Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leticia Carneiro.pdf: 3734746 bytes, checksum: a0b78adbb08c5dd544e613943f5c3d68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Walking backwards is part of many daily activities such as sitting in a chair and crossing the street, and is also present in sport activities. The aim of this study was to analyze the biomechanical and motor behavior characteristics of walking backwards and forwards of adults in water and on land. The sample was composed of 22 adult subjects (11 women and 11 men). Before the data collection the researchers carried out anthropometrical measurements and placed markers at some anatomical landmarks: lateral of the trunk, greater trochanter, the lateral knee epicondyle, the lateral malleolus and the fifth metatarsal head of the right lower limb. Data collection procedures were the same for both conditions, in water and land. The level of immersion in the water was set at the height of the subjects xiphoid process. The subjects perform 10 valid trials in each direction at a self-selected speed, over a 7,5m-walkway containing a force plate. The force plate provided data for the vertical ground reaction forces (VGRF). The trials in both directions were recorded in the sagittal plane with a digital video camera 60 Hz. To edit the images and digitize the anatomical points, the APAS software was used. These processes were accomplished to obtain the hip, knee and ankle joint angles and the relative phases. Walking speed was measured with a system composed of a synchronized electronic stopwatch and two photocell timing lights. An analysis of covariance was carried out which considered the four situations and the speed was included as a covariate. For the walking backwards on land it was observed that the values of the first force peak were greater than the values of the second force peak. In the water, the peak values were similar and there was a load reduction of approximately 68%. The displacement curves of the ankle, knee and hip joints were similar between both conditions and the main differences were observed for the ankle joint. There was smaller plantar flexion during the walking backwards in both environments and the range of movement was greater in the walking backwards in the water. In walking forwards in water, it was observed that there were greater knee and hip angles during the initial contact and during maximum flexion. The maximum hip extension was greater in the walking forwards on land and less in the walking backwards in water. The analyses of the relative phases showed that the main differences in the leg-thigh relationships were observed between the direction of walking, but there were no differences between the conditios. The curves of the relative phases of the walking forwards and of walking backwards were similar but they were reversed. The results of this study provided some scientific bases for health professionals who prescribe the walking training as a form of physical conditioning or as therapeutic exercises. The variations in the tasks and the environments are important strateges for the improvement of abilities. / A marcha para trás esta embutida em inúmeras atividades diárias como sentar-se em uma cadeira, atravessar uma rua movimentada e na prática de esportes coletivos. Assim, o propósito desse estudo foi analisar através de ferramentas biomecânicas o comportamento motor da marcha para frente e para trás de adultos no ambiente terrestre e aquático. A amostra foi composta por 22 indivíduos adultos (11 mulheres e 11 homens). Antes de iniciar os testes os pesquisadores realizaram as avaliações antropométicas e marcaram os pontos anatômicos: lateral do tronco, trocânter maior, epicôndilo lateral do joelho, maléolo lateral e quinto metatarso no membro inferior direito dos sujeitos. O procedimento da coleta de dados foi o mesmo para os dois ambientes, sendo que no ambiente aquático o nível de imersão foi no processo xifóide. Os sujeitos realizaram 10 passagens válidas nas duas direções de marcha, em velocidade auto-selecionada, sobre uma passarela 7,5m que apresentava no centro a plataforma de força. A plataforma forneceu dados da curva de força vertical de reação do solo (FVRS). O procedimento da caminhada em ambas as direções e ambientes foi registrado no plano sagital através de uma câmera filmadora digital com freqüência de 60 Hz. As imagens foram editadas e os pontos anatômicos digitalizados através do software APAS para obtenção dos ângulos articulares do quadril, joelho e tornozelo e para obtenção da fase relativa. A velocidade foi medida através de fotocélulas que estavam conectadas a um cronômetro. Para análise estatística foi utilizada a análise de co-variância (ANCOVA), para as quatro situações do estudo, tendo a velocidade como co-variável. Os resultados indicaram que na marcha para trás aconteceu um maior primeiro pico de força (PPF) no ambiente terrestre. No ambiente aquático, foram observadas semelhança entre os picos e redução dos valores da FVRS em ~68%. A morfologia das curvas de deslocamento articular do tornozelo, joelho e quadril foram semelhantes entre as