Les maladies fongiques du bois de la vigne que sont le syndrome de l'esca, le Black Dead Arm (BDA) et l'Eutypiose sont particulièrement dommageables à la profession vitivinicole, et sont actuellement en progression. Le temps d'incubation nécessaire à l'expression de ces maladies au champ complique l'évaluation de solutions préventives adaptées en condition contrôlée ainsi qu'en condition de terrain. Ces travaux de thèse ont eu pour objectifs la conception et la validation de tests PCR quantitatifs en temps réel (RtqPCR), permettant la détection et la quantification in planta de cinq champignons associés aux maladies de dépérissement de la vigne, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora et Phaeoacremonium aleophilum (esca), Diplodia seriata et Neofusicoccum parvum (BDA), et Eutypa lata (Eutypiose). Le développement de tests multiplexes a ensuite été entrepris et ces derniers ont été évalués pour la détection de quatre champignons (2 associés à esca et 2 au BDA) dans le bois de jeunes plants issus de pépinière viticole. Enfin, l'étude de l'interaction in planta de deux champignons associés au syndrome de l'esca de la vigne (P.chlamydospora et P.aleophilum) a été réalisée par RT-qPCR, et complétée par la caractérisation histologique de la réponse de la plante à la blessure dans le bois, en inoculation individuelle et en co-inoculation. / Grapevine trunk diseases, among which esca's syndrome, Black Dead Arm (BDA) and Eutypiosis, represent a real threat for grape and wine industry. Incubation time required before symptoms externalization in field complicates the evaluation of the efficacy of preventive solution in control and field conditions. These thesis's works focused on the design and the validation of Real Time quantitative PCR assays (RT-qPCR), in order to detect and quantify in vine plant five fungi associated with grapevine trunk disease, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora et Phaeoacremonium aleophilum (esca), Diplodia seriata et Neofusicoccum parvum (BDA), et Eutypa lata (Eutypiosis). The development of multiplex assays was undertaken and these last were evaluated in order to detect four fungi (esca and BDA) in wood sample from young plants in vine nursery. Finally, a study of the interaction between two fungi associated with esca's syndrome has been determined in planta through RT-qPCR, and completed by a histological analysis of plant response to injury of woody tissues.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has transformed the world of non-invasive imaging for diagnostic purposes. Modern techniques such as diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) have been used to reconstruct fiber pathways of the brain - providing a graphical picture of the so-called "connectome." However, there exists controversy in the literature as to the accuracy of the diffusion tractography reconstruction. Although various attempts at histological validation been attempted, there is still no 3D histological pathway validation of the fiber bundle trajectories seen in diffusion MRI. Such a validation is necessary in order to show the viability of current DSI tractography techniques in the ultimate goal for clinical diagnostic application. This project developed methods to provide this 3D histological validation using the rhesus monkey motor pathway as a model system. By injecting biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) tract tracer into the hand area of primary motor cortex, brain section images were reconstructed to create 3D fiber pathways labeled at the axonal level. Using serial coronal brain sections, the BDA label was digitized with a high resolution digital camera to create image montages of the fiber pathway with individual sections spaced at 1200 micron intervals through the brain. An MRI analysis system, OSIRX, was then used to reconstruct these sections into a 3D volume. This is an important technical step toward merging the BDA fiber tract histology with diffusion MRI tractography of the same brain, enabling identification of the valid and inaccurate aspects of diffusion fiber reconstruction. This will ultimately facilitate the use of diffusion MRI to quantify tractography, non-invasively and in vivo, in the human brain.

