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Univ., Diss.--Basel, 1998.

This thesis is devoted to examining the legal framework for, and efficacy of, the implementation of the Basel III framework that governs capital, liquidity and market disclosure standards. It is set against the backdrop of the 2007 to 2008 financial crisis and attempts to unpack the myriad challenges associated with current efforts to harmonise international risk regulation standards in the context of legal diversity. These challenges are sharply illustrated in the context of Saudi Arabia's Islamic legal system and its uneasy relationship with the government's ongoing attempts to subject Saudi banks to the Basel III authored market and risk regulation disciplines. Paralleling the growth of Islamic (equity driven) finance markets worldwide, Islamic banks in Saudi Arabia now compete in the global market for conventional (debt centred) banking products. The growth of, and demand for, conventional financial services in Saudi Arabia highlights the duality of the Saudi legal system and its banking sector, despite apparent divergences between conventional and Islamic finance models, legally and normatively. These divergences manifest themselves, both in the differential treatment of Islamic and conventional banking customs and norms in the context of the overall Saudi legal system, and in respect of the general suitability of the conventional basis of the Basel regulatory model as applied to Islamic finance contexts and instruments. The thesis will challenge the convention that Islamic financial practices are self-evidently less risk averse, or more ethical, than their conventional alternatives. In a second step, this thesis will consider whether the national implementation of Basel III standards provides Saudi banks with sufficient protection against future threats to the stability of the country's Saudi market-economy in periods of economic volatility. These aims will be synthesised to provide an overarching analysis of the 'gaps' in Saudi banking institutions and applicable law. Comparing the Saudi banking regime with the dual banking sector in Malaysia, this thesis will conclude with a defence of strengthened corporate governance regulation, transparency and 'rule of law' reforms in Saudi Arabia's legal system. These recommendations should be further accompanied by concrete efforts to formulate, and, more effectively, reconcile, local and Islamic disclosure and accountability related standards with Basel III-approved technical measures on risk-mitigation and measurement.

Cílem této diplomové práce je zmapování dopadů implementace BASEL II na poskytování úvěrů, a to zejména malým a středním podnikům, a na základě této analýzy poskytnout základní rady, jak by se malé a střední podniky měli těmto změnám přizpůsobit. Hlavní důraz je kladem na malé a střední podniky z toho důvodu, že u nich je dopad BASEL II předpokládán jako nejcitelnějším vzhledem ke skutečnosti, že si nemohou z důvodu svých omezených zdrojů dostatečně personálně ošetřit rizikový management a nemohou si ani dovolit najmout specializovanou poradenskou firmu, která by jim příslušné procesy zavedla. Diplomová práce je členěna do několika kapitol. V úvodu se zabývá především posledním vývojem v bankovnictví v oblasti řízení rizik, důvody, proč jsou rizika v bankách řízena a rozdělením rizik. Jsou zde také popsána pravidla řízení rizik stanovené Basilejskou komisí pro bankovní dohled. V další části je popsán dopad BASEL II na poskytování úvěrů malým a středním podnikům. Je zde nastíněn obecný proces poskytování úvěrů v bankách a pravidla, kterými se banky při poskytování úvěrů řídí, a to s ukázáním změn způsobených novou basilejskou kapitálovou dohodou (NBCA - New Basel Capital Accord Basel II). Dále je zde popsáno několik pravidel, kterými by se měl zájemce o úvěr řídit.

