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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Transplante experimental, subcutâneo e intraperitoneal, de ovário em suínos: estudo histomorfométrico e imunoistoquímico / Experimental transplantation, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal, ovary in pigs: immunohistochemical and histomorphometric study

Lia Cruz Vaz da Costa Damásio 26 July 2011 (has links)
O transplante autólogo de tecido ovariano constitui alternativa relevante na preservação da fertilidade e da função hormonal ovariana em mulheres sujeitas à falência ovariana prematura e infertilidade, por causas malignas, tratamentos adjuvantes ou cirurgias. É a única opção para crianças, fase pré-puberal e para mulheres que não podem retardar a quimioterapia ou não podem ser submetidas à estimulação do ciclo. O transplante ovariano autólogo pode ser, quanto ao local de reimplantação, ortotópico ou heterotópico e, quanto à conservação, a fresco ou após o período de criopreservação. As várias etapas envolvidas neste transplante são estudadas mundialmente na atualidade, como a retirada e preservação do tecido ovariano, as técnicas de criopreservação, o local apropriado para o reimplante e as possibilidades de redução da perda folicular. A avaliação da apoptose - morte celular programada - é útil na avaliação da rejeição e viabilidade dos enxertos de transplantes estabelecidos na prática clínica, tanto autólogos como heterólogos. Com o intuito de utilizar animais de maior porte, conseguir seguimento de médio prazo e realizar os procedimentos cirúrgicos por via laparoscópica, padrão ouro em humanos, o presente estudo utilizou como modelo experimental fêmeas suínas, em idade reprodutiva, da raça Minipig. Este projeto teve como propósito avaliar a influência da criopreservação e do local de implante na qualidade e na viabilidade do transplante autólogo de ovário, a fresco e após criopreservação, no tecido celular subcutâneo e na região intraperitoneal peri-infundibular. Foram avaliados a quantidade e a densidade folicular dos implantes e os aspectos morfológicos e histomorfométricos, bem como a apoptose, por meio da imunoexpressão de proteínas proapoptóticas- Bax e antiapoptóticas-Bcl-2, além da Caspase 3-clivada, fase final das vias extrínseca e intrínseca dos mecanismos de apoptose.Quarenta animais foram divididos em cinco grupos: Controle com ooforectomia (Grupo I), ooforectomia e transplante a fresco subcutâneo (Grupo II), a ooforectomia e transplante fresco intraperitoneal (Grupo III), ooforectomia e transplante criopreservado subcutâneo (Grupo IV) e ooforectomia e transplante criopreservado intraperitoneal (GrupoV). Os resultados mostraram que independente da técnica empregada, havia folículos em desenvolvimento e corpos lúteos em todos os tecidos ovarianos transplantados; que a contagem de folículos antrais não degenerados foi menor nos grupos após criopreservação em relação ao grupo controle e que a imunoexpressão sugestiva de apoptose ocorreu em todos os grupos transplantados, sendo maior nos transplantes intraperitoneais. Concluiu-se que a técnica utilizada para o transplante de ovário e criopreservação foi viável no modelo suíno, em tecido celular subcutâneo e na região intraperitoneal peri-infundibular. O transplante autólogo heterotópico subcutâneo apresentou melhores taxas de apoptose que o transplante ortotópico. / Autotransplantation of ovarian tissue is an important alternative to preserve fertility and hormonal ovarian function in women undergoing ovarian failure and premature infertilidade, because of cancer or surgery. It is the only option for infants, pre-pubertal patients and for women who can not delay chemotherapy or not may be subjected to stimulation of the cycle. The various steps involved in the transplant are studied worldwide today, as the removal and preservation of ovarian tissue, the techniques of cryopreservation, the appropriate site and mechanisms to reduce follicular loss. Assessment of apoptosis - programmed cell death-is useful in the study of the viability of the grafts and rejection of transplants established in clinical practice, both autologous and heterologous. In order to use larger animals, getting following medium term (over 21 days) and to perform surgical procedures by laparoscopy (gold standard in humans), this study used an experimental model sows, reproductive age, Minipig race. This project aims to evaluate the influence of cryopreservation and implantation site of the quality and viability of ovarian autografts, fresh and after cryopreservation, at subcutaneous site and at intraperitoneal site. We analyzed the quantity and density of follicular implants and the morphological and histomorphometric as well as apoptosis, by proteins immunoexpression antiapoptotic and proapoptotic. Forty animals were divided into five groups: Control with oophorectomy (Group I), oophorectomy and fresh transplantation to subcutaneous site (Group II), oophorectomy and fresh transplantation to intraperitoneal site (Group III), oophorectomy and transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue to subcutaneous site (Group IV) and oophorectomy and transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue to intraperitoneal site (Group V). We concluded that the autologous ovarian transplantation was feasible in the technical proposals, in subcutaneous and intraperitoneal site in the porcine model; that regardless of the technique, there was developing follicles and corpora lutea in all ovarian tissue transplanted; that antral non-degenerate follicle count was lower in groups after cryopreservation that in the control group and that the immunoexpression of apotposis occurred in all transplanted groups, more evident in intraperitoneal transplants
62

