Introduction: Oil/gas communities across Northeastern British Columbia are experiencing rapid in-migration of young, primarily male workers in response to an economic ‘boom’ in the oil/gas sectors. Accompanying the ‘boom’ has been a rise in rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among young people, with Chlamydia rates among youth in the Northeast exceeding the provincial average by 22%. Previous research indicates that socio-cultural and structural determinants of youth sexual behaviour and access to STI testing are important for understanding youth sexual health disparities – and represent key targets for STI prevention efforts. No other research has explored STIs in this rapidly developing, under-resourced context. Therefore, objectives of this thesis were to: (1) Examine how socio-cultural and structural features related to the oil/gas ‘boom’ affect the sexual behaviour of young people in Fort St. John (FSJ), BC; (2) Gather the perspectives of youth and their service providers on the socio-cultural and structural barriers to STI testing in FSJ; (3) Develop recommendations to improve the accessibility of STI testing. Results: Participants identified 4 main ways in which the socio-cultural and structural conditions created by the ‘boom’ affect sexual behaviours, fuelling the spread of STIs in FSJ: mobility of oil/gas workers; binge partying; high levels of disposable income; and gendered power dynamics. As well, 5 key barriers to STI testing among youth were identified: limited opportunities for access; geographic inaccessibility; local social norms; limited information; and negative interactions with providers. Discussion: These data indicate that the conditions fostered by the ‘boom’ in FSJ exacerbate sexual health inequalities among young people. They can be more widely contextualized as an example of the unintended – but not unexpected – health and social implications of a resource-extraction ‘boom’, illustrating the fallacy of ‘development’ as representing uniformly positive ‘progress’. Recommended actions include STI prevention and testing service delivery models that incorporate a locally tailored public awareness campaign, outreach to oil/gas workers, condom distribution, expanded clinic hours and drop-in appointments, specialized training for health care providers, and intersectoral partnerships between public health, non-profit organizations, and industry. An ongoing knowledge translation internship has been undertaken to implement some of these recommendations. / Medicine, Faculty of / Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of / Graduate

This thesis examines the numerous roles that nonhumans (and especially livestock) played in the creation, maintenance, and reproduction of settler space in the colonial city of Victoria, British Columbia, and details the gradual processes by which city space paradoxically became designated as such through the selective removal of animal life over the turn of the twentieth century. I use extensive archival material, newspaper coverage, and secondary analysis to explore the varied roles nonhumans played in the establishment of settler society, and investigate the ways that animals were paradoxically fundamental and antithetical to modernizing and industrializing settler space across nearly a century of urban history. In the earliest days of colonial settlement, when Victoria was established as a fur-trading post and depot for the Hudson’s Bay Company’s Columbia Department, animals played crucial dispossessive roles in forcibly reorganizing Indigenous territory and establishing settler space, and were indeed vital to the broader British colonizing project. As the city experienced dramatic demographic growth and tightening urban space across two gold rushes in the mid-nineteenth century, Victoria’s livestock faced increased scrutiny from legislators and citizens through the application of the common law category of “public nuisance.” Urban subsistence strategies such as pig-keeping and free-range grazing began to encroach on settler property and offend nascent middle-class ratepayers as the city grew in population and density, causing a selective process of removal, even as some livestock (such as milk-producing cattle) remained vital to many of the city’s households. Yet new understandings of disease transmission and sanitation sparked the gradual removal of domestic milch cows from Victoria’s backyards and lots, as medical scrutiny began to view the city’s dairy supply as a potential vector for the spread of the “White Plague,” bovine tuberculosis. The resulting consolidation of privately-owned and co-operative dairies would largely spell the end to urban livestock husbandry in the city, relocating nonhuman bodies out of sight and out of mind. Meanwhile, the extension of a cattle frontier into the mainland Interior Plateau continued a process of dispossession instigated on Lekwungen territories in Victoria, inflicting devastation on grassland ecologies and Indigenous livelihoods in the arid interior of British Columbia, while the injection of outside capital and advances in transportation, retail and supply chain infrastructure placed consumers at a greater and greater spatial and conceptual divide from the animals with whom they had formerly shared their urban spaces. / Graduate / 2022-08-30

