Aquesta tesi doctoral analitza el grup de diputats i senadors catalans a les Corts espanyoles durant el període 1876-1885, i en especial, la seva actuació com a representants d'interessos dels grups econòmics catalans. El seu contingut es pot resumir en quatre grans apartats.En el primer, s'analitza el context polític i econòmic en què es desenvolupa aquesta actuació. En primer lloc, el sistema polític i parlamentari dissenyat en els primers anys de la Restauració, reservat a les elits. A continuació, la política econòmica, sobretot la política aranzelària i ferroviària, així com els principals grups econòmics espanyols, junt amb una reflexió entorn a la naturalesa de les decisions polítiques en aquest context. El segon, està dedicat als grups demandants de decisions en política econòmica: les corporacions econòmiques catalanes, en especial les representatives del sector industrial i en tant que grups de pressió, i a algunes empreses catalanes, sobretot les ferroviàries i les dedicades als negocis colonials. En ambdós casos, s'analitza el seu disseny d'una estratègia parlamentària d'accés els centres de decisió de l'estat.El tercer presenta els agents que gestionen aquestes demandes. Es tracta del grup de 149 parlamentaris catalans del període, amb una especial atenció a Víctor Balaguer. Analitza també la presència de les elits catalanes a les Corts. I el quart representa el desenllaç de les anteriors qüestions, concretament els treballs parlamentaris de representació d'interessos econòmics, en especial la lluita pel proteccionisme aranzelari i la tramitació de demandes de les companyies ferroviàries. Analitza la Diputació Catalana, la personalitat del grup dels parlamentaris catalans dins les Corts espanyoles, i cerca postures d'un primer catalanisme polític.Hi ha també un balanç dels resultats de la gestió d'aquestes demandes, junt amb una reflexió entorn al desenllaç desfavorable de les provinents de les corporacions industrials com un dels camins que duen al regionalisme econòmic i al catalanisme polític. / This doctoral thesis analyses the Catalan deputies and senators group in the Spanish Parliament during the 1876-1885 period, overcoat his action how representing of interest of Catalan economic groups. It's possible to abstract his contents in four great sections.The first section analyses the politic and economic context where this action is develop. Firstly, the politic and parliamentary system to be design in the first years of Restoration, to be reserved to the elite. Immediately, the economic political, overcoat the tariff political and the railway political, plus the principal Spanish economic groups, along with a reflection on the nature of the political decisions in this context.The second section is dedicated to the groups claimants of decisions in economic political: the Catalan economic corporations, specially the representatives of the industrial sector and their action how pressure groups, and some Catalan enterprises, overcoat the sector of railway and colonial operations. In both cases, to be analysed their design of a parliamentary strategy from acces to state's decision headquarters.The third section presents the agents that negotiates this claims. To treat of the group to 149 Catalan deputies and senators to period, with an special attention to Víctor Balaguer. Also analyses the presence of the Catalan elites in the Parliament. The fourth section is the outcome to the anterior themes, to sum up the parliament works of economic interests representation, specially the fight for the protectionism tariff and the negotiation of the railway enterprises' claims. Analyses the Catalan Deputation, the personality of the Catalan parliamentarians group inside the Spanish Parliament, and search for positions to first political catalanism.Also there is a balance of the results to the management of this claims, along with a reflection about the not favourable outcome to the industrial corporations' claims how one way that goes to the economic regionalism and the political catalanism.

Tesi--School of library and information science--Pittsburgh, 1989.

In the diploma thesis "Personal Prelature Opus Dei" I deal with the Personal prelature of Catholic Church, Opus Dei, formally known as The Prelature of the Holy Cross and Opus Dei. Founded in Spain in 1928 by the Catholic priest St. Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer, Opus Dei was given final Catholic Church approval in 1950 by Pope Pius XII. It is the only personal prelature of Catholic Church in the world. Its founder was canonised by the beatific John Paul II. It is extended in a lot of countries of several continents and has ten thousands members and other ten thousands favorers. As of 2010, members of the Prelature numbered 90,000. The main spirituality consists in teaching that the holiness can be reached by the work in the spirit of gospel and announced the dignity of everyone. It supports the traditional catholic teaching. Its members have the total liberty. They are not obliged their membership, can undertake any function in the world and they follow only their conscience. To main actions belongs the support of education in the areas, where they have the representation and the classical charity action, mainly with the children and young people. Key words: Personal prelature, sanctify by work, liberty in decision and action, question of conscience, founder, Josemaría de Balaguer.

This dissertation is centered around a set of apparently conflicting intuitions that we may have about mathematics. On the one hand, we are inclined to believe that the theorems of mathematics are true. Since many of these theorems are existence assertions, it seems that if we accept them as true, we also commit ourselves to the existence of mathematical objects. On the other hand, mathematical objects are usually thought of as abstract objects that are non-spatiotemporal and causally inert. This makes it difficult to understand how we can have knowledge of them and how they can have any relevance for our mathematical theories. I begin by characterizing a realist position in the philosophy of mathematics and discussing two of the most influential arguments for that kind of view. Next, after highlighting some of the difficulties that realism faces, I look at a few alternative approaches that attempt to account for our mathematical practice without making the assumption that there exist abstract mathematical entities. More specifically, I examine the fictionalist views developed by Hartry Field, Mark Balaguer, and Stephen Yablo, respectively. A common feature of these views is that they accept that mathematics interpreted at face value is committed to the existence of abstract objects. In order to avoid this commitment, they claim that mathematics, when taken at face value, is false. I argue that the fictionalist idea of mathematics as consisting of falsehoods is counter-intuitive and that we should aim for an account that can accommodate both the intuition that mathematics is true and the intuition that the causal inertness of abstract mathematical objects makes them irrelevant to mathematical practice and mathematical knowledge. The solution that I propose is based on Rudolf Carnap's distinction between an internal and an external perspective on existence. I argue that the most reasonable interpretation of the notions of mathematical truth and existence is that they are internal to mathematics and, hence, that mathematical truth cannot be used to draw the conclusion that mathematical objects exist in an external/ontological sense.