Estudo epidemiolÃgico e imunohistoquÃmico com BAX, BCL-2 E P27 em carcinoma espinocelular invasivo da boca / Epidemiological and immunohistochemical study with BAX, BCL-2 and P27 in invasive oral squamous cell carcinoma

TarcÃsio Teobaldo Bezerra 28 September 2007 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Avaliou-se a expressÃo das proteÃnas bax, bcl-2 e P27 no carcinoma espinocelular invasivo da cavidade bucal atravÃs da tÃcnica da imunohistoquÃmica para conhecer-se o perfil apoptÃtico destes tumores. Buscou-se detectar os fatores epidemiolÃgicos e o comportamento clÃnico dos pacientes acometidos por esta neoplasia. Procurou-se empregar parÃmetros estatÃsticos diferentes do odds ratio para comparaÃÃes posteriores. Analisando-se quarenta e oito pacientes da Santa Casa da MisericÃrdia de Fortaleza, Cearà foi possÃvel conhecer os fatores sexo, escolaridade, renda familiar, tabagismo (forma e tempo de consumo,tempo de abandono, quantidade consumida), etilismo(tipo de bebida, tempo de consumo, quantidade consumida, freqÃÃncia). Com a anÃlise do laudo histopatolÃgico da peÃa cirÃrgica soube-se das informaÃÃes referentes ao tumor em si (localizaÃÃo, gradaÃÃo histolÃgica, tamanho, linfonodos envolvidos). Obteve-se fragmentos da peÃas cirÃrgicas e foram confeccionadas lÃminas para a verificaÃÃo da invasividade atravÃs da coloraÃÃo em hematoxilina e eosina. Em seguida foi realizada a reaÃÃo de imunohistoquÃmica foi pelo mÃtodo da estrepto-avidina-biotina-peroxidase objetivando-se avaliar a expressÃo das proteÃnas supracitadas. As lÃminas com marcaÃÃo positiva foram submetidas a contagem de no mÃnimo mil cÃlulas e este resultado foi empregado nos mÃtodos LI (Labelling Index) e HS(HScore). A avaliaÃÃo dos resultados foi atravÃs de mÃtodos descritivos, sendo os testes realizados o qui-quadrado e o teste exato de Fisher com nÃvel de significÃncia a dez por cento.Os resultados apontaram uma mÃdia de idade de cinqÃenta e sete anos e o maior nÃmero de indivÃduos do sexo masculino, analfabetos, com renda familiar de um salÃrio-mÃnimo na sua maioria. A forma de consumo de tabaco, em maior nÃmero encontrada, foi o cigarro industrializado com vinte anos de consumo. A ingestÃo de bebidas destiladas superou a de fermentadas com mÃdia de vinte anos. O soalho bucal foi a localizaÃÃo com maior nÃmero de casos, com uma mÃdia de tamanho de trÃs e meio centÃmetros, o estadiamento patolÃgico predominante foi o pT2, com gradaÃÃo histolÃgica moderadamente diferenciada em maior quantidade. Dentre os cruzamentos realizados, houve correlaÃÃo estatÃstica entre o tamanho de tumores com as faixas etÃrias(P=0,084 para α=10%); tamanho dos tumores com envolvimento de linfonodos(P=0,085 para α=10%); sexo dos pacientes com envolvimento dos linfonodos (P=0,03 para α=10%). Os resultados das reaÃÃes de imunohistoquÃmica mostraram um maior percentual de casos positivos para bax (77,1%) seguido de P27(45,9%) e bcl-2 (16,6%). As mÃdias dos LI encontradas apontaram bax com 67, 766; seguida de bcl-2 com 10,804; e P27 com 7,989. Cruzando-se os H-scores dos marcadores entre si encontrou-se correlaÃÃo positiva entre bax e P27 (0,245 na correlaÃÃo de Pearson). Os parÃmetros estatÃsticos avaliados foram: mÃdia e seu erro padrÃo; mediana; moda; desvio padrÃo; curtose e seu erro padrÃo; mÃnimo; mÃximo e quartis. Os resultados mostram uma tendÃncia a apoptose nos carcinomas espinocelulares bucais / The evaluation of the expression of bax, bcl-2 and p27 proteins at invasive squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity was done using the immunohistochemistry technique to know about apoptotic profile of these neoplasms. The epidemiological factors and the clinical behavior of the patients were detected, too. Statistical parameters different from odds ratio was employed for future comparisons. Forty-eight patients from Santa Casa da MisericÃrdia de Fortaleza, CearÃ, Brazil was analyzed and with this analysis was possible to know the prognostic factors: sex of patients, instruction grade, familiar gains, tobacco consumption (form of consumption, duration of consumption, period of forsaking and quantity consumed), alcohol consumption (nature of drinking, duration of consumption, period of forsaking, quantity consumed, periodicity). In a posterior moment, with the histopathological report from the surgical specimen was possible to know about localization of neoplasm, size of neoplasm, histological grade, nodes involvement and invasiveness. Pieces of the neoplasm were achieved from surgical specimen and glass slides were done to analyze the invasiveness by hematoxilin-eosin coloration. After the immunohistochemistry reaction by streptoavidin biotin technique was done to evaluate the expression of proteins above. The glass slides with positive reaction were submitted under a counting and, at least, one thousand cells were counted. The results from counting were submitted under the LI(Labelling Index) and HS(H Score) methods. The evaluation of the results was made using descriptive methods and the statistical tests were qui-square and Fisherâs exact test with 10% significance. The results showed the mean age was 57 years old, more males than females, analphabets and one minimum wage the mean familiar gain. The main form of tobacco consumption was industrialized cigarette with 20 years of consumption. The swallow of distillers drinking was bigger than fermentation ones with 20 years of drinking at mean. The floor of the mouth was the anatomic site with more number of cases and the mean size of neoplasm was 1.4 inches. The preponderant pathological staging detected was pT2 and the preponderant histological grade was moderately differentiated. Among the cross tabs realized, there were statistical correlation between size of tumors and age (P=0.084; α=10%), between size of tumors and nodes involvement (P=0,085; α=10%), between sex of patients and nodes involvement (P=0.03; α=10%). The results from immunohistochemical reactions were more positive to bax (77.1% of positive cases), P27(45.9% of positive cases) and bcl-2 (16.6% of positive cases). The mean of LI showed bax at first position (67.766); second bcl-2 (10.804) and P27(7.989). The cross tabs among HS showed statistical positive correlation between bax and P27 (0.245 at Pearsonâs correlation). The statistical parameters were: mean and its standard error, median, mode, standard deviation, kurtosis and its standard error, minimum, maximum and percentiles. The conclusions showed apoptosis propensity at oral squamous cell carcinoma
63