Nonlinear sigma-models in physics have been a source of interesting and important ideas in geometry, topology, and algebra. One such model is the curved beta gamma system. This purely bosonic model studies maps from a Riemann surface to a target complex manifold X. The solutions to the classical equations of motion are holomorphic maps. An extension of this model - the so-called heterotic model, incorporates fermionic fields valued in a holomorphic vector bundle E on the complex manifold. In this thesis, I study this extended model within the framework of effective field theory and BV quantization developed by Kevin Costello. Building on earlier work of Gorbounov-Gwilliam-Williams in the purely bosonic case, my approach uses tools of Gelfand-Kazhdan formal geometry and derived deformation theory to extract obstructions to quantization (anomalies) and identify these with characteristic classes of the target manifold. Specifically, I show that the obstruction to solving the Quantum Master Equation can be identified with the class ch_2 (TX)-ch_2(E), and the obstruction to the quantizing equivariantly with respect to holomorphic vector fields on the source Riemann surface can be identified with c_1 (TX) - c_1(E). By analyzing the theory where the source is an elliptic curve, an explicit geometric construction of the partition function is given.

Magister Educationis - MEd / There is a continual reaction to educational systems by other social groupings. To a large extend education is determined by persons other than educationalists. The social context has a definite influence on a system of education. In South Africa the different political groupings are reacting to the present educational system. These political groupings each has different political aspirations and expectations. As political aspirations relate closely to educational aspirations, it follows that these political groupings will have different educational aspirations. The political groupings recently exerting the most influence in the educational field in South Africa have been the National Party (NP), the United Democratic Front (UDF) and the Azanian People's Organization (AZAPO). In this research attention is given to the role and influence of these groupings, their educational aspirations, and the degree to which their aspirations are educationally sound. At the outset an attempt is made to determine certain criteria for an educational justifiable educational system. These criteria are used throughout as the standard in terms of which the different aspirations are evaluated. Thereafter each of the groups, the NP, the UDF and AZAPO, is examined individually. To ascertain the educational aspirations of each in the correct perspective, the role each of these groups plays in the educational the political arena is examined. Subsequently aims resulting from the political aims are examined. An extensive literary study was undertaken to inform the research. As education is very topical at present, newspaper reports, magazine and journal articles, as well as relevant research reports and other primary sources have been used in the study. Finally the conclusion is reached that each of the educational aspirations has its strengths and deficiencies and an attempt is made to set a vision for the future.

Building has four floor and has cellar. There is a core with social maintance and flats. Like vertical communication there is two stairs and two lifts

This paper will examine observables in the bc system, a two-dimensional free conformal field theory. We begin by encoding the bc system into the BV formalism following procedures of Costello and Gwilliam. This will allow us to construct the factorization algebra of observables for the bc system. The cohomology of the factorization algebra recovers the observables themselves. In cohomology, we will compute the commutation relations and factorization algebra structure maps for observables supported on disks and annuli. These structure maps will be used to prove the equivalence of the factorization algebra and vertex algebra structures for the bc system. This proof provides a rigorous derivation of the free fermionic vertex algebra starting from the action functional of the bc system. Using this equivalence, we will provide a dictionary to translate the action of the Virasoro algebra to the language of factorization algebras. Also in this paper, we examine the bc system in four-dimensions. We construct its factorization algebra and show that its observables are anti-commutative. Lastly, we prove that the global observables of the bc system are one-dimensional on a compact manifold of complex dimension one or two.