La vigne (Vitis vinifera) est sensible à un grand nombre de maladies. Les politiques de limitation des traitements phytosanitaires font qu'aujourd'hui, les viticulteurs ne disposent d'aucun moyen de lutte contre certains bioagresseurs. C'est le cas des maladies du bois causées par des complexes fongiques nécrosant les ceps et du court noué, maladie virale transmise par des nématodes. La vigne est une espèce végétale connue pour sa production particulière de métabolites secondaires en réponse à des infections. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux phytoanticipines, préformées dans les plantes et dont le potentiel de toxicité envers des agents pathogènes est intéressant, c’est le cas des triterpénoïdes. Les objectifs de cette thèse ont donc été dans un premier temps d'estimer la capacité de la vigne à produire de tels composés. Pour cela, la composition en triterpénoïdes de différents organes et de différents cépages a été analysée. Nous avons pu montrer que la composition générale en triterpénoïdes est caractéristique de chaque cépage et de chaque organe. Dans une deuxième partie, 9 gènes impliqués dans la synthèse de triterpènes chez la vigne ont été identifiés et leur expression a été évaluée dans différents organes, chez différents cépages et sous différentes conditions de stress biotique et abiotique. Cette étude exploratoire nous donne des pistes pour mettre en corrélation l'expression de certaines triterpène synthases avec la production différentielle de certains triterpènes à la surface des feuilles de différents cépages. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés aux triterpènes glycosylés, les saponines, afin d'évaluer leur potentiel dans la lutte contre certaines maladies majeures de la vigne pour lesquelles aucun traitement n'est actuellement disponible. Pour cela, l'efficacité de saponines issues de la gypsophile et du quillaja a été testée contre certains champignons associés aux maladies du bois ainsi que contre les nématodes vecteurs des virus du court noué. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence que les souches de champignons testées étaient capables de contourner la toxicité des saponines, tandis qu'un tel traitement était rapidement efficace pour lutter contre les nématodes. Afin de vérifier l'innocuité de ce traitement pour l'environnement, les doses efficaces ont été testées et n'ont pas eu d'impact significatif sur différents bioindicateurs. / Vitis vinifera is susceptible to many pathogens. These past few years, treatment policies led to the withdrawal of many pesticides. Renee, no chemical treatments are available to treat some grapevine diseases such as the grapevine trunk diseases caused by fungi complexes and the grapevine fanleaf degeneration, a viral disease transmitted from grapevine to grapevine by vector nematodes. Grapevine is known for the production of secondary metabolites as a response to pathogen infections. In this work, we focused on phytoanticipins such as triterpenoids, that are found as preformed compounds and that confer a basal resistance level to plants. First, a chemical analysis was made on the triterpenoid composition of some grapevine cultivars and organs. This study revealed that the triterpenoid composition is specific to the V. vinifera cultivar and the organ. In a genomic approach, 9 candidate genes involved in the triterpene biosynthesis were identified and their expression was studied in different organs, varieties and biotic or abiotic stress conditions. This explorative study shows correlations between gene expression and differential triterpene production at the leaf surface of the different varieties. In the last part of this study, the use of glycosylated triterpenes, also called saponins, as a substitution solution to withdrawed treattnents against major grapevine diseases was tested. Therefore, the efficiency of saponins extracted from gypsophila and quillaja was tested against fungi associated to grapevine trunk diseases and some nematodes vector of the grapevine fanleaf degeneration. These tests evidenced that the fungi were able to avoid saponins toxicity, whereas such treatment was efficient to kill nematodes. In order to evaluate the effect of the treatment on the environment, the efficient doses were tested and bad no significant impact on some bioindicators.

Molekulárne systémy predstavujú jeden zo smerov súčasného výskumu nových nanoelektronických zariadení. Organické molekuly nachádzajú uplatnenie v rôznych aplikáciách, ako sú napríklad solárne články, displeje alebo kvantové počítače. Rast vysokokvalitných molekulárnych vrstiev s požadovanými vlastnosťami často vyžaduje využitie samousporiadavaných štruktúr, hlboké pochopenie rozhrania kovu a organických molekúl a tiež dynamiky rastu molekulárnych vrstiev. Predkladaná práca sa zaoberá predovšetkým samousporadanými štruktúrami bifenyl-dikarboxylovej kyseliny (BDA) na Cu (1 0 0) a Ag (1 0 0), ktoré boli skúmané v UHV s využitím STM, XPS a LEEM. V prípade BDA-Ag je podrobne opísaných niekoľko chemicky a štrukturálne odlišných molekulárnych fáz. Ďalej boli BDA a TCNQ molekuly skúmané na grafene pripravenom na Ir (1 1 1). Okrem toho sa organo-kovové systémy syntetizovali depozíciou atómov Ni a Fe s molekulami TCNQ a BDA. Záverečná časť tejto práce popisuje povrchovú syntézu grafénových nanoribonov (7-AGNR) na špecicky štrukturovanom substráte Au (16 14 15) z prekurzorových molekúl DBBA. Rekonštrukcia povrchu po raste bola analyzovaná pomocou STM a elektronické vlastnosti 7-AGNRs pomocou ARPES.