condições, sendo que o tornozelo apresentou as maiores diferenças. A articulação do tornozelo teve menor plantiflexão na marcha para trás nos dois ambientes e maior amplitude de movimento (ADM) na marcha para trás na água. A articulação do joelho apresentou maiores valores angulares durante o contato inicial e maior máxima flexão na marcha para frente no ambiente aquático. O quadril mostrou maiores ângulos no contato inicial, maior máxima flexão e maior ADM na marcha para frente no ambiente aquático. Sendo que a máxima extensão do quadril foi maior na marcha para frente no solo e menor na marcha para trás na água. A análise da fase relativa revelou que as maiores diferenças na relação dos segmentos perna-coxa foram observadas entre as direções de marcha, havendo poucas diferenças entre os ambientes. As curvas da fase relativa foram semelhantes, mais invertidas entre a marcha para frente e para trás. Os resultados desta pesquisa proporcionaram maior embasamento científico para os profissionais da saúde que prescrevem o treinamento da marcha como exercício físico ou terapêutico, sendo que a variação da tarefa e do ambiente são recursos importantes na melhora das habilidades.

abstract: Principles of climate mitigation in environmental ethics often draw on either considerations of fairness and forward-looking concerns, or on justice and backward-looking concerns. That is, according to some theorists, considerations of the current distribution of climate benefits and burdens are foremost, while others take repairing historic wrongs as paramount. Some theorists integrate considerations of fairness and justice to formulate hybrid climate principles. Such an integrative approach is promising particularly in the context of environmental harm to indigenous subsistence peoples, who are among those suffering the most from climate change. I argue that existing integrative climate principles tend not to sufficiently emphasize considerations of backward-looking justice. This is a problem for indigenous peoples seeking reparations for environmental harm and violations of their human rights. Specifically, indigenous people in the Arctic suffer a cultural harm from climate change as they lose their land, and their way of life, to erosion, cementing their status as climate refugees. I argue that the current climate situation facing Native Arctic people is unfair according to Rawls' second principle of justice. In addition, the situation is unjust as indigenous people suffer from emissions by others and few attempts are made for reparations. Thus, Rawlsian fairness combined with reparative justice provide a befitting theoretical framework. I conclude that an acceptable climate principle will adequately integrate considerations of both fairness and justice, both forward-looking and backward-looking considerations. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Philosophy 2014

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2017-12-22T14:07:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 nelioalvesdoamaralfilho.pdf: 3229871 bytes, checksum: c82c698f342f6b908377149e4abe130a (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: Favor corrigir autor: Autor(es): Filho, Nélio Alves do Amaral Favor verificar no Lattes se Araúno tem ou não acento Primeiro Orientador: Araujo, Débora Rosana Ribeiro Penido Co-orientador: Araujo, Leandro Ramos de on 2018-01-22T18:24:16Z (GMT) / Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-01-22T18:28:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 nelioalvesdoamaralfilho.pdf: 3229871 bytes, checksum: c82c698f342f6b908377149e4abe130a (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: Favor corrigir: Autor(es): Filho, Nélio Alves do Amaral Verificar se os sobrenomes Araújo tem ou não acento on 2018-01-24T12:13:21Z (GMT) / Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-01-24T12:29:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 nelioalvesdoamaralfilho.pdf: 3229871 bytes, checksum: c82c698f342f6b908377149e4abe130a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-01-24T13:46:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nelioalvesdoamaralfilho.pdf: 3229871 bytes, checksum: c82c698f342f6b908377149e4abe130a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-24T13:46:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nelioalvesdoamaralfilho.pdf: 3229871 bytes, checksum: c82c698f342f6b908377149e4abe130a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-24 / Este trabalho propõe a apresentação e o desenvolvimento computacional de um algoritmo para solução de fluxo de potência em sistemas de distribuição baseado no método Backward Forward Sweep (BFS). No algoritmo foram consideradas as principais etapas do método tradicional e algumas estratégias propostas isoladamente em trabalhos na literatura. Além disso, propõe-se a incorporação da representação do acoplamento eletromagnético entre alimentadores em paralelo nos modelos de linhas, e estudos do impacto dessa representação nos cálculos de fluxo de potência usando o BFS. Apresenta-se também, de maneira detalhada, uma maneira de implementar o controle de tape dos reguladores