Les enjeux énergétiques liés à la qualité de la distribution de l'énergie électrique nécessitent le développement des dispositifs de filtrage actif des réseaux électriques. L'objectif de la thèse est d'utiliser un convertisseur multicellulaire afin d'obtenir une source de courant avec une très bonne bande passante (pour compenser les courants perturbateurs). Une commande directe et prédictive est appliquée à un onduleur multicellulaire à 4 niveaux. Ce type de commande permet d'utiliser au mieux les avantages fréquentiels de cette structure de conversion d'énergie. L'utilisation de cet onduleur pour une application de filtrage actif se révèle très efficace au niveau de la compensation des harmoniques de courant. Un prototype expérimental, développe dans le cadre de la thèse nous permet de valider nos résultats obtenus tout d'abord en simulation.

Les enjeux énergétiques liés à la qualité de la distribution de l'énergie électrique nécessitent le développement des dispositifs de filtrage actif des réseaux électriques. L'objectif de la thèse est d'utiliser un convertisseur multicellulaire afin d'obtenir une source de courant avec une très bonne bande passante (pour compenser les courants perturbateurs). Une commande directe et prédictive est appliquée à un onduleur multicellulaire à 4 niveaux. Ce type de commande permet d'utiliser au mieux les avantages fréquentiels de cette structure de conversion d'énergie. L'utilisation de cet onduleur pour une application de filtrage actif se révèle très efficace au niveau de la compensation des harmoniques de courant. Un prototype expérimental, développé dans le cadre de la thèse, nous permet de valider nos résultats obtenus tout d'abord en simulation.

