From the electrical engineering perspective, this thesis addresses the design and implementation of the conversion process from a hybrid electric to a full function electric vehicle (FFEV). The architecture selection process and main components of an electric vehicle (EV) are described, and an exhaustive literature review on the controller area network (CAN) is presented. The electrical and control system integration strategy is explained, along with the model-based algorithm programmed into the vehicle integration module (VIM). Emulating electronic control units (ECUs) from the original powertrain and controlling additional ones for the electrical drivetrain through CAN bus, along with keeping the same functionalities of a typical production vehicle makes this vehicle conversion similar to a factory built model. Finally, the tests and results originating from this conversion to a full electric powertrain are discussed. The vehicle features a 83.5 kWh Li-ion battery built in-house, resulting in an estimated range of 482 km.

This series of studies reports on the prospective and concurrent relation of attachment to a narrative based assessment of the five year old child's internal world. It relies on the exploration of a relatively new research measure designed to explore the internal world of the young child. No published studies have yet investigated the validity of this measure in relation to thoroughly tested measures of attachment patterns in infants and parents. Additionally, this study will investigate the independent contributions of mother and father. The first two chapters review the literature and introduce the instruments to be used. The initial chapter examines the theoretical points of view regarding the internal world and mental representations from the perspective of psychoanalytic, cognitive and attachment theory. It then discusses the move to a level of representation in attachment research that has made the current study possible. Chapter Two considers the history of the technique of doll play as a research tool and examines the scant research that has been published using the MacArthur Story Stem Battery. Chapter Three responds to a need for psychometric information regarding the MacArthur Story Stem Battery and the corresponding MacArthur Narrative Coding System by reporting on the construction of reliable and valid factors/scales. Subsequent chapters present these scales associations to demographic variables collected before the birth and during the infancy of the target children. Later chapters report on the longitudinal and concurrent associations between the scales with categories of infant-parent, child-parent and parental representations of attachment security and with parental assessments of child problem behaviours utilizing the reliable and validated Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL). In addition, an attempt is made to construct theoretical profiles of secure and insecure children's responses to the story stem battery and to apply these profiles to the four groups of attachment patterns in the sample. The discussion focuses upon the creation of psychometrically valid scales relevant to important aspects of the child's internal world. It also concentrates upon discussing the confirmed and unconfirmed results of the application of these scales to this low-risk, non-clinical sample of the London Parent-Child Project.

With increasing emphasis on renewable energy sources and efficient energy use, energy storage devices, and in particular electrochemical storage devices, are becoming more prevalent. In order to interface batteries to systems, converters are used to maintain the desired voltage, current or power. In this thesis, we explore the response of the battery to commonly seen current waveforms to understand the impact of the converter on the battery. An electrochemical model of the electrode-electrolyte is studied to first understand its operating principles and then to pinpoint the causes of the observed battery response. A circuit was built to test the response of the battery to current waveforms. Experiments consisting of constant current, triangular and sinusoidal currents of varying frequency and ripple currents, and pulsed currents were conducted. Using electrochemical principles, an explanation of the results is presented along with the impact of the experimental results on converter design specifications.

With increasing emphasis on renewable energy sources and efficient energy use, energy storage devices, and in particular electrochemical storage devices, are becoming more prevalent. In order to interface batteries to systems, converters are used to maintain the desired voltage, current or power. In this thesis, we explore the response of the battery to commonly seen current waveforms to understand the impact of the converter on the battery. An electrochemical model of the electrode-electrolyte is studied to first understand its operating principles and then to pinpoint the causes of the observed battery response. A circuit was built to test the response of the battery to current waveforms. Experiments consisting of constant current, triangular and sinusoidal currents of varying frequency and ripple currents, and pulsed currents were conducted. Using electrochemical principles, an explanation of the results is presented along with the impact of the experimental results on converter design specifications.