Contribution of the adenine nucleotide carrier, porin, and sphingolipid metabolism to mitochondria membrane permeabilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Contribution du transporteur adénine nucléotide, porine, et du métabolisme des sphingolipides à la perméabilization de la membrane mitochondrial de saccharomyces cerevisiae

Martins Trindade, Dario 20 December 2013 (has links)
La perméabilisation de la membrane mitochondriale externe (MOMP) est un évènement décisif lors de la balance entre la vie et la mort de la cellule. Les évènements biochimiques responsables de la MOMP ne sont pas encore complètement définis. Deux mécanismes majeurs et distincts ont été impliqués dans le contrôle de la MOMP: i) l'action des protéines de la famille de Bcl-2, qui peuvent directement s'insérer dans la membrane mitochondriale externe (OMM) et induire l'ouverture de pores; et ii) le pore de transition de perméabilité (PTP), un canal non sélectif de la membrane mitochondriale interne, qui induit un gonflement des mitochondries à la suite d'une ouverture prolongée, suivie d'une éventuelle rupture de la MOM. L'intérêt croissant pour la biologie de la mort cellulaire, entretenu par des contributions significatives d'études sur la levure dans la compréhension des mécanismes biologiques de base, ont amené l'eucaryote unicellulaire Saccharomyces cerevisiae sur le devant de la scène. La levure est dépourvue de certains régulateurs majeurs de l'apoptose, mais possède cependant des homologues des facteurs pro-apoptotiques mitochondriaux, ainsi que des orthologues des composantes moléculaires généralement attribuées au PTP, notamment le l'échangeur ADP/ATP (AAC) et la Porine (Por1). Ces caractéristiques de S. cerevisiae, ainsi que la disponibilité d'outils moléculaires et génétiques, ont fourni une excellente opportunité d'étudier les membres de la famille de Bcl-2 dans un environnement contrôlé, ainsi que la contribution du PTP et de ses composantes à la mort cellulaire. Dans ce travail, la contribution des groupes thiol de l'AAC, leur oxydation, Por1, et la possible interaction entre ces deux protéines, ont été explorées au cours de la mort cellulaire de la levure induite par l'acide acétique. Nous avons observé que l'oxydation de Aac2p, notamment la formation de ponts disulfures, ne contribuait pas au programme de mort induit par l'acide acétique. Cette conclusion est soutenue par l'absence d'un profil particulier d'oxydation d'Aac2p. Néanmoins, il avait été précédemment démontré que l'AAC était requis pour la relocalisation du cytochrome c induite par l'acide acétique, et que son absence promouvait la survie des cellules de levure. Par contre, la délétion de Por1 diminue la viabilité de levures traitées par l'acide acétique. Il a été émis l'hypothèse que les deux protéines participent à la même voie de régulation de la mort cellulaire. Pour la tester, la relocalisation du cytochrome c a été mesurée dans des mitochondries isolées de cellules Δaac1/2/3, Δpor1 et Δaac1/2/3Δpor1 suite à l'exposition à l'acide acétique. Les données obtenues suggèrent que l'absence de Por1 n'affecte pas la relocalisation du cytochrome c pendant la mort cellulaire induite par l'acide acétique, mais pourrait être importante pour sa régulation. Quand à la fois AAC et Por1 sont absentes, les mitochondries de levure peuvent toujours relarguer le cytochrome c, suggérant l'existence d'un mécanisme indépendant de l'AAC. De plus, nous avons montré que les deux protéines ont des effets distincts dans les réponses cellulaires à différents stress. En effet, l'absence des AACs contribue à l'augmentation de la résistance au stress osmotique et de l'intégrité de la paroi cellulaire. Enfin, S.cerevisiae a été utilisé comme modèle pour étudier les aspects mécanistiques relatifs à la fonction des protéines de la famille de Bcl-2. Notamment, nous avons évalué le rôle des sphingolipides sur l'action du régulateur pro-apoptotique humain Bax. Nous avons montré que l'absence de Isc1p, une inositol phospholipase C qui dégrade les sphingolipides complexes en céramides chez la levure, favorise la viabilité de cellules de levures exprimant une forme active de Bax. Nous avons ensuite révélé