de tensão no método BFS. Tais questões são normalmente negligenciadas ou não são explicitadas nos trabalhos encontrados na literatura que envolvem o método analisado. Análises detalhadas do método BFS também são realizadas e apresentadas neste trabalho. Evidências analíticas são desenvolvidas para sustentar essas análises, bem como os resultados obtidos. Neste trabalho também é feita uma comparação entre o método BFS desenvolvido e um método baseado em Newton-Raphson para solução de sistemas de distribuição. As análises realizadas têm como foco principal a investigação do comportamento desses métodos quando são levados a operar em pontos considerados críticos para convergência. Para isso, são analisados fatores como a variação da relação X/R, o aumento do carregamento, o impacto da modelagem de carga (modelo ZIP) e o impacto da presença dos reguladores de tensão. / This work proposes the presentation and the computational development of an algorithm for power flow solution in distribution systems based on the Backward Forward Sweep (BFS) method. The algorithm contains the main steps of the traditional method and some strategies proposed separately in works in the literature. In addition, it is proposed the incorporation of the representation of the electromagnetic coupling between feeders in parallel in the line models, and studies of the impact of this representation in the power flow calculations using the BFS. A way to implement the tape control of the voltage regulators in the BFS method is also presented in detail. Such questions are usually neglected or not deeply explained in the works found in the literature that involve the analyzed method. A detailed analyzes of the BFS method are also performed and presented in this work. Some analytical evidence is developed to support these analyzes, as well as the results obtained. In this work a comparison is also made between the developed BFS method and a Newton-Raphson-based method for the distribution systems solution. The analyzes made have as main focus the investigation of the behavior of these methods when they are taken to operate in points considered critical for convergence. For this, factors such as the variation of the X/R ratio, the load’s increase up, the impact of the load modeling (ZIP model) and the impact of the presence of the voltage regulators are analyzed.

Problemas provenientes de química atmosférica, possuem uma característica especial denominada stiffness, indicando que as soluções dos sistemas de equações diferenciais ordinárias envolvidos variam em diferentes ordens de grandeza. Isso faz com que métodos numéricos adequados devam ser aplicados no intuito de obter soluções numéricas convergentes e estáveis. Os métodos mais eficazes para tratar este tipo de problema são os métodos implícitos, pois possuem uma região de estabilidade ilimitada que permite grandes variações no tamanho do passo, mantendo o erro de discretização dentro de uma dada tolerância. Mais precisamente, estes métodos possuem a propriedade de A-estabilidade ou A(alpha)-estabilidade. Neste trabalho, comparamos dois métodos numéricos com estas características: o método de Rosenbrock e a fórmula de diferenciação regressiva (métodos BDF). O primeiro é usado no módulo de Química do modelo CCATT-BRAMS do Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC), sendo incluído na previsão numérica de regiões com intensas fontes de poluição. Este é um método de passo simples implícito com um controle de passo adaptativo. Aqui empregamos também o segundo, um método de passo múltiplo que dispõe de uma fórmula que permite variação no tamanho do passo e na ordem, empregando o pacote LSODE. Os resultados de nossas comparações indicam que os métodos BDF podem se constituir em interessante alternativa para uso no CCATT-BRAMS. / Problems from atmospheric chemistry have a special characteristic denominated stiffness, indicating that the solutions of the involved ordinary differential equations systems vary in different scales. This means that appropriate methods should be applied in order to get convergent and stable numerical solutions. The most powerful methods to treat problems like this are implicit schemes, since they have unlimited stabity regions, allowing large variations in step size, keeping the discretization error within a given tolerance. More precisely, these methods have the A-stability or A(alpha)-stability properties. In this work, we compared two numerical methods with those characteristics: the Rosenbrock method and the backward differentiation formula (BDF). The first one is employed in the Chemistry package within CCATT-BRAMS local weather model of CPTEC (Center for Weather Forecasts and Climate Studies), which is mainly used for the numerical forecasting of regions with intense pollution. This is a implicit one-step method with an adaptative stepsize control. We compare it with the second method, a multistep method with a formula that allows variations in step size and order, with the help of the LSODE package. The results of our comparisons indicate that BDF methods are an interesting alternative to be used within CCATT-BRAMS.