The use of adjuvant The use of adjuvant polychemotherapy (ACT) confers unequivocal benefits in terms of relapse free (RFS) and overall survival (OS) after resection of early breast cancer (BC). Although the magnitude of benefit is the same regardless of clinicopathological factors such as ER expression or nodal stage, it is clear that a substantial proportion of patients will eventually relapse and succumb to the disease. As a result, consistent efforts are made towards exploring biomarkers for prognostication, risk stratification and eventually for patient selection for novel therapies such as the modulation of the tumor-host response with the use of PD-1 inhibitors. Intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) could be a potential driver of resistance to therapy and biologic aggressiveness. Cell-to-cell variability in tumors has been known for over a century, yet attempts to measure it and evaluate its clinical impact are just emerging. Heterogeneity both at the genetic and epigenetic level has been proposed to influence many aspects of tumor biology and clinical behavior, including resistance to pharmacologic therapies. In particular, the ongoing mutation rate continues the ITH of unselected clones, potentially increasing their fitness and thus becoming the driving force that promotes clonal expansion and phenotypic diversification. As a result, the delivery of precision medicine is complicated, possibly affecting patient outcomes. Quantifying the spatial ITH of the disease may result in the optimization of management algorithms. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the analytical validity of RNAscope for the detection of ER, HER2 and PD-L1 expression in breast cancer tissue. The secondary objective is to study the spatial distribution between protein and gene expression of PD-L1 as determined through the use of immunofluorescence and RNAscope, respectively. polychemotherapy (ACT) confers unequivocal benefits in terms of relapse free (RFS) and overall survival (OS) after resection of early breast cancer (BC). Although the magnitude of benefit is the same regardless of clinicopathological factors such as ER expression or nodal stage, it is clear that a substantial proportion of patients will eventually relapse and succumb to the disease. As a result, consistent efforts are made towards exploring biomarkers for prognostication, risk stratification and eventually for patient selection for novel therapies such as the modulation of the tumor-host response with the use of PD-1 inhibitors. Intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) could be a potential driver of resistance to therapy and biologic aggressiveness. Cell-to-cell variability in tumors has been known for over a century, yet attempts to measure it and evaluate its clinical impact are just emerging. Heterogeneity both at the genetic and epigenetic level has been proposed to influence many aspects of tumor biology and clinical behavior, including resistance to pharmacologic therapies. In particular, the ongoing mutation rate continues the ITH of unselected clones, potentially increasing their fitness and thus becoming the driving force that promotes clonal expansion and phenotypic diversification. As a result, the delivery of precision medicine is complicated, possibly affecting patient outcomes. Quantifying the spatial ITH of the disease may result in the optimization of management algorithms. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the analytical validity of RNAscope for the detection of ER, HER2 and PD-L1 expression in breast cancer tissue. The secondary objective is to study the spatial distribution between protein and gene expression of PD-L1 as determined through the use of immunofluorescence and RNAscope, respectively.

This thesis explores a recent innovation in First Nations health, the formation of Canada's First provincial-wide First Nations Health Authority (FNHA). Analyzing this service model against Indigenous assertions of a Treaty Right to Health expressed in the Numbered Treaties, I argue that the realizations of the Treaty Right to Health cannot solely be met under neoliberal models of increased Indigenous capacity in health care service administration. I assert that these models of devolution do not enable Treaty First Nations to achieve Indigenous self-determination in accordance with Treaty rights, relationships and responsibilities. The current discourse on First Nations health care only minimally accounts for the Treaty Right to Health, and where it does, it is devoid of Indigenous understandings of a Treaty Right to Health that encompasses access to healthy lands, waters, and livelihood for an achievement of holistic wellness. Mobilizing an Indigenous auto ethnographic approach which accounts for my own embodied positionally, this thesis problematizes the exclusion of holistic visions of health and well-being against settler governments' orientations toward a neoliberalized health care system. This thesis extends a comparative analytical lens to the political mobilizations of Indigenous advocacy bodies in the province of British Columbia, whose efforts under the New Relationship paradigm in Indigenous-state relations has resulted in an unprecedented practice of health care devolution. / Graduate