In B2B organizations, the adoption of digital marketing strategies has increased, leading to the collection of large amounts of data, big data. This has enabled the use of big data analytics, BDA, to uncover valuable insights for digital marketing purpose. Yet, there is limited research on how the B2B organizations integrate and utilize BDA in their digital marketing strategies, especially in the international context. This study aimed to address this research gap by examining how international B2B organizations integrate and utilize BDA in their digital marketing strategy, employing a dynamic capabilities perspective. The methodology of qualitative case study was applied, focusing on two established Swedish B2B organizations with an international presence. Empirical data was collected through semi-structured interviews and complemented with document analysis. Through abductive approach and hermeneutic interpretation, the findings show that despite the need for internal structural improvements, international B2B organizations are actively integrating BDA into their digital marketing strategies. By developing new routines and skills, these organizations can navigate the challenges posed by BDA while harnessing its benefits. Additionally, a framework comprising 10 practices in which international B2B organizations leverage BDA is proposed.

Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited. / An imaging radar, like ISAR, offers a combatant the capability to perform long range surveillance with high quality imagery for positive target identification. Extending this attractive feature to the battle damage assessment problem (BDA) gives the operator instant viewing of the target's behavior when it is hit. As a consequence, immediate and decisive action can be quickly taken (if required). However, the conventional Fourier processing adopted by most ISAR systems does not provide adequate time resolution to capture the target's dynamic responses during the hit. As a result, the radar image becomes distorted. To improve the time resolution, time-frequency transform (TFT) methods of ISAR imaging have been proposed. Unlike traditional Fourier-based processing, TFT's allows variable time resolution of the entire event that falls within the ISAR coherent integration period to be extracted as part of the imaging process. We have shown in this thesis that the use of linear Short Time-Frequency Transforms allows the translational response of the aircraft caused by a blast force to be clearly extracted. The TFT extracted images not only tell us how the aircraft responds to a blast effect but also provides additional information about the cause of image distortion in the traditional ISAR display.

Após a descrição da Urocortina 1, um neuropeptídeo encontrado principalmente no núcleo de Edinger-Westphal e no núcleo lateral superior da oliva (LSO), atentou-se para a ausência do conhecimento das projeções de ambos os núcleos. Nós pretendemos contribuir para o conhecimento das projeções ascendentes e descendentes do LSO, usando um traçador neuronal anterógrado. Nós utilizamos o Biotin-Dextran-Amine (BDA) injetado no LSO de ratos, 15 a 20 dias depois os ratos eram perfundidos, os encéfalos e medulas foram seccionados e tratados histoquimicamente. Nós encontramos que existem 4 vias eferentes do LSO, tanto ascendentes como descendentes no sistema nervoso central, como segue: duas vias ascendentes, uma ipsilateral à injeção, a mais proeminente e a via contralateral que é menos densa; duas vias descendentes, uma ipsilateral muito menos evidente, e a contralateral que é moderada. Seguindo a via ascendente ipsilateral, nós encontramos as seguintes estruturas bem marcadas com BDA: o próprio LSO, núcleo do corpo trapezóide, o lemnisco lateral e seus núcleos, colículos inferior e superior e os seguintes núcleos talâmicos: suprageniculado, geniculado medial, partes dorsal e medial e córtex somatosensorial primário. Seguindo a via descendente contralateral nós encontramos as seguintes estruturas: o LSO ipsi e contralateral, o núcleo do corpo trapezóide, núcleo coclear ventral, parte anterior, núcleo coclear dorsal, núcleo coclear ventral, parte posterior e VIII nervo. Os dados que nós encontramos neste trabalho sugerem que as vis do LSO podem se estender até o córtex somatosensorial no prosencéfalo e o complexo de núcleos cocleares no tronco, enviando colaterais para os principais núcleos relacionados a via auditiva, provavelmente contribuindo para a localização da fonte sonora, em acordo com a anatomia desta informação sensorial específica. / After the discovery of the Urocortin-1, a neuropeptide found mainly in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and in the lateral superior olive nucleus (LSO), the attention was caught about the lack of known projections of both nuclei. We intended to contribute to the knowledge of both ascending and descending projections of the LSO, using a neuronal anterograde tracer. In order to do that we use the Biotin-Dextran-Amine (BDA) injected in the LSO of rats, fifteen to twenty days later the rats were perfused, the brains and spinal cords were cut and the sections treated histochemically. We have found that there are four pathways leaving the LSO either ascending or descending in the central nervous system, as following: two ascending pathways, one ipsilateral to the injection, the most proeminent one and the contralateral pathway that is less dense; two descending pathways, one ipsilateral, much less evident, and the contralateral that is very moderate. Tracking the ipsilateral ascending pathway we have found the following structures well labeled with BDA: the LSO itself, nucleus of the trapezoid body, the lateral lemniscus and its nuclei, inferior and superior colliculus, the following thalamic nuclei: suprageniculate, medial geniculate, dorsal and medial parts and the primary somatosensory cortex. Tracking the contralateral descending pathway we have found the following structures: the LSO ipsi and contralateral; the nucleus of the trapezoid body; ventral cochlear nucleus, anterior part; dorsal cochlear nucleus; ventral cochlear nucleus, posterior part and, the eight nerve. The data we have found in this work suggests that the pathways from the LSO could reach as far as the somatosensory cortex in the prosencephalon and the cochlear complex nuclei in the brainstem, sending collaterals to the main nuclei related to the auditory pathway, probably contributing to the localization of the sound source, due to the anatomy of this specific sensory information.