Le travail soumis commence par un aperçu du micro-crédit tel qu’il a été introduit au Bangladesh par M. Yunus. Puis on donne un modèle stochastique des retards de versement. Comme ces retards ne donnent pas lieu à une sanction financière, ils constituent, de fait, une baisse du taux réel de crédit. Ce taux est alors, lui-même, aléatoire. On calcule un taux espéré en fonction de la probabilité de retard de remboursement hebdomadaire. On déduit que ce taux espéré est d’environ 3.5% inférieur au taux (annoncé) du cas déterministe si l’on considère que 3% des retards atteignent 4 semaines. Le travail se poursuit par une étude statistique de données du micro-crédit en Thaïlande. On commence par présenter un modèle de régression logistique du taux de remboursement par rapport aux 23 variables mesurées sur un échantillon de 219 groupes d’emprunteurs. On présente ensuite une sélection des variables les plus pertinentes selon un critère AIC ou BIC par une méthode “backward stepwise”. Finalement des expériences sur des sous-échantillons montrent une bonne stabilité du choix des variables obtenues par la sélection. / This study is inspired from a real scenario of microcredit lending introduced in Bangladesh by Yunus. A stochastic model of random delays in repayment installments is then constructed. Since delays occur without financial penalty, the interest rate is obviously lower than the exact claimed. This rate then becomes a random variable corresponding to the random repayment time, in which simulation results of its distribution are provided. The expected rate is computed as a function of in-time installment probability. It is found around 3.5% lower than the exact one in the deterministic case when considering 3% of delay occurred within four weeks in real practice. The work is extended to a statistical analysis on data of microcredit in Thailand. It is started by presenting a logistic regression model of repayment outcome containing 23 input variables measured on a sample of 219 lending groups. Applying penalized criterion, AIC or BIC together with backward stepwise elimination procedure on the full model, a more parsimonious model kept only most relevant predictors is obtained. Finally, experiments on sub-samples show a stability of the chosen predictors obtained by the selection method.