que cet effet n'est pas associé à des modifications de l'activité de Bax. Il semblerait plutôt que cet effet soit lié aux conséquences cellulaires de l'action de Bax. / A decisive event in the cell’s life-or-death decision is the mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). The biochemical events responsible for MOMP, are not entirely defined. Two major and distinct mechanisms have been implicated in the control of MOMP: i) the action of Bcl-2 family proteins, which can directly engage the outer mitochondria membrane (OMM) and induce the opening of pores; and ii) the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP), an inner membrane unselective channel that induces mitochondria swelling upon long term openings, and eventual rupture of the OMM. The growing interest in cell death biology, fostered by the relevant contributions of yeast to the understanding of basic biological processes, brought the unicellular eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae into the scene. Yeast cells lack some of the major regulators of apoptosis but still possess homologues of mitochondrially enclosed pro-apoptotic factors, as well as orthologues of the molecular components generally ascribed to PTP, including the ADP/ATP carrier (AAC) and Porin (Por1). These particular features of S. cerevisiae, along with the availability of genetic and molecular tools, provided an excellent opportunity to study Bcl-2 family members in a “controlled” environment, or the contribution of the PTP and its components to cell death. In this work, the particular contribution of AAC’s thiol goups, its oxidation, Por1, and of a possible interaction between both proteins to acetic acid-induced yeast cell death, was explored. We observed that oxidative modifications of Aac2p, namely the crosslinking of thiols, do not contribute to the acetic acid-induced cell death program. Such idea is supported by the apparent absence of a particular Aac2p oxidation pattern. Nevertheless, the AAC was previously found to be required for acetic acid-induced cytochrome c release, and its absence promoted the survival of yeast cells. Deletion of Por1, on the other hand, decreased the viability of yeast cells treated with acetic acid. It was hypothesized that the two proteins could share the same pathway in the regulation of cell death. To test it, cytochrome c release was evaluated in mitochondria isolated from Δaac1/2/3, Δpor1 and Δaac1/2/3Δpor1 cells following acetic acid exposure. The data obtained suggest that absence of Por1 does not affect cytochrome c releaseduring acetic acid induced-death, but it may be important for its regulation. When both the AAC and Por1 were absent, yeast mitochondria could still release cytochrome c, raising the possibility of an AAC-independent mechanism. Furthermore, we found both proteins have distinct effects that regulate the cellular response to different stresses. Indeed, absence of the AACs somehow contributed to increased osmotic stress and cell wall resistance. Finally, S. cerevisiae was used as a model to study mechanistic aspects relative to the function of Bcl-2 family proteins. Namely, we assessed the role of sphingolipids in the action of the human pro-apoptotic regulator Bax. We found that absence of Isc1p, an inositol phospholipase C that degrades complex sphingolipids into ceramides in yeast, favored the viability of yeast cells expressing an active form of Bax. It was further revealed that this effect is not associated with changes to the action of Bax; rather, it might be related with the cellular consequences of Bax-action. A parallel with the effect of Uth1p absence in yeast cells expressing Bax suggests that the absence of Isc1p could affect the selective degradation of mitochondria by mitophagy, and thus produce a different cell death response. This work provides new insights into the physiological events underlying the contribution of mitochondrial proteins, previously associated with cell death responses, and sphingolipid metabolism to cell death induced by acetic acid and Bax, respectively. Once again, the yeast S. cerevisiae proved to be an excellent model for the research of cell life and death.
64