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) significantly enhanced the scope and potential effectiveness of the international legal regime for the conservation of biological diversity world wide together with the sustainable use of its components. It goes beyond the conservation of biological conservation per se and comprehends such diverse issues as sustainable use of biological resources, access to genetic resources, the sharing of benefits derived from the use of genetic material and technology, including biotechnology. The CBD has three objectives, which are the conservation of biological diversity, secondly the sustainable use of its components and thirdly the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilisation of genetic resources. The third objective includes the sharing of benefits by means of appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over such resources and technologies as well as appropriate funding. As part of the process of achieving these goals, the CBD establishes a new international framework for access to genetic resources and the sharing of benefits from their use. In addition to its conservation measures, the CBD is also an economic treaty in the sense that it develops and regulates the ongoing exchange of genetic resources and, in particular, the emerging trade in biotechnology. During the negotiations of the CBD the concept of the trade in biotechnology dominated much of the discussions surrounding the Convention. This was the cause of deep differences between the technologically rich north and the biodiversity rich south. It was and still is apparent that developed countries, or corporate companies in these countries, exploit natural recourses only found in developing countries, without sharing the resulting proceeds. It is shown that uneven distribution of natural, technological and economic resources occur in relationships between the northern hemisphere and its southern counterpart. It is a well-known fact that the northern hemisphere is financially and technologically superior to its southern counterpart. Intellectual property rights ("IPR"), with specific reference to patent law, enables developed countries andlor companies in those countries to exploit this economic discrepancy. Developed countries accordingly acquire biological recourses and exploit them with resulting benefits thereby circumventing the sharing of such benefits through IPR systems. Benefits are thereby withheld from developing countries that provide such genetic recourses. The author will mainly focus on the question that arises as to how the CBD addresses benefit sharing in the light of the differences between the northern developed- and southern developing countries. South Africa will be studied as an example of a developing country that incorporated the provisions of the CBD in its national legislation as it promulgated the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (BDA), which embodies the guidelines and principles for bioprospecting and benefit sharing, captured in the CBD and the Cartagena Protocol. The provisions contained in the BDA will be used as a practical example of the application of the CBD in the municipal law of developing countries. / Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) significantly enhanced the scope and potential effectiveness of the international legal regime for the conservation of biological diversity world wide together with the sustainable use of its components. It goes beyond the conservation of biological conservation per se and comprehends such diverse issues as sustainable use of biological resources, access to genetic resources, the sharing of benefits derived from the use of genetic material and technology, including biotechnology. The CBD has three objectives, which are the conservation of biological diversity, secondly the sustainable use of its components and thirdly the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilisation of genetic resources. The third objective includes the sharing of benefits by means of appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over such resources and technologies as well as appropriate funding. As part of the process of achieving these goals, the CBD establishes a new international framework for access to genetic resources and the sharing of benefits from their use. In addition to its conservation measures, the CBD is also an economic treaty in the sense that it develops and regulates the ongoing exchange of genetic resources and, in particular, the emerging trade in biotechnology. During the negotiations of the CBD the concept of the trade in biotechnology dominated much of the discussions surrounding the Convention. This was the cause of deep differences between the technologically rich north and the biodiversity rich south. It was and still is apparent that developed countries, or corporate companies in these countries, exploit natural recourses only found in developing countries, without sharing the resulting proceeds. It is shown that uneven distribution of natural, technological and economic resources occur in relationships between the northern hemisphere and its southern