Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1962. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [110]-115).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1964. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [268]-275).

Twelve folded maps in pocket.

Increasing drug resistance towards the front line influenza neUraminidase inhibitor Oseltamivir (Tamiflu®, Roche) has recently been reported, emphasising the need to perform further studies to gain insight into receptor ligand interactions. Recently, influenza neuraminidase activity has been tackled using a novel class of mechanism-based inactivator, which incorporates fluorine atoms at positions C-2 and C-3 of sialic acid. These inactivators are anticipated to be less susceptible to drug induced resistance as they target essential catalytic amino acids. However, individual hydrogen-bonding interactions formed between these inactivators and the neuraminidase in both the Michaelis complex and at the transition-state remain unclear. The syntheses of the four novel monodeoxygenated 2,3-difluorosialic acid inactivators at position C-4,C-7, C-8 and C-9 deploying a Barton-McCombie protocol were accomplished. The time-dependant inactivation of wild type influenza neuraminidase N9 G70C by these monodeoxygenated 2,3-difluorosialic acid inactivators was tested in a fluorescent kinetic assay. Further biochemical evaluation (performed by our collaborators) in ICso measurements against a panel of influenza viruses including wild types (wt.) and Oseltamivir resistant mutants showed potent inhibition of influenza Band H1 N1 strains. We also wished to develop a further understanding of the effects of the monodeoxygenated 2,3-difluorosialic acid inactivators upon inactivation on a physical basis. Hence, we will discuss X-ray crystallographic structures, (obtained by our collaborators) of influenza neuraminidase N9 in complex with the monodeoxygenated 2,3-difluoro-sialic acid inactivators. 11

Barton Springs Pool (BSP) is an important ecological and recreational resource to the City of Austin (CoA). Due to sediment accumulation, excessive algal growth, and concern for water velocities through salamander habitat, improving the flow regime of BSP was identified as an important focus for future infrastructure development in Barton Springs Pool. The CoA commissioned this project to develop and test a hydrodynamic model to provide a basis for understanding the flow dynamics of BSP, and to aid in future infrastructure developments in BSP. This phase of the project included the collection of bathymetric and velocity data, creating a hydrodynamic model of BSP that dynamically represents space-time varying 3D velocities, and testing the model using the default settings and an adjustment of the outlet coefficients. The model was run with three targeted inflow scenarios to determine both how the model responds with varying inflows, and to provide a general idea of how flow in BSP is affected by the magnitude of the inflow. The model used was the Fine Resolution Environmental Hydrodynamic Model that solves the 3D non-hydrostatic Navier-Stokes equations in a split hydrostatic/non-hydrostatic approach. The model was run using the default settings and the outputs were compared to available data. Results from these initial runs showed that further calibration is necessary. Model runs under the targeted inflow scenarios showed that as inflow increases, velocities in the upstream portion of BSP increase correspondingly, but this is not reflected in the downstream portion of BSP. / text