Apoptosis regulation via the mitochondrial pathway : membrane response upon apoptotic stimuli / Régulation de l'apoptose au niveau mitochondrial : réponse membranaire à des stimuli apoptotiques

Sani, Marc Antoine 07 November 2008 (has links)
Le but de cette thèse est de montrer la réponse de la membrane mitochondriale au cours la régulation de l’apoptose en étudiant l’effet de domaines clés sur la dynamique membranaire et l’importance de la composition phospholipidiques des modèles utilisés. Le domaine BH4 est la partie spécifique anti-apoptotique de la famille Bcl-2. La première étape a été de synthétiser le peptide par voie chimique en utilisant la synthèse peptidique en phase solide. Un protocole décrivant les étapes de purification par chromatographie liquide et de caractérisation par spectroscopie de masse, garantissant une pureté indispensable pour des études biophysiques, a été établi. La modification de la structure secondaire du peptide interagissant avec des vésicules a été étudiée par spectroscopie infrarouge ainsi que par dichroïsme circulaire. Le peptide s’agrège à la surface et s’insère peu profondément dans la partie hydrophobe de la membrane. En utilisant la résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) et la calorimétrie, il a été montré que le peptide BH4 modifie l’organisation et la dynamique des liposomes mimant la surface mitochondriale. La deuxième étude a porté sur la première hélice de la protéine pro-apoptotique Bax (Bax-a1) qui a la propriété de diriger la protéine cytosolique vers la mitochondrie. Un protocole de synthèse et purification a été à nouveau établi. Le but de cette étude est de démontrer le rôle de l’interaction spécifique entre la cardiolipine, un phospholipide uniquement présent dans la mitochondrie et le peptide Bax-a1. Les études RMN ont montré que Bax-a1 n’interagissait uniquement que si la cardiolipine était présente, produisant un fort effet électrostatique piégeant le peptide à la surface de la membrane. Enfin, un nouveau protocole permettant d’étudier la réponse des lipides de mitochondries isolées toujours actives par RMN est présenté. Le but est de pouvoir directement observer les modifications subies par chaque phospholipide de la mitochondrie. . / The aim of this thesis was the investigation of the mitochondrial response mechanisms upon apoptotic stimuli. The specific objectives were the biophysical characterization of membrane dynamics and the specific roles of lipids in the context of apoptotic regulation occurring at the mitochondrion and its complex membrane systems. The BH4 domain is an anti-apoptotic specific domain of the Bcl-2 protein. Solid phase peptide synthesis was used to produce large amount of the peptide for biophysical studies. A protocol has been established and optimized, guarantying the required purity for biophysical studies. In detail the purification by high performance liquid chromatography and the characterisation via mass spectroscopy are described. The secondary structure of BH4 changes significantly in the presence of lipid vesicles as observed by infrared spectroscopy and circular dichroism. The BH4 peptide aggregates at the membrane surface and inserts slightly into the hydrophobic part of the membrane. Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and calorimetry techniques, it could even be shown that the BH4 domain modifies the dynamic and organization of the liposomes which mimic a mitochondrial surface. The second study was on the first helix of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax. This sequence called Bax-a1 has the function to address the cytosolic Bax protein to the mitochondrial membrane upon activation. Once again a protocol has been established for the synthesis and purification of this peptide. The aim was to elucidate the key role of cardiolipin, a mitochondria-specific phospholipid, in the interaction of Bax-a1 with the mitochondrial membrane system. The NMR and circular dichroism studies showed that Bax-a1 interacts with the membrane models only if they contain the cardiolipin, producing a strong electrostatic lock effect which is located at the membrane surface. Finally, a new NMR approach was developed which allows the investigation of the lipid response of isolated active mitochondria upon the presence of apoptotic stimuli. The goal was there to directly monitor lipid specific the occurring changes during these physiological activities.
65

The dependence receptor TRKC : molecular mechanisms and involvement in tumorigenesis