Control of pollutants and emissions has become a major factor in the design of modern combustion systems. The “Liquid Hydrogen Fueled Aircraft - System Analysis” project funded in 2000 by the European Commission can be seen as such an initiative. Within the framework of this project, the Aachen University of Applied Sciences developed experimentally the “Micromix” hydrogen combustion principle and implemented it successfully in the Honeywell APU GTCP 36-300 gas turbine engine. Lowering the reaction temperature, eliminating hot spots from the reaction zone and keeping the time available for the formation of NOx to a minimum are the prime drivers towards NOx reduction. The “Micromix” hydrogen combustion principle meets those requirements by minimizing the flame temperature working at small equivalence ratios, improving the mixing by means of Jets In Cross-Flow and reducing the residence time in adopting a combustor geometry that provides a very large number of very small diffusion flames. In terms of pollutant emissions, compared to the unconverted APU, an essential reduction in emitted NOx was observed, stressing the potential of this innovative burning principle.<p>The objective of this thesis is to investigate the “Micromix” hydrogen combustion principle with the ultimate goal of an improved prediction during the design process. Due to the complex interrelation of chemical kinetics and flow dynamics, the “Micromixing” was analyzed first. Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry was used to provide insight into the mixing process. A “simplified” set-up, that allowed to investigate the flow characteristics in great detail while retaining the same local characteristics of its “real” counterparts, was considered. The driving vortical structures were identified. To further investigate the physics involved and to extend the experimental results, numerical computations were carried out on the same “simplified” set-up as on a literature test case. In general, a number of physical issues were clarified. In particular, the interaction between the different vortical structures was looked into, and a kinematically consistent vortex model is proposed. After demonstrating the development of the mixing, the “cold flow” study was extended to a single injector. The double backward-facing step injector geometry was addressed experimentally and numerically. At design geometry, the flow appeared to behave single backward-facing like, with respect to the first gradation. In terms of varying step configurations, the flow was seen to be dependent on the periodic perturbation arising from the graded series of backward-facing steps. During the second part of the investigation, the “hot flow” was analyzed. Considering combustor similar operating conditions, a test burner was experimented on an atmospheric test rig. NOx emissions were traced by exhaust gas analysis for different working conditions. Particular flame patterns, such as a regular attached flame as well as lifted flames were observed. In parallel with the experimental work, numerical computations on a pair of opposite injectors, permitted to classify the combustion regime and the main factors involved in the NOx formation. Accordingly, NOx emission enhancing design changes are proposed. Finally, the demanding computational effort, worthy of acceptance for academic purposes, is found not agreeable as future design tool and improvements to speed up the design process are projected.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22973号 / 理博第4650号 / 新制||理||1668(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科数学・数理解析専攻 / (主査)教授 日野 正訓, 教授 泉 正己, 准教授 矢野 孝次 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The master’s thesis submits a technological project of production of splined sleeve used in automotive as a component of propeller shaft. The part is made of steel ČSN 11 523 by bulk forming technology in an annual production series of 20 000 pieces. Production process was designed in four operations, after the second operation there was recrystallization annealing included for regeneration of plasticity before following extrusion. There were made technological calculations for these production operations. Operations were projected to be done by common one-operation press machines available in local manufacturing facility. For all the operations were designed functional tools and tools setups. In conclusion, there was performed technical-economic evaluation. As emerged from this evaluation the final amount of total production costs for one piece is 131,- Kč. When 9 393 pieces are produced, the production series reaches to the break-even point and then the profit starts to be generated.

The project presents a proposal for the technology of production of the pressure filter casing used in hydraulic systems, which is made of non-alloy carbon steel 12 020. With the help of a literature study of cold extrusion and calculations, the production of the component was designed, which will take place in two operations. Before each operation, the surface treatment is performed by phosphating and soaping and inter-operational annealing must take place. Tool sets were designed for both operations and a press was selected from the company's machine park with a nominal force of 25,000 kN. Finally, a technical and economic evaluation was proved, which shows that the price of production of one piece is CZK 187. The turning point was set at 3 497 pieces per year.

The project of Master’s thesis elaborated within engineering studies of branch 23-03-T002 proposes a technology of production of disk brake piston made of low-carbon steel EN C10E. Supposed production amount is 300 000 pieces per year. With knowledge of literary study on the theme of cold steel bulk forming, three variants of production technique were proposed. The chosen one, for which the technological and energy computations were accomplished, consists of two basic forming operations. For manufacture realization was selected three-stage automatic forming machine TPD 630 (manufacturer Šmeral Brno) with nominal forming output of 6 300 kN. As a material of extruding punch, tool-steel EN X100CrMoV5-1was chosen. For extruding dies was selected high speed steel HS 6-5-2 and its shrink ring is made of high quality steel 60WCrV8. Optimalization of tool properties was performed with specialized PC software.