counterpart. It is a well-known fact that the northern hemisphere is financially and technologically superior to its southern counterpart. Intellectual property rights ("IPR"), with specific reference to patent law, enables developed countries andlor companies in those countries to exploit this economic discrepancy. Developed countries accordingly acquire biological recourses and exploit them with resulting benefits thereby circumventing the sharing of such benefits through IPR systems. Benefits are thereby withheld from developing countries that provide such genetic recourses. The author will mainly focus on the question that arises as to how the CBD addresses benefit sharing in the light of the differences between the northern developed- and southern developing countries. South Africa will be studied as an example of a developing country that incorporated the provisions of the CBD in its national legislation as it promulgated the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (BDA), which embodies the guidelines and principles for bioprospecting and benefit sharing, captured in the CBD and the Cartagena Protocol. The provisions contained in the BDA will be used as a practical example of the application of the CBD in the municipal law of developing countries. / Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Após a descrição da Urocortina 1, um neuropeptídeo encontrado principalmente no núcleo de Edinger-Westphal e no núcleo lateral superior da oliva (LSO), atentou-se para a ausência do conhecimento das projeções de ambos os núcleos. Nós pretendemos contribuir para o conhecimento das projeções ascendentes e descendentes do LSO, usando um traçador neuronal anterógrado. Nós utilizamos o Biotin-Dextran-Amine (BDA) injetado no LSO de ratos, 15 a 20 dias depois os ratos eram perfundidos, os encéfalos e medulas foram seccionados e tratados histoquimicamente. Nós encontramos que existem 4 vias eferentes do LSO, tanto ascendentes como descendentes no sistema nervoso central, como segue: duas vias ascendentes, uma ipsilateral à injeção, a mais proeminente e a via contralateral que é menos densa; duas vias descendentes, uma ipsilateral muito menos evidente, e a contralateral que é moderada. Seguindo a via ascendente ipsilateral, nós encontramos as seguintes estruturas bem marcadas com BDA: o próprio LSO, núcleo do corpo trapezóide, o lemnisco lateral e seus núcleos, colículos inferior e superior e os seguintes núcleos talâmicos: suprageniculado, geniculado medial, partes dorsal e medial e córtex somatosensorial primário. Seguindo a via descendente contralateral nós encontramos as seguintes estruturas: o LSO ipsi e contralateral, o núcleo do corpo trapezóide, núcleo coclear ventral, parte anterior, núcleo coclear dorsal, núcleo coclear ventral, parte posterior e VIII nervo. Os dados que nós encontramos neste trabalho sugerem que as vis do LSO podem se estender até o córtex somatosensorial no prosencéfalo e o complexo de núcleos cocleares no tronco, enviando colaterais para os principais núcleos relacionados a via auditiva, provavelmente contribuindo para a localização da fonte sonora, em acordo com a anatomia desta informação sensorial específica. / After the discovery of the Urocortin-1, a neuropeptide found mainly in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and in the lateral superior olive nucleus (LSO), the attention was caught about the lack of known projections of both nuclei. We intended to contribute to the knowledge of both ascending and descending projections of the LSO, using a neuronal anterograde tracer. In order to do that we use the Biotin-Dextran-Amine (BDA) injected in the LSO of rats, fifteen to twenty days later the rats were perfused, the brains and spinal cords were cut and the sections treated histochemically. We have found that there are four pathways leaving the LSO either ascending or descending in the central nervous system, as following: two ascending pathways, one ipsilateral to the injection, the most proeminent one and the contralateral pathway that is less dense; two descending pathways, one ipsilateral, much less evident, and the contralateral that is very moderate. Tracking the ipsilateral ascending pathway we have found the following structures well labeled with BDA: the LSO itself, nucleus of the trapezoid body, the lateral lemniscus and its nuclei, inferior and superior colliculus, the following thalamic nuclei: suprageniculate, medial geniculate, dorsal and medial parts and the primary somatosensory cortex. Tracking the contralateral descending pathway we have found the following structures: the LSO ipsi and contralateral; the nucleus of the trapezoid body; ventral cochlear nucleus, anterior part; dorsal cochlear nucleus; ventral cochlear nucleus, posterior part and, the eight nerve. The data we have found in this work suggests that the pathways from the LSO could reach as far as the somatosensory cortex in the prosencephalon and the cochlear complex nuclei in the brainstem, sending collaterals to the main nuclei related to the auditory pathway, probably contributing to the localization of the sound source, due to the anatomy of this specific sensory information.