Ichim, Gabriel 20 December 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Le récepteur à neurotrophine TRKC a initialement été montré comme induisant la mortcellulaire par apoptose en l'absence de son ligand, NT-3. Cette mort cellulaire a tout d'abordété décrite comme étant importante dans la régulation de la survie neuronale, pendant laformation du système nerveux sympathique. Plus tard, elle a été montrée comme étantimpliquée dans différents types de cancer.Au cours de ma thèse, je me suis concentré sur la caractérisation moléculaire de la cascade designalisation conduisant à l'induction de l'apoptose par TRKC. Afin d'induire l'apoptose, ledomaine intracellulaire de TRKC est clivé par les caspases en deux sites, ce qui entraine lagénération d'un fragment pro-apoptotique, TRKC KF (Killer Fragment). Plusieurs partenairespotentiels de TRKC KF ont été identifiés lors d'un crible double-hybride. Initialement, je mesuis focalisé sur l'un d'eux, COBRA1, un cofacteur de BRCA1.Je montre ici que COBRA1 est requis pour la mort cellulaire induite par TRKC, à la fois invitro et in vivo, dans des neurones primaires. COBRA1 semble stabiliser et accumuler TRKCKF à la mitochondrie, où TRKC KF entraine l'activation de BAX et ensuite le relargage ducytochrome c. En conclusion, il semblerait que la mort cellulaire induite par TRKC estdépendante de la voie apoptotique intrinsèque. J'ai aussi pris part à deux autres projets décrivant le rôle de TRKC comme un suppresseur de tumeur potentiel dans le neuroblastome et le cancer colorectal. Nous avons montré dans leneuroblastome que la fonction pro-apoptotique de TRKC est invalidée par une boucleautocrine de production de NT3, qui peut être ciblée lors d'une approche thérapeutique. Dansle cancer colorectal, nous avons décrit un second mécanisme par lequel les cellules tumoraleséchappent à l'apoptose induite par TrkC. Il s'agit d'une perte de l'expression de TrkC due àune hypermethylation du promoteur.
66

Etude des régions d'insertion membranaire des protéines de la famille Bcl-2 et conception de "poropetides" anticancéreux / Study of membrane-active regions of Bcl-2 family proteins and development of anticancer "poropeptides"

Garcia Valero, Juan 18 February 2011 (has links)
Les protéines de la famille Bcl-2 sont des régulateurs-clés de l’apoptose (mort cellulaire), qui agissent en contrôlant la perméabilisation de la membrane mitochondriale externe par un processus encore mal connu. La dérégulation des membres de cette famille est souvent associée à la progression tumorale et à la résistance à la chimiothérapie. Notre projet a cherché à éclaircir le mode d’action de ces protéines en se focalisant sur les déterminants structuraux régissant leur interaction avec les membranes biologiques. Les connaissances glanées ont permis (i) de mieux comprendre les déterminants à l’origine de la divergence évolutive entre membres pro- et anti-apoptotiques de la famille Bcl-2 ; (ii) d’ouvrir la voie à la conception de ‘poropeptides’ conçus sur le modèle des hélices d’insertion membranaire des protéines Bcl-2, et qui pourraient être utilisés pour induire l’apoptose de cellules tumorales ou des cellules endothéliales entourant les tumeurs. / Bcl-2 family proteins, which include pro- and antiapoptotic members, positively or negatively regulate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, i.e. a critical step in apoptosis. Over-expression of pro-survival members is associated with tumor progression and may be responsible for chemotherapy resistance. Detailed understanding of the precise mechanisms by which Bcl-2 family members control apoptosis is therefore of considerable therapeutic interest. The overall aim of our project was to delineate a structure-function relationship of Bcl-2 family proteins with emphasis on their membrane-active domains. This analysis has provided a basis (i) to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which different Bcl-2 proteins evolved opposite functions ; (i) to develop a new generation of pore-forming peptides targeting the mitochondrial outer membrane that may be used to kill neoplastic or tumor endothelial cells.
67

Réversion tumorale : étude fonctionnelle de TSAP6 et TCTP.