During the last deglaciation (ca. 24-10 ka thousand years ago (ka)), the North American Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) was a major source of meltwater to the Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, and the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), and it is hypothesized that meltwater routing played an important role in regulating Late Quaternary millennial-scale climate variability, via its influence on Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). For example, the meltwater routing hypothesis predicts that a rerouting of meltwater from the GOM to the North Atlantic and/or Arctic Oceans resulted in a decrease of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation and subsequent cooling in the northern North Atlantic region, at the onset of the Younger Dryas (ca. 13 ka). The GOM was an important outlet for meltwater that likely originated from the southern margin of the LIS. Northern GOM sediments document episodic LIS meltwater input via the Mississippi River throughout the last deglaciation, and further study may provide insight to the evolution of LIS deglaciation and the hydrological response of meltwater flux to the marine depositional environment of GOM. Here, a multi-proxy geochemical study, based on marine sediments from Orca Basin, in northern GOM, aims to 1) reconstruct high-resolution records of deglacial (ca. 24-10 ka) LIS melting history to assess linkage between meltwater input to the GOM and deglacial climate change; 2) investigate the relationship between marine-based records of meltwater input and terrestrial evidence for continental deglaciation to reconstruct LIS drainage patterns within the Mississippi River watershed; and 3) reconstruct the redox state of Orca Basin sediments to evaluate the potential role of turbidity flows as a means of meltwater transport into the northern GOM. All data for this study is from core MD02-2550, a 9.09 m long giant box core, recovered from 2248 m water depth from the Orca Basin, approximately 300 km southwest of the modern Mississippi River delta. High sedimentation rates (45 cm/thousand years (kyr)) and 0.5 to 2 cm sampling resolution allow for sub-centennial sampling resolution. An anoxic hypersaline brine lake currently occupies the bottom 200 m of Orca Basin; yet, visible laminations and color changes that suggest episodic suboxic to anoxic sedimentary conditions during deglaciation, possibly related to LIS meltwater input and/or local biologic productivity. In chapter one, paired d18O and Mg/Ca-sea-surface temperature (SST) analyses on two varieties of the surface-dwelling planktic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber (G. ruber; (white and pink, separately)) are used to reconstruct deglacial changes in GOM seawater d18O (d18Osw). Once corrected for global ice volume, the ice volume-corrected d18Osw (d18Oivc-sw) record is primarily influenced by LIS meltwater. d18Oivc-sw records document negative excursions at ca. 19-18.2, 17.5-16.2, 15.3-14.8, and 13.7-13 ka, interpreted as four LIS melting events, followed by the cessation of meltwater at the onset of the Younger Dryas (12.9 ka). Additionally, LIS melting at ca. 17.5 ka suggests that enhanced seasonality in the North Atlantic produced mild summers sufficient for ice sheet retreat during the Mystery Interval (17.5-14.5 ka) despite extremely cold winters. Because of the inherent difficulties in quantifying meltwater flux using d18Oivc-sw data, foraminiferal (G. ruber) Ba/Ca data are generated in chapter two to assess the influence of LIS meltwater on GOM salinity (a function of meltwater flux) during deglaciation. Ba concentrations in the Mississippi River are elevated relative to GOM seawater and are negatively correlated to sea-surface salinity. Because foraminiferal Ba/Ca (Ba/Caforam) exhibits a predictable relationship to the Ba/Ca of seawater (Ba/Casw), it may be used to calculate changes in salinity arising from deglacial variations in Mississippi River discharge. A complicating factor for Ba/Ca-based salinity interpretations is that Ba concentrations vary spatially throughout the Mississippi River watershed. For example, modern Missouri and Upper Mississippi River Ba concentrations (633 and 436 nM, respectively) are higher than that of the Ohio River (253 nM). Thus, GOM Ba/Ca variability could reflect changes in total Mississippi River input and/or shifts in the dominant region of LIS melting. Applying the modern spatial variability of Ba, we can gain insights into the pattern of ice retreat along the southern margin of the LIS during the last deglaciation. d18Oivc-sw and Ba/Ca results suggest that meltwater, originating from the Great Lakes region, entered the GOM at ca. 19.0 ka and may have contributed to global sea level rise. A melting event at ca. 17.5 ka coincided with Lake Erie Lobe retreat and may have preconditioned the North Atlantic for AMOC instability during the Mystery Interval (ca. 17.5-14.5 ka). Elevated GOM Ba/Ca (ca. 15.6 to 14.0 ka) suggests greater meltwater input from the Ba-rich Missouri and Upper Mississippi River watershed during the second half of the Mystery Interval (ca. 16.1-14.5 ka), when wet climate conditions prevailed in the southwestern United States and Central America. Overall, Ba/Ca and d18Oivc-sw data suggest large variations in the delivery of meltwater to the Mississippi River and GOM during the last deglaciation. In chapter three, a suite of redox sensitive trace metals (Mo, Re, U, Mn) from bulk sediment samples are analyzed to reconstruct the redox state of Orca Basin sediments, from the Last Glacial Maximum through the early Holocene (24-7 ka). Variations in the redox state of Orca Basin sediments during deglaciation may be due to changes in local biologic productivity, sediment transport, and/or regional/global physical oceanography. Laminated sediments enriched with authigenic Mo, Re, and U, suggest suboxic to anoxic conditions coincident with high total organic carbon fluxes and LIS meltwater input at ~17.0 ka. Low authigenic trace element concentrations, high quantities of terrigenous material, and abundant Cretaceous-age nannofossils in a 19-cm homogenous interval indicate a turbidite in Orca Basin at ca. 14.4 ka. This stratigraphic unit correlates with evidence from Pigmy Basin, and the Louisiana Shelf, suggesting increased meltwater flux may reflect LIS contribution to Meltwater pulse 1a (MWP-1a) sea level rise. Trace element records coupled with analyses of Orca Basin sedimentary structures will likely improve understanding of deglacial water column stratification, how meltwater entered the GOM (i.e. as a buoyant cap or at depth via sediment-laden hyperpycnal plumes), and the affects of glacial meltwater on marine biologic productivity.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2014-10-01T14:55:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA CRISTINA RABELLO SANTEDICOLA.pdf: 4296509 bytes, checksum: 9b75ea6791f10f2712fb327350e1e991 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-01T14:55:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA CRISTINA RABELLO SANTEDICOLA.pdf: 4296509 bytes, checksum: 9b75ea6791f10f2712fb327350e1e991 (MD5) / O objetivo deste estudo foi validar as razões Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca e Ba/Ca encontradas no esqueleto do coral Mussismilia braziliensis Verrill 1868 como indicadores geoquímicos (proxy) da temperatura da superfície do mar (TSM), utilizando 310 amostras de dois testemunhos denominados CAB2 e CLE, coletados respectivamente nas estações CLE (Pedra de Leste; latitude 17°47´173”S, longitude 39°02´935” W; 12km costa afora) e CAB (Parcel de Abrolhos; latitude 17°57´528”S, longitude 38°39´342”W; 80 km costa afora), onde a variação anual da TSM é de cerca de 4°C e a taxa de extensão linear desta espécie de coral é 0,89cm/ano. Após um estudo piloto realizado com 17 amostras para adaptar a metodologia, identificar a melhor vidraria, instrumentos de corte e peso seco, 144 amostras do esqueleto coralino foram cortadas a cada 2mm ao longo do eixo de crescimento de 4 testemunhos perfurados em 2003. As amostras foram moídas e a matéria orgânica foi eliminada com H2O2. Dez miligramas de cada amostra foram decompostas, adicionando-se gradualmente 10 mL de HNO3 0,5M, e analisadas com ICP-OES. As amplitudes obtidas foram 4553-8194 ppm para Sr, 203-2260 ppm para Mg e 0-17 ppm para Ba. Razões geoquímicas normalizadas foram comparadas com médias normalizadas da TSM obtidas desde 1985, em horário noturno, pelo satélite AVHRR Pathfinder Versão 5.0 NOAA, em intervalos anuais e semestrais. As razões geoquímicas analisadas neste estudo se referem a 144 amostras compatíveis com o período de registro de dados da TSM por este satélite. Uma redução progressiva da razão Sr/Ca desde aproximadamente 1948 encontrada no testemunho CAB-2 poderia ser traduzida como aumento da TSM. Além de comparar series contemporâneas de dados geoquímicos e da TSM, aplicou-se uma defasagem (lag) no pareamento dos dados anuais e semestrais, a fim de investigar possíveis efeitos tardios da TSM sobre a maior disponibilidade destes elementos durante a esqueletogênese coralina. Os achados deste estudo sugerem que as razões Mg/Ca podem ser utilizadas como indicadores da TSM em exemplares coletados distantes da costa, ao passo que as razões Ba/Ca e Sr/Ca podem ser utilizadas como indicadores da TSM em exemplares coletados em locais próximos à costa. A aplicação da defasagem sugere aproximadamente quatro a seis meses como o tempo ótimo para o efeito tardio da TSM acima mencionado.