Neste trabalho foram sintetizados, purificados e caracterizados (RMN 1H e 13C) três 1,2-dioxetanos contendo como substituinte o grupo spiro- fenchílico (2-spiro(1,3,3-trimetil-biciclo[2.2.1]heptil), sendo dois destes inéditos. Para a obtenção dos precursores destes 1,2-dioxetanos foi desenvolvida uma nova metodologia para a síntese de enóis-éteres altamente impedidos, através de um procedimento modificado envolvendo a olefinação de Barton-Kellogg. Este procedimento envolveu a reação entre um tionoéster e um composto diazo, formando, após a extrusão de nitrogênio e enxofre, enóis-éteres altamente impedidos em altos rendimentos em comparação com outros métodos. Os parâmetros de ativação para estes 1,2-dioxetanos foram determinados, demonstrando a alta estabilidade destes peróxidos cíclicos, apesar de menor do que a dos análogos spiro-adamantil-substituídos. A decomposição induzida por fluoreto do derivado contendo um substituinte 3-sililóxi-fenila ocorre com altos rendimentos quânticos de quimiluminescência e os parâmetros de quimiluminescência deste derivado spiro-adamantil-substituídos. Sendo são comparáveis aos dos análogos assim, derivados dioxetânicos fenchil-substituídos poderão ser utilizados como detectores em imunoensaios. Na segunda parte desse trabalho, a interação entre o ativador e o intermediário de alta energia (IAE) do sistema peróxi-oxalato foi observada diretamente, pela primeira vez, através da metodologia de adição do ativador com retardo à mistura de reação, contendo cloreto de oxalila e peróxido de hidrogênio. Por esta metodologia, foram determinadas as constantes de velocidade para a decomposição unimolecular (kD ~ 0,023 s-1 ) e catalisada (kCAT = 64 a 170000 M-1 .s-1 ) do intermediário de alta energia para vários CAT ativadores. Além disso, foi possível determinar os parâmetros de ativação da reação entre o ativador e o intermediário de alta energia (ΔH≠ = 11,1 kcal.mol-1, ΔS≠ = -3,14 cal.K-1 .mol-1, ΔG≠ = 12,1 kcal.mol-1) e estimar a concentração deste intermediário acumulado no sistema na ausência do ativador ([IAE]max ~ 2 µM). A correlação de energia livre entre os valores de KCAT e o potencial de oxidação do ativador utilizado mostrou-se linear e CAT permitiu a obtenção do coeficiente de transferência de elétron (α = 0,2), indicando claramente a ocorrência de uma transferência de elétron do ativador para o IAE no passo de quimiexcitação da reação peróxi-oxalato, de acordo com o mecanismo CIEEL postulado para este sistema. / In this work, the synthesis, purification and characterization by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy of three 1,2-dioxetanes, including two new derivatives, containing the spiro-fenchyl (2-spiro-1,3,3-trimethyl- bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl) moiety as substituent is reported. The precursor enol- ethers to these 1,2-dioxetanes were prepared by a new synthetic pathway (a modification of the Barton-Kellogg coupling procedure), based on the reaction between a thionoester and a diazo-compound, producing a heterocyclic intermediate which, after a two-fold extrusion of nitrogen and sulfur, yields highly encumbered enol-ethers in high yields when compared to other classical methods. The activation parameters of these 1,2-dioxetanes were determined, showing their elevated thermal stability, which is, however, lower than that of the analog spiro-adamantyl-substituted derivatives. The fluoride induced decomposition of the 1,2-dioxetane bearing a 3-silyloxyphenyl moiety occurs with high chemiluminescence quantum yields and activation parameters, comparable to those of the corresponding spiro-adamantyl- substituted analogous. Thus, fenchyl-substituted 1,2-dioxetanes could be useful as substrates in immunoassays. Furthermore, the direct observation of the interaction between an activator and the high-energy intermediate (HEI) in the peroxyoxalate system, is reported here for the first time, using delayed addition of the activator to the reaction mixture containing oxalyl chloride and hydrogen peroxide. This methodology allows the determination of rate constants for -1 - the unimolecular (kD = 0,023 s-1 ) and catalyzed (kCAT = 63,5 to 172000 M-1.s-1 decomposition of the high-energy intermediate for several activators. Additionally, it was possible to determine the activation parameters for the reaction between the activator and the high-energy intermediate (ΔH≠ = 11.1 kcal.mol-1, ΔS≠ = -3.14 cal.K-1.mol-1 , ΔG≠ = 12.1 kcal.mol-1) and estimate the concentration of this high-energy intermediate accumulated in the system in the absence of activator ([HEI]max = 2 µM). The free-energy relationship between the kCAT values and the oxidation potential of the activator showed CAT to be linear, with an electron-transfer coefficient of α = 0,2, showing the occurrence of an electron transfer from the activator to the HEI, in agreement with the CIEEL mechanism postulated for this system.