Små och medelstora företag (SME) utgjorde 2010 en andel på 99,8% av alla företag i Sverige och bankerna är en viktig källa till finansiering för SMEs. På grund av bankernas betydelseskapade Baselkommittén för banktillsyn 1988 internationella regelverk som medförde ett kapitaltäckningskrav på 8% till banker. Kapitaltäckningskravet skulle kunna täcka oförutsägbara förluster vid en finanskris, vilket bidrar till att banksektorn är en av de mest reglerade branscherna i världen. 2006 skapades Basel II vilket för banker medförde svårigheter att bedöma kredit till och risker med SMEs. Basel II skapade en oro att kostnaderna skulle öka för kredit till SMEs och oron finns fortfarande kvar vid införandet av Basel III, vilket i sin tur kan försämra kreditvillkoren till SMEs. Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva bankernas arbetssätt med kreditbedömning av SMEs i nuläget, analysera och tolka hur Basel III kan påverka bankernas arbetssätt med kreditbedömning av SMEs, ge förståelse för hur Basel III kan påverka bankernas attityd till kreditbedömning av SMEs, på grund av ökade kapitaltäckningskrav. För att kunna genomföra studien användes en kvantitativ metod där en webbenkät skickades ut till 790 respondenter på tre av de största nationella bankerna i Sverige på villkor om anonymitet. Av 790 respondenter var det 150 som svarade fullständigt på webbenkäten, vilket medför en svarsfrekvens på 19%. Resultatet visar att Basel III kommer att fullgöra syftet att skapa finansiell stabilitet i banksektorn men kommer att försvåra möjligheten för SMEs att få gynnsamma krediter. / In 2010, small and medium sized enterprises (SME) represented a share of 99,8 percent of all firms in Sweden. For these SMEs, banks are an important source of financing. Because of the significance of the banks, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision created international regulations in 1988, which resulted in a capital adequacy of 8% for banks. The Capital adequacy should cover unforeseen losses in a financial crisis, which make the banking sector to be one of the most regulated industries in the world. In 2006, Basel II was created, which made it difficult to evaluate the credit and risk with SMEs. Basel II created a fear that costs for credit to SMEs would increase, and the worry is still there present, even at the introduction of Basel III, which implies the possibility of weakened credit conditions for SMEs. The purpose of this thesis is to describe banks’ operation of credit appraisals to SMEs today, analyze and interpret how Basel III may affect banks’ operation of credit appraisals to SMEs, and to understand how Basel III may affect banks’ attitude towards credit appraisals to SMEs, due to increasing capital requirements. To perform this thesis, a quantitative method is used by using a web survey, which was sent to 790 respondents in three of the major national banks in Sweden on condition of anonymity. Of the 790 respondents there were 150 who returned a complete survey response. This gives a response rate of 19%. The result shows that Basel III will fulfill the purpose of creating financial stability in the banking sector but will complicate the ability of SMEs to obtain favorable credit.

Finansiella kriser kostar marknaden flera miljarder kronor. 1974 bildades Baselkommittén för att försöka förhindra framtida kriser. Kommittén har kommit fram till flera regelverk som hela tiden förbättras. De svenska bankerna blir tvungna att anpassa sig till regelverken, vilket påverkar flera aktörer. Med denna studie skall vi undersöka vilka konsekvenser Basel III:s nya kapitalkrav och likviditetskrav kan få på de svenska storbankerna och deras privatkunder. Resultat av studien visar att likviditetskrav är nödvändigt för att banker skall ha tillräckligt med likvida medel samt undvika bankkriser under t.ex. en lågkonjunktur. Regel-verkets likviditetskrav kommer inte ha en signifikant påverkan hos de svenska storbankerna. Bankerna har inte problem med att anskaffa mer likviditet. De svenska storbankerna har stora mängder eget kapital, hög lönsamhet och starka statsfinanser. Samtliga storbanker uppfyller redan de föreslagna kapital-täckningskraven. De svenska storbankerna kommer inte påverkas negativt av de nya kapitalkraven. / Financial market crises cost several billion dollars. In 1974 the Basel Committee was founded to  prevent future crises. The Committee has come up with several regulations that are continuously improved. The Swedish banks are forced to adapt to the regulations, which affect several actors. In this study, we examine what consequences the Basel III's new capital and liquidity requirements may have on the major Swedish banks and their retail customers. Results show that liquidity requirements are necessary for banks to have sufficient liquidity and prevent bank crises during a recession. The liquidity requirements will not have a significant impact at the major Swedish banks. The banks have no problems to raise more liquidity.      The major Swedish banks have large amounts of equity, high profitability and strong public finances. All the major banks already meet the proposed capital adequacy requirements. The major Swedish banks will not be adversely affected by the new capital requirements.

To follow the trend of internationalization and to meet the enforcement of New Basel Capital Accord (which call BASEL II), our government is aggressively promoting financial reform. The major objectives of twice financial reform are to promote the merger of financial institutions and to attract overseas investment. Furthermore, It make financial institutions being more international competitiveness. However, since its had been performed, it occurred many abuses, including a series of running on banks, illegal acquisition and merger and misappropriation of funds, etc. It shows up the incomplete supervision and poor performance of Taiwan's financial supervisory system again. Therefore, the proper financial supervisory system must be developed to stabilize Taiwan's finance and make people be competitive in the globe. The thesis focuses on the impact of twice financial reform and refers to financial reform and relative financial supervisory systems of various countries (such as EU, USA, Japan, and Korea, etc.)which link with us. To explore the issues of Taiwan's financial supervisory system generated from new banking environment, and to provide suggestion of future financial supervisory system, then more sound financial supervisory system can be developed and the twice financial reform can be guided to its right way. It is true that only the proper and sound financial supervisory system can really accomplish financial reform.