Previous studies showed that sea surface salinity (SSS) in the Florida Straits as well as Florida Current transport covaried with changes in North Atlantic climate over the past two millennia. However, little is known about earlier Holocene variability in the Florida Straits. Here, we combine Mg/Ca-paleothermometry and stable oxygen isotope measurements on the planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber (white variety) from Florida Straits sediment core KNR166-2 JPC 51 (24 degrees 24.70? N, 83 degrees 13.14?W, 198m deep) to reconstruct a high-resolution (~30 yr/sample) early to mid Holocene record of sea surface temperature and delta18OSW (a proxy for SSS) variability. We also measured Ba/Ca ratios in the same shell material as a proxy for riverine input into the Gulf of Mexico over the same time interval. After removing the influence of global delta18OSW change due to continental ice volume variability, we propose that early Holocene SSS enrichments were caused by increased evaporation/precipitation ratios in the Florida Straits associated with periods of reduced solar output, increased ice rafted debris in the North Atlantic and the development of more permanent El Nino-like conditions in the eastern equatorial Pacific. When considered with previous high-resolution reconstructions of early Holocene tropical atmospheric circulation changes, our results provide evidence that solar output variability over the Holocene had a significant impact on the global tropical hydrologic cycle over the last 10,000 years.

Les cristaux de phases supraconductrices de formulation générale, TlmBa2Can-1CunO2n+m+2 (avec m=1, 2 et n=1, 2, 3) ont été préparés par une technique de croissance en flux. Chaque phase a été caractérisée par diffraction X (Weissenberg, Buerger, cristal tournant) et par micro-spectroscopie Raman. L'analyse par microsonde électronique a révélé des déficits cationiques par rapport a la formulation idéale. Une étude par HREM a montré dans la plupart des cristaux l'absence d'intercroissance à l'échelle atomique. La température critique a été mise en évidence par mesures électriques, mesures sous champ magnétique continu et susceptibilite alternative. Le comportement magnétique révèle une très forte anisotropie entre les propriétés supraconductrices dans la direction de l'axe c et dans le plan (a, b) (Hc1(c)/Hc1(a,b)=1000 pour la phase 2212). Les courbes d'effet Meissner et d'effet d'écran révèle que l'aimantation est réversible près de Tc et irréversible a plus basse température. La ligne d'irréversibilite (H*, T*) a été caractérisée pour la phase 2212.

Le remplacement de la fibre monomode a maintien de polarisation par de la fibre monomode standard dans les gyroscopes a fibre est un véritable enjeu économique. En effet, il permettrait a ces systèmes d'être compétitifs au niveau du coût sur le marche des centrales de navigations inertielles actuellement domine par les gyroscopes laser. Cependant, les problèmes de non réciprocités et d'effondrement du signal provoqués par l'utilisation de ce type de fibre n'ont pas été résolus de façon satisfaisante à ce jour. C'est a ce niveau que l'utilisation de la double conjugaison de phase apparaît comme une solution intéressante. L'objectif de ce travail consistait à valider cette solution d'une part en mettant au point un cristal photoréfractif adapte à cette application et d'autre part en insérant un miroir a double conjugaison de phase dans un gyroscope commercial fonctionnant a 850 mn. Dans un premier temps, nous avons donc etudie un nouveau cristal photorefractif : le titanate de barium calcium (bct) dont l'interet repose sur le fait qu'il ne subit pas de transition de phase de 120\ a 98\ c, contrairement au cristal de titanate de baryum dont il est dérivé. Ce cristal, généralement utilise pour la conjugaison de phase en raison de sa bonne efficacité est en effet détruit si sa température devient inférieure a 10\ c. Notre étude a permis de démontrer les bonnes propriétés photorefractives de ce matériau (coefficients electro-optiques élevés, sensibilité proche infrarouge) et de comprendre les différences de comportement par rapport au titanate de baryum. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié et optimise un miroir a double conjugaison de phase réalisé avec un cristal de titanate de baryum que nous avons ensuite insere dans un gyromètre a fibre. Ainsi, nous avons pu montrer que le gyrometre a double conjugaison de phase permet de mesurer des rotations et n'introduit pas de non-reciprocités supérieures a la précision du montage que nous avons utilise (200 \/h).