Lespagnol, Alexandra 15 April 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Mon travail de doctorat a consisté en l'étude de deux gènes, TSAP6 et TCTP, qui sont régulés de manière différentielle dans la réversion tumorale. Les protéines encodées par ces deux gènes interagissent et forment un complexe tant in vitro que in vivo. Mon objectif était de mieux comprendre la fonction biologique de ces deux gènes. Différentes approches ont été employées, notamment la cristallographie (TCTP), souris knockout (TSAP6 et TCTP) et études par mutagénèse dirigée (TSAP6 et TCTP). <br />Les souris knockout pour le gène tsap6 présentent une anémie microcytaire. Nous démontrons que cette anémie est due à un retard de maturation des réticulocytes ainsi qu'à une sécrétion défectueuse du récepteur à la Transferrine par les exosomes. Étant donné que le gène TSAP6 est une cible transcriptionnelle directe de la p53, nous avons voulu analyser la sécrétion des exosomes suite à une stimulation de p53 (par rayon X ou Actinomicine D). Nous montrons qu'en l'absence de TSAP6, on ne parvient pas à stimuler une sécrétion des exosomes. De manière plus générale ces expériences ont démontré que le gène TSAP6 avait in vivo un rôle prédominant dans la sécrétion des exosomes, y compris suite à l'activation de la p53. <br />Nous avons surtout étudié le rôle que joue TCTP dans l'apoptose. La délétion du gène tctp dans les souris knockout est létale en provoquant une augmentation de l'apoptose au cours de l'embryogenèse. Cette mort embryonnaire se produit entre les 6,5ème et 9,5ème jours du développement. La détermination de la structure de la protéine TCTP par cristallographie avec une résolution de 2A montre que la protéine humaine est très homologue à celle de s.pombe. De plus, nous avons observé suite à une analyse informatique une homologie de structure entre les hélices H2 et H3 de TCTP et les hélices H5 et H6 de BAX, une protéine pro-apoptotique impliquée dans la perméabilité de la membrane mitochondriale. On a démontré que grâce à ces deux hélices, TCTP effectue son action anti-apoptotique et inhibe la dimérisation de BAX à la membrane des mitochondries, empêchant ainsi l'apoptose.<br />Nous montrons également que la Sertraline et la Thioridazine, qui induisent la mort des cellules tumorales et une baisse concomitante de TCTP, se lient directement à TCTP et empêchent ainsi la formation du complexe TSAP6-TCTP.
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Insight into the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway : The interplay of the pro-apoptotic Bax protein with oxidized phospholipids and its counterplayer, the pro-survival Bcl-2 protein

Wallgren, Marcus January 2012 (has links)
Apoptosis plays a crucial role in multicellular organisms by preserving tissue homeostasis and removing harmful cells. The anti-apoptotic B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) act as major regulators of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Activation of Bax via stress signals causes its translocation to the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM). There, Bax forms homo-oligomeric pores, leading to the release of apoptogenic factors, caspase activation and ultimately cell death. However, the underlying mechanism for the recruitment and pore forming activity of Bax is still not elucidated. Nevertheless, the mitochondrial membrane system seems to play an active and crucial role, presumably being directly involved in the onset of the mitochondrial apoptosis. Since the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a common stress signal and one of the hallmarks of the mitochondrial apoptosis, direct damage can occur to these membranes by the generation of oxidized phospholipids (OxPls), whose presence can crucially influence the pro-apoptotic action of Bax there. To better understand the impact of OxPls on membranes as well as their potential role in the mitochondrial apoptotic process, defined OxPl species were incorporated into phospholipid vesicles and studied with various biophysical techniques. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used to gain insight into changes in membrane properties in the presence of OxPls. In addition to circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, DSC and solid state NMR were furthermore performed to elucidate the impact of OxPls on Bax-membrane interactions. The occurrence of OxPls gave rise to dramatic changes in membrane organization and dynamics, manifested as lateral phase separation into OxPl-rich and -poor domains and modified hydration at the membrane interface. The presence of OxPls also had a great impact on the interaction between Bax and mitochondria-mimicking vesicles, strongly promoting the association of the protein with the membrane. At the MOM, Bax is believed to be inhibited by Bcl-2. How this inhibition occurs is still a mystery due to the lack of biophysical information on Bcl-2, in particular on the full-length protein variant. Since Bcl-2 is also one of the main culprits in the progression of various forms of cancer, knowledge of the structural and mechanistic properties of the full-length protein is essential for a fundamental understanding of its function at a molecular level. To this end, a method for the production of full-length Bcl-2 was developed. By performing cell-free protein synthesis, preparative amounts of the protein were obtained, which enabled a biophysical characterization of the putative interaction between Bax and Bcl-2 using CD and fluorescence spectroscopy. A protocol for the reconstitution of Bcl-2 into proteoliposomes was also developed, promising for future studies of the full-length protein in its native membrane environment; a prerequisite to fully understand its pro-survival functions as well as providing crucial information for the design of novel anti-cancer drugs.
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ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF TWO AUTOPHAGY PATHWAY RELATED GENES, BECN1 AND TSC1, IN MURINE MAMMARY GLAND DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFERENTIATION

Hale, Amber N 01 January 2014 (has links)
The mammary gland is a dynamic organ that undergoes the majority of its development in the postnatal period in four stages; mature virgin, pregnancy, lactation, and involution. Every stage relies on tightly regulated cellular proliferation, programmed cell death, and tissue remodeling mechanisms. Misregulation of autophagy, an intracellular catabolic process to maintain energy stores, has long been associated with mammary tumorigenesis and other pathologies. We hypothesize that appropriate regulation and execution of autophagy are necessary for proper development of the mammary ductal tree and maintenance of the secretory epithelia during late pregnancy and lactation. To test this hypothesis we examined the role of two genes during development of the mammary gland. Beclin1 (Becn1) is an essential autophagy gene. Since the Becn1 knockout model is embryonic lethal, we have generated a Becn1 conditional knockout (cKO). We used two discrete mammary gland-specific Cre transgenic lines to interrogate the role of BECN1 during development. We report that MMTV-CreD; Becn1fl/fl mice have a hyper-branching phenotype and WAP-Cre; Becn1fl/- mice are unable to sustain a lactation phase. Becn1 mutants exhibit abnormal glandular morphology during pregnancy and after parturition. Moreover, when autophagy is chemically inhibited in vitro, mammary epithelial cells have an increased mean number of lipid droplets per cell. MTOR inhibits autophagy upstream of BECN1; we looked higher in the regulatory pathway for regulatory candidates. It has been well characterized that Tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1), in a heterodimer with its primary binding partner TSC2, inhibits MTOR signaling via inhibition of RHEB. Using the Tsc1 floxed model we generated a mammary gland specific Tsc1 cKO and found that these mice phenocopy the Becn1 cKO mice, including a gross lactation failure. Tsc1 cKO glands have altered morphology, retained lipid droplets in secretory epithelia, and an overall increase in MTOR signaling. We show that TSC1 and BECN1 are interacting partners, and that the interaction is nutrient responsive. These results suggest that Becn1 and Tsc1 are necessary for proper mammary gland development and differentiation. Furthermore, we have demonstrated a novel murine protein-protein interaction and an important link between regulation of MTOR pathway and regulation of autophagy in a developmental context.
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Les fonctions non-apoptotiques et pro-fibrosantes de la protéine pro-apoptotique BAX dans la fibrose pulmonaire idiopathique / Study of the nuclear form of BAX pro-apoptotic protein in lung fibrosis

Brayer, Stéphanie 17 December 2013 (has links)
Nous nous intéressons aux mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la physiopathologie de la fibrose pulmonaire idiopathique. La fibrose pulmonaire estcaractérisée par l’accumulation de protéines de la matrice extracellulaire et de fibroblastes dans les espaces aériens distaux. La désorganisation et la destructionalvéolaires qui résultent de la fibrose aboutissent à une altération des propriétés mécaniques du poumon et à une incapacité à réaliser les échanges gazeux responsables d’une insuffisance respiratoire parfois mortelle. Le pronostic de la fibrose pulmonaire idiopathique (FPI) est particulièrement mauvais puisque la médiane de survie est de 3 à 5 ans. Il n’existe actuellement aucune thérapeutique efficace dans la fibrose pulmonaire. Ainsi, il est crucial d’explorer de nouvelles hypothèses physiopathologiques dans cette maladie afin d’ouvrir de nouvelles voies thérapeutiques. L'apoptose joue un rôle clé dans le développement de nombreux organes et dans l'homéostasie tissulaire chez l'adulte. Les protéines de la famille BCL-2 sont des éléments essentiels de la machinerie apoptotique. Ces protéines agissent comme des régulateurs anti- ou pro-apoptotiques. Parmi les membres de la famille BCL-2, le facteur pro-apoptotique BAX contrôle la voie mitochondriale de l’apoptose. Des perturbations de l’apoptose ont été mises en cause dans des maladies pulmonaires comme la fibrose pulmonaire idiopathique. Des études récentes suggèrent fortement que les protéines de la famille BCL-2 sont également impliquées dans d’autres fonctions cellulaires que le contrôle de l'apoptose. De plus, la protéine BAX est aussi localisée dans le noyau de nombreux types cellulaires. Même si le rôle de la fraction cytoplasmique de BAX au cours de l’apoptose est assez bien caractérisé, les fonctions nucléaires de BAX ne sont pas connues. Ce travail de thèse a pour but de mieux comprendre le rôle de la forme nucléaire de BAX dans différents processus cellulaires fondamentaux impliqués dans la fibrogenèse. Notre étude montre que la protéine BAX est présente dans le noyau à proximité de l’euchromatine dans différentes lignées d’origine pulmonaire in vitro. Ensuite, nous montrons que la forme nucléaire de BAX est impliquée dans la progression du cycle cellulaire et dans le contrôle de l’état de différenciation myofibroblastique en condition basale. Enfin, nous avons détecté la forme nucléaire de BAX dans l’épithélium hyperplasique et les foyers de fibrose dans le poumon de FPI. / Summary not transmitted

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