Situé dans le Sud-Ouest du Maroc, au pied du versant sud de l’Anti-Atlas et jusqu’aucoeur du Jbel Bani, le pays d’Id Brahim et d’ Aït Herbil est occupé par une vieille sociétépaysanne berbère sédentaire. Il offre le cas d’un espace oasien pré-saharien en pleinecrise. Les anciennes structures socio-spatiales et économiques fondées sur des systèmesgéographiques archaïques, sont entrées en déséquilibre depuis quelques décennies. Notreproblématique concerne la dégradation et la disparition progressive des systèmes de productionagricole oasiens dans un cadre environnemental aride et davantage agressif.Il s’agit de déterminer l’évolution et les conséquences de cette crise humaine et spatiale.Cette situation est traduite par l’effondrement d’un patrimoine hydraulique original, la khettara,canal souterrain construit pour alimenter la palmeraie, mais également par le vieillissementdes palmiers-dattiers qui sont de moins en moins remplacés par de jeunes plants.La recherche comporte une phase incontournable d’état des lieux effectué par l’observationdes paysages, puis un questionnement complexe découlant de ces observations.Il a fallu en effet questionner la population locale et rassembler les documents qui témoignentde cette situation de crise. Enfin, de nombreux travaux de cartographie et uneétude statistique mettant en relation les divers phénomènes physiques et humains liés àl’écosystème oasien et à son évolution dans le temps et l’espace, ont été réalisés.Les résultats ne sont pas surprenants : les ressources en eau d’irrigation se dégradentrapidement. Certaines familles paysannes se sont trouvées dans l’obligation de changerd’activité ou de quitter leurs villages pour aller vers les villes voisines.La désertification envahit même le bled targa c’est-à-dire le secteur irrigué. On constateaussi un recul massif du nombre des éleveurs. Les maisons traditionnelles tombent enruine les unes après les autres et les nouvelles constructions, sans rapport avec l’architecturevernaculaire, gagnent les derniers espaces cultivés au sein des palmeraies. Se posedonc avec acuité la question de l’avenir de cette région que les hommes abandonnent etqui n’a, à condition de ne pas être totalement désertée, que la perspective d’offrir à un tourismedoux et culturel, la beauté de ses paysages et la richesse de son patrimoine. / Not available

<p>Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka effekten av Bani, som representant för Binaural Beat-teknologi, på stress. Som delsyfte undersöktes även ångest och depressivitet. Samplet utgjordes av 27 universitetsstuderande på Örebro universitet. Binaural Beats är ljudfrekvenser med vilka hjärnans EEG sägs synkroniseras och kan påverka medvetandetillståndet. Genom en experimentell design med</p><p>upprepade mätningar och en kontrollgrupp undersöktes</p><p>förändringar i stress, ångest och depressivitet under fyra veckors lyssnande av Bani. Signifikanta effekter över tid påträffades gällande psykisk stress och depressivitet för interventionsgruppen. Vissa gruppskillnader påträffades även för ångest och fysisk stress, vilka dock verkade vara av mer naturligt fluktuerande karaktär. Resultaten indikerade att Bani har en lindrande effekt på psykisk stress och depressivitet.</p><p>Nyckelord. Binaural Beats, stress, hjärnsynkronisering, Bani,</p><p>ångest, depressivitet.</p> / <p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Bani, as a representative of Binaural Beat technology, on stress. As a secondary purpose anxiety and depression were examined. The sample consisted of 27 university students at the Örebro University. Binaural Beats are sound frequencies with which the brain is said to synchronize and can</p><p>affect states of conciousness. Changes in stress, anxiety and depression were examined through an experimental design with repeated measures and a control group for a period of four weeks of listening to Bani. Significant effects were found over time concerning psychological stress and depression for the intervention group. Some group differences were</p><p>also found for anxiety and physiological stress, although they seemed to be more affected by natural fluctuations. The results indicated that Bani has a decreasing effect on psychological stress and depression.</p><p>Keywords: Binaural Beats, stress, brainwave synchronization, Bani, anxiety, depression.</p>

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka effekten av Bani, som representant för Binaural Beat-teknologi, på stress. Som delsyfte undersöktes även ångest och depressivitet. Samplet utgjordes av 27 universitetsstuderande på Örebro universitet. Binaural Beats är ljudfrekvenser med vilka hjärnans EEG sägs synkroniseras och kan påverka medvetandetillståndet. Genom en experimentell design med upprepade mätningar och en kontrollgrupp undersöktes förändringar i stress, ångest och depressivitet under fyra veckors lyssnande av Bani. Signifikanta effekter över tid påträffades gällande psykisk stress och depressivitet för interventionsgruppen. Vissa gruppskillnader påträffades även för ångest och fysisk stress, vilka dock verkade vara av mer naturligt fluktuerande karaktär. Resultaten indikerade att Bani har en lindrande effekt på psykisk stress och depressivitet. Nyckelord. Binaural Beats, stress, hjärnsynkronisering, Bani, ångest, depressivitet. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Bani, as a representative of Binaural Beat technology, on stress. As a secondary purpose anxiety and depression were examined. The sample consisted of 27 university students at the Örebro University. Binaural Beats are sound frequencies with which the brain is said to synchronize and can affect states of conciousness. Changes in stress, anxiety and depression were examined through an experimental design with repeated measures and a control group for a period of four weeks of listening to Bani. Significant effects were found over time concerning psychological stress and depression for the intervention group. Some group differences were also found for anxiety and physiological stress, although they seemed to be more affected by natural fluctuations. The results indicated that Bani has a decreasing effect on psychological stress and depression. Keywords: Binaural Beats, stress, brainwave synchronization, Bani, anxiety, depression.

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Chapter One contains a lengthy discussion of tafsír, outlining its meaning, its need to the present study and the different forms in which it exists, whilst at the same time clarifying its obscurities and commending it as an indispensable science. Chapter Two offers a concise overview of five Qur'ánic commentators selected for this particular study. This assessment is based on the eras from which they emerged which has a definite bearing on their commentaries. Chapter Three is a résumé of my subject's biography adopted primarily from Qur'ánic sources. As a frequently mentioned prophet in the Qur'án the story of Músá [p.b.u.h] is drawn from various chapters highlighting substantial aspects of his life. Chapter Four concentrates on two frequently mentioned events in the life of prophet Músá [ p.b.u.h], namely, his call to prophethood and the proclamation to the pharaoh and his people. Chapter Five concludes this work by presenting an overview of the perspectives of the different commentators. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M.A.

Chapter One contains a lengthy discussion of tafsír, outlining its meaning, its need to the present study and the different forms in which it exists, whilst at the same time clarifying its obscurities and commending it as an indispensable science. Chapter Two offers a concise overview of five Qur'ánic commentators selected for this particular study. This assessment is based on the eras from which they emerged which has a definite bearing on their commentaries. Chapter Three is a résumé of my subject's biography adopted primarily from Qur'ánic sources. As a frequently mentioned prophet in the Qur'án the story of Músá [p.b.u.h] is drawn from various chapters highlighting substantial aspects of his life. Chapter Four concentrates on two frequently mentioned events in the life of prophet Músá [ p.b.u.h], namely, his call to prophethood and the proclamation to the pharaoh and his people. Chapter Five concludes this work by presenting an overview of the perspectives of the different commentators. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M.A.