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Background: Numerous studies have reported the effect of long-term use of calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 to dentin. Nevertheless, there is little information available about the effect of Ca(OH)2 on wettability to the dentin. Objective: To investigate the effect of Ca(OH)2 application on dentin for two and four weeks on the wettability of two root canal sealers. Methods: Polished caries-free human dentin discs (n = 156) were allocated into 12 groups; G1 and G3 had two weeks’ treatment, G4 and G6, four weeks treatment. G1 and 101 G4 were treated with sterile water. G2, G3, G5 and G6 were treated with Ca(OH)2. G1, G3, G4, and G6 were irrigated with 6.0-percent NaOCl and 17-percent EDTA while G2, and G5 were irrigated with sterile water. Then, contact angles between Tubli-Seal and the treated dentin surfaces were measured. G7 and G12 were treated in the same fashion but were treated with BC sealer. Surface morphology evaluation of G1 and G6 was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Statistics were performed using three-way ANOVA and pair-wise comparisons between groups (α = 0.05). Results: Tubli-Seal (G1 through G6) had significantly smaller values for contact angles than BC sealer (G7 through G12) (p < 0.05). For the Tubli-Seal groups (G1 through G6), G4 had the highest mean of contact angles at 104.9 ± 1.9°, whereas G5 presented the lowest mean of contact angles at 85.4 ± 15.1. For the BC sealer groups (G7 through G12), G10 had the highest mean of contact angles at 145.4 ± 1.3°, while G11 demonstrated the lowest mean of contact angles at 130.2 ± 2.6°. Groups with Ca(OH)2 treatment with water irrigation (G2, 5, 11) had significantly lower contact angle than groups with Ca(OH)2 with chemical irrigation (G3, 6, 12) (p < 0.05), except G8, 9. According to SEM and EDX, water irrigation solution showed higher remaining Ca(OH)2 than irrigation with the chemical solution while Ca(OH)2 with chemical irrigation 102 demonstrated no Ca(OH)2 remaining after irrigation, similar to the surface of the control group. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, Tubli-seal has better wettability on dentin than BC sealer. Remaining calcium hydroxide demonstrated a trend toward decreased contact angle between dentin and root canal sealers. Moreover, two-minute irrigation with 6-percent NaOCl and 17-percent EDTA can remove calcium hydroxide from polished dentin surfaces.

It has been known since the 1930’s that protons and neutrons, collectively called as nucleons, are not “point-like” elementary particles, but rather have a substructure. Today, we know from Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) that nucleons are made from quarks and gluons, with gluons being the elementary force carriers for strong interactions. Quarks and gluons are collectively called as partons. The substructure of the nucleons can be described in terms of parton correlation functions such as Form Factors, (1D) Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs) and their 3D generalizations in terms of Transverse Momentum-dependent parton Distributions (TMDs) and Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs). All these functions can be derived from the even more general Generalized Transverse Momentum-dependent Distributions (GTMDs). This dissertation promises to provide an insight into all these functions from the point of view of their accessibility in experiments, from model calculations, and from their direct calculation within lattice formulations of QCD. In the first part of this dissertation, we identify physical processes to access GTMDs. By considering the exclusive double Drell-Yan process, we demonstrate, for the very first time, that quark GTMDs can be measured. We also show that exclusive double-quarkonium production in nucleon-nucleon collisions is a direct probe of gluon GTMDs. In the second part of this dissertation, we shift our focus to the “parton quasi-distributions”. Over the last few decades, lattice QCD extraction of the full x-dependence of the parton distributions has always been prohibited by the explicit time-dependence of the correlation functions. In 2013, there was a path-breaking proposal by X. Ji to calculate instead parton quasi-distributions (quasi-PDFs). The procedure of “matching” is a crucial ingredient in the lattice QCD extraction of parton distributions from the quasi-PDF approach. We address the matching for the twist-3 PDFs gT (x), e(x), and hL(x) for the very first time. We pay special attention to the challenges involved in the calculations due to the presence of singular zero-mode contributions. We also present the first-ever lattice QCD results for gT (x) and hL(x) and we discuss the impact of these results on the phenomenology. Next, we explore the general features of quasi-GPDs and quasi-PDFs in diquark spectator models. Furthermore, we address the Burkhardt-Cottingham-type sum rules for the relevant light-cone PDFs and quasi-PDFs in a model-independent manner and also check them explicitly in perturbative model calculations. The last part of this dissertation focuses on the extraction g1T (x,~k2⊥) TMD for the very first time from experimental data using Monte Carlo techniques. This dissertation therefore unravels different aspects of the distribution functions from varied perspectives.