Germany and the Netherlands. Two mosque projects are considered in each case study state and two theories are proposed and tested: resources mobilization theory and opportunity structure theory. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

In a contemporary discussion on the undersirable effects of architecture upon the natural landscape, our attention often centers around a speculated form of architecture which we tend to describe tentatively as an 'ecological architecture' or as one that is totally benign in its relations with nature. We might ask what is an ecological architecture? The dissertation sets out to define these terms and to develop a theoretical framework for design. Our research objectives are as follows: 1. Our initial objectives are to derive a set of fundamental premises. The intention is to provide ourselves with a context with which a concept of ecological architect, can be based. Because of the conflicting opinions that exist on the subject matter, only by agreeing upon a common set of fundamental premises can a concerted approach be possible. (This is examined in Chapters 2 and 3). 2. Secondly, our objectives are to derive a framework for approaching design. This should not only cohesively unify all the pertinent ang.' related areas of study, but also provide the designer with a firm theoretical standpoint from "Which to approach the design of the built environment. Such a framework should be able to be used to analyse the impact that a proposed design might have before it is built. (The framework is described in detail in Chapter 4). Each of the framework' s structural components is discussed and examined in greater detail in Chapters 5 to 8. In Chapter 9 is our conclusion and discussion on the theoretical implications of our research work as a whole and what it might mean in design implementation. Included is an Appendix which contains a review of literature Literature is derived from a number of sources that we have found to be pertinent to this area of research. It is howeverr not exhaustive nor can it be exhaustive since the sources are diverse. The appendix serves as an indicator of the sources of literature for further development of this study.