Plastic pollution has become of public concern recently and only in the last decades the need of quantifying loads of plastic in the marine environment and identifying their ultimate destination has been urged as a mean to point at where interventions should concentrate. The Arabian seas (Red Sea and Arabian Gulf) have oceanographic features that candidate them as accumulation zones for marine plastics, but, especially the Red Sea, are largely unexplored. The dissertation here presented provides significant advances in the understanding of the marine plastic distribution in the two basins. Despite the initial hypothesis, the Red Sea was found to hold a remarkably low abundance of plastic particles in its surface waters. Similarly, previous assessments have reported the same in the Arabian Gulf. In line with the global estimates, only a small portion of the plastic that is discarded yearly in the marine environment is found in its surface waters, implying the presence of removal processes. However, the unexpectedly low loads of floating plastics in the Arabian seas indicate that sinks are likely more significant here than elsewhere. In the Red Sea, an extensive survey of macroplastic stranded on shores, globally considered a major sink of marine plastic, has indicated that Avicennia marina mangrove forests, through the mesh created by their pneumatophores, contribute significantly more than unvegetated shores in retaining plastics. Loads of plastic in the Arabian Gulf mangrove stands, more impacted by coastal development than stands in the Red Sea, are even larger. The role of mangroves as significant sinks of plastics is further corroborated by the finding that the burial rates of plastic in their sediments follow an exponential increase in line with the global plastic production increase, ultimately demonstrating that plastic is likely sequestered there permanently. Mangrove forests alone are, however, not enough to justify the mismatch between plastic inputs and loads in surface waters. The experimental finding showed here that coral structures can passively trap substantial loads of microplastics and the large extension of reefs, especially in the Red Sea, suggest that reefs might constitute a missing sink of marine plastic in the basin worth exploring.

Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας εργασίας εκτιμήθηκαν οι συστάσεις παράκτιων απορριμμάτων, καθώς και πηγές ρύπανσης των θαλάσσιων και χερσαίων απορριμμάτων στις ελληνικές ακτές. Η μη κυβερνητική οργάνωση «Δίκτυο ΜΕΣΟΓΕΙΟΣ SOS» βοήθησε στην καταγραφή των απορριμμάτων με τη συμβολή εθελοντών. Οι εθελοντές συμπληρώνοντας ειδικό φύλλο καταγραφής κατέγραψαν τα απορρίμματα τόσο ποσοτικά, όσο και ποιοτικά. Στα δεδομένα που συλλέχθηκαν εφαρμόστηκε πολυδιάστατη στατιστική ανάλυση από την οποία αντλήθηκαν πληροφορίες, βάσει των οποίων κατηγοριοποιήσαμε τις ελληνικές ακτές ανάλογα με τις πηγές ρύπανσης τους, τόσο για το έτος 2010, όσο και για το επόμενο έτος 2011. / As part of this study evaluated the recommendations coastal litter and pollution sources of marine litter on land and Greek coasts. The non-governmental organization "Network MEDITERRANEAN SOS» helped in the recording of waste with the help of volunteers. Volunteers completing specific worksheet registered waste both quantitatively and qualitatively. Among the data collected was applied multidimensional statistical analysis from which information was drawn, whereby the Greek coast categorized depending on the sources of pollution, both for 2010 and for next year 2011.

Στην παρούσα εργασία έγινε εκτίμηση της σύσταση παράκτιων απορριμμάτων και της συμβολής χερσαίων και θαλάσσιων πηγών ρύπανσης σε 80 ακτές από όλη την Ελλάδα. Η συλλογή των δεδομένων έγινε με τη συμμετοχή εθελοντών, οι οποίοι κατέγραψαν ποσοτική (εκτίμηση ποσοστών των υλικών των απορριμμάτων) και ποιοτική πληροφορία (σχετικά με τις πηγές ρύπανσης) στην οποία έγινε παραμετροποίηση. Στον πίνακα δεδομένων που προέκυψε έγινε πολυδιάστατη στατιστική ανάλυση, όπου σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματά της, οι ακτές στην Ελλάδα διακρίνονται σαφώς με βάση τις πηγές ρύπανσης τους, ενώ επίσης χωρίζονται σε δύο στατιστικά σημαντικές ομάδες, σύμφωνα με τις πηγές και τα υλικά των απορριμμάτων που υπάρχουν σε αυτές. Το υλικό που βρέθηκε να κυριαρχεί στις ελληνικές ακτές είναι το πλαστικό (42,6% - 50,6%). / In the present study, the composition of beach litter and the contribution of land based and marine based litter - sources, were estimated for 80 beaches from all over Greece. The data was collected with the contribution of volunteers, who gathered quantitative (estimates on percentages of litter material) and qualitative information (on the beach litter sources). The results of multivariate statistical techniques, that were applied on the data matrix, which was formed after the parametrization of the qualitative data, showed that Greek beaches may be distinguished in to statistically important groups, according to the sources and material of beach - stranded litter. Plastic is the dominant material in greek beaches (42.6% - 50.6%).