This thesis details electrical and physical measurements of pulsed laser deposition-applied thin film coatings of Alumina, Ceria, and Yttria-stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) on a LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC) cathode in a Lithium ion battery. Typical NMC cathodes exhibit problems such as decreased rate performance and an opportunity for increased capacity exists by raising operation voltage beyond the electrolyte stability window. Very thin (~10 nm) coatings of stable oxides provide a pathway to solve both problems. As well, the electrochemical impedance spectra of the uncoated and coated cells were measured after different numbers of cycles to reveal the property variation in the cathode. Further understanding of the mechanism of rate performance enhancement and chemical protection by thin oxide coatings will continue to improve battery capability and open up new applications. Ceria-coated Li-NMC cells show the best capacity and rate performance in battery testing. Through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the surface film resistance was found to remain stable or even drop slightly after repeated cycling at high voltage. CeO2 is proposed as a coating for Lithium ion battery cathodes owing to its high chemical stability and the demonstrated but not yet well understood electrical conductivity. Alumina-coated cathode shows comparable performance as that of the uncoated cell in the early stage of the test, but through the course of testing the rate capability and recoverable capacity is improved. This is possibly due to Al2O3?s well-known abilities as HF scavenger and chemically inert nature. YSZ-coated cathode performs worse than the uncoated ones in terms of capacity, rate capability, and EIS-related figures of merit. The reason for the poor performance is not yet known, and repeatability tests are under way to verify performance. High voltage cycling reveals no obvious difference in irreversible loss between the coated or uncoated cells. The reason for the lack of distinction could be the relatively small percentage of surface coating compared to the thick doctor-blade processed cathode layer.

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-121). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis, PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1967. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Delaware, 2010. / Principal faculty advisor: . Includes bibliographical references.

In connection to the increasing awareness of vehicles and its impact on the environment, the interest in the electric vehicle market has shown a significant growth in the recent years. According to forecasts, it is also projected to increase further in the future. These electric vehicles are driven by lithium-ion batteries with an expected service life of 5-15 years depending on different technology generations and design concepts. After the given service life, the battery has lost approximately 20 percent of its capacity and is no longer permitted to be used in its original application area again, out of safety reasons. Although the retired battery pack is not suitable for vehicles, its remaining capacity can still be utilized in other applications. Hence, the term second life has become a common subject in the automotive industry, where companies are trying to find new application areas for the retired electric vehicle battery packs. Common methods regarding second life of electric vehicle batteries are processes such as remanufacturing, repurposing and re-use. These presented second life methods are from a reverse logistics perspective. Second life alternatives enable a better sustainability and reduces the environmental impact by re-using and recycling existing materials.   In this thesis, the authors examined different second life concepts with the same prerequisite, an electric vehicle lithium-ion battery pack with an energy capacity of 20 kWh. The project has been conducted in a company that is one of the leading manufacturers in the heavy-duty industrial vehicle industry, which currently is developing their electric vehicle machines. Several different concepts have been generated and analysed to find the most applicable business model concepts from a second life perspective. The purpose has been to investigate and calculate which of these business model concepts are most feasible from an economic and a reverse logistics perspective. In order to fulfil the purpose, the following research questions have been formulated:   RQ1: Which secondary use business model concepts are feasible for battery packs of electrified machines? RQ2: Out of the above identified concepts, which business model concept is economically feasible and how can its reverse logistic be composed?   In order to answer the research questions, the authors have analysed different cost aspects and forecasts based on existing research and case company data. This is performed to develop the most profitable concepts based on the collected data, where the generated ideas concluded in three final concepts. For these concepts, individual business model canvases were created to illustrate all important parts of the concepts. The thesis resulted in an economic analysis of the three concepts, visualizing function diagrams and comparing them to each other, to identify the most applicable concept for the case company. The remanufacturing concept proved to be the most applicable one, where its associated reverse logistics and recycling process were investigated and determined. In conclusion the thesis can firstly contribute to future research by the created process map that companies can use and apply in their second life process, correlated to the managerial implications. Secondly, the remanufacturing concept can be a potential future investment for the case company, considering all valuable factors that have been analysed throughout the thesis.     Keywords: Battery pack, Battery secondary use, Business model, Reverse logistic, ESS, Remanufacturing, Battery repurposing, re-use, Battery second life economic analysis.