Neste trabalho foram sintetizados, purificados e caracterizados (RMN 1H e 13C) três 1,2-dioxetanos contendo como substituinte o grupo spiro- fenchílico (2-spiro(1,3,3-trimetil-biciclo[2.2.1]heptil), sendo dois destes inéditos. Para a obtenção dos precursores destes 1,2-dioxetanos foi desenvolvida uma nova metodologia para a síntese de enóis-éteres altamente impedidos, através de um procedimento modificado envolvendo a olefinação de Barton-Kellogg. Este procedimento envolveu a reação entre um tionoéster e um composto diazo, formando, após a extrusão de nitrogênio e enxofre, enóis-éteres altamente impedidos em altos rendimentos em comparação com outros métodos. Os parâmetros de ativação para estes 1,2-dioxetanos foram determinados, demonstrando a alta estabilidade destes peróxidos cíclicos, apesar de menor do que a dos análogos spiro-adamantil-substituídos. A decomposição induzida por fluoreto do derivado contendo um substituinte 3-sililóxi-fenila ocorre com altos rendimentos quânticos de quimiluminescência e os parâmetros de quimiluminescência deste derivado spiro-adamantil-substituídos. Sendo são comparáveis aos dos análogos assim, derivados dioxetânicos fenchil-substituídos poderão ser utilizados como detectores em imunoensaios. Na segunda parte desse trabalho, a interação entre o ativador e o intermediário de alta energia (IAE) do sistema peróxi-oxalato foi observada diretamente, pela primeira vez, através da metodologia de adição do ativador com retardo à mistura de reação, contendo cloreto de oxalila e peróxido de hidrogênio. Por esta metodologia, foram determinadas as constantes de velocidade para a decomposição unimolecular (kD ~ 0,023 s-1 ) e catalisada (kCAT = 64 a 170000 M-1 .s-1 ) do intermediário de alta energia para vários CAT ativadores. Além disso, foi possível determinar os parâmetros de ativação da reação entre o ativador e o intermediário de alta energia (ΔH≠ = 11,1 kcal.mol-1, ΔS≠ = -3,14 cal.K-1 .mol-1, ΔG≠ = 12,1 kcal.mol-1) e estimar a concentração deste intermediário acumulado no sistema na ausência do ativador ([IAE]max ~ 2 µM). A correlação de energia livre entre os valores de KCAT e o potencial de oxidação do ativador utilizado mostrou-se linear e CAT permitiu a obtenção do coeficiente de transferência de elétron (α = 0,2), indicando claramente a ocorrência de uma transferência de elétron do ativador para o IAE no passo de quimiexcitação da reação peróxi-oxalato, de acordo com o mecanismo CIEEL postulado para este sistema. / In this work, the synthesis, purification and characterization by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy of three 1,2-dioxetanes, including two new derivatives, containing the spiro-fenchyl (2-spiro-1,3,3-trimethyl- bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl) moiety as substituent is reported. The precursor enol- ethers to these 1,2-dioxetanes were prepared by a new synthetic pathway (a modification of the Barton-Kellogg coupling procedure), based on the reaction between a thionoester and a diazo-compound, producing a heterocyclic intermediate which, after a two-fold extrusion of nitrogen and sulfur, yields highly encumbered enol-ethers in high yields when compared to other classical methods. The activation parameters of these 1,2-dioxetanes were determined, showing their elevated thermal stability, which is, however, lower than that of the analog spiro-adamantyl-substituted derivatives. The fluoride induced decomposition of the 1,2-dioxetane bearing a 3-silyloxyphenyl moiety occurs with high chemiluminescence quantum yields and activation parameters, comparable to those of the corresponding spiro-adamantyl- substituted analogous. Thus, fenchyl-substituted 1,2-dioxetanes could be useful as substrates in immunoassays. Furthermore, the direct observation of the interaction between an activator and the high-energy intermediate (HEI) in the peroxyoxalate system, is reported here for the first time, using delayed addition of the activator to the reaction mixture containing oxalyl chloride and hydrogen peroxide. This methodology allows the determination of rate constants for -1 - the unimolecular (kD = 0,023 s-1 ) and catalyzed (kCAT = 63,5 to 172000 M-1.s-1 decomposition of the high-energy intermediate for several activators. Additionally, it was possible to determine the activation parameters for the reaction between the activator and the high-energy intermediate (ΔH≠ = 11.1 kcal.mol-1, ΔS≠ = -3.14 cal.K-1.mol-1 , ΔG≠ = 12.1 kcal.mol-1) and estimate the concentration of this high-energy intermediate accumulated in the system in the absence of activator ([HEI]max = 2 µM). The free-energy relationship between the kCAT values and the oxidation potential of the activator showed CAT to be linear, with an electron-transfer coefficient of α = 0,2, showing the occurrence of an electron transfer from the activator to the HEI, in agreement with the CIEEL mechanism postulated for this system.

Thesis (M. Min.)--Cincinnati Bible College & Seminary, 2003. / Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-115).

There is a strong concern about how water resources will be affected by future climate change. Investigation of how a hydrologic system might respond to climate change, however, requires a detailed understanding of the controls on and factors that might affect that system. The research presented in this dissertation focuses on improving the understanding of the Barton Springs segment of the Edwards aquifer in central Texas. The first three chapters of this dissertation present research investigating spatial and temporal controls on groundwater geochemistry. The fourth chapter focuses on characterizing and understanding the controls on long-term hydrologic variability by reconstructing past climate from a speleothem (cave mineral deposit) collected from a central Texas cave. On spatial scales, Edwards aquifer groundwater geochemistry is influenced by water-rock interaction (calcite and dolomite recrystallization, gypsum dissolution, and calcite precipitation) and mixing between fresh groundwater and saline groundwater. On temporal scales, variation in groundwater geochemistry is dictated by the extent to which fresh groundwater mixes with recharging stream water. The degree of mixing is sensitive to changes in climate conditions (i.e., more mixing under wetter conditions) and type of flow path (i.e., conduit or diffuse) that dominantly supplies a given site. The geochemistry of stream water, which provides the majority of recharge to the aquifer, is degrading over time and indirectly controlled by anthropogenic sources under both wet and dry conditions. Climate reconstructed from a speleothem suggests that central Texas moisture conditions were relatively constant from the mid to late Holocene (0 to 7 ka), except for an extended dry interval from 0.5 to 1.5 ka. Speleothem δ18O values spike during this dry interval, suggesting that decreases in Pacific-derived moisture or decreased tropical storm activity might have been coincident with the prolonged dry interval. This research has improved understanding of the natural variability of and controls on physical and geochemical components of hydrologic system in central Texas. / text

Thesis (M.A.)--Abilene Christian University, 1995. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [72-76]).