No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen. / Reproduced from typewritten copy. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 172-182).

abstract: Nighttime visibility of pavement markings is provided by glass beads embedded into the striping surface. The glass beads take light from the vehicle headlamps and reflect it back to the driver. This phenomenon is known as retroreflection. Literature suggests that the amount of the bead embedded into the striping surface has a profound impact on the intensity of the retroreflected light. In order to gain insight into how the glass beads provide retroreflection, an experiment was carried out to produce paint stripes with glass beads and measure the retroreflection. Samples were created at various application rates and embedment depths, in an attempt to verify the optimal embedment and observe the effect of application rate on retroreflection. The experiment was conducted using large, airport quality beads and small, road quality beads. Image analysis was used to calculate the degree to which beads were embedded and in an attempt to quantify bead distribution on the stripe surface. The results from the large beads showed that retroreflection was maximized when the beads were embedded approximately seventy percent by bead volume. The results also showed that as the application rate increased, the retroreflection increased, up to a point and then decreased. A model was developed to estimate the retroreflectivity given the amount of beads, bead spacing, and distribution of bead embedment. Results from the small beads were less conclusive, but did demonstrate that the larger beads are better at providing retroreflection. Avenues for future work in this area were identified as the experiment was conducted. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Civil Engineering 2014

This is an anthropological inquiry into how humans use beads and other personal ornaments, and what this can tell us about production, labor organization, regional traditions, and cultural exchange. Specifically, it examines the manufacture and provenience of 8,000 Late Neolithic and Copper Age (3500-2500 BC) beads from a group of closely related collective burials in the Sizandro River Valley of southwestern Portugal. Because these burials lie within five kilometers of each other and have access to similar geological landscapes, patterns of raw material consumption would be expected to be comparable. This period witnessed the rise of socially-complex, non-state societies, but there is still debate about how socially differentiated people were. One way archaeologists can shed light on this type of prehistoric social complexity is to examine how and why people produce things in the way that they do--how they work. Beads in museum collections were measured and coded for shape, usewear, composition, and other traits. Analyses were conducted using microscopy, spectroscopy, petrography, and isotopic chemistry. The goal was to determine the extent of intra-site versus inter-site variation in the Sizandro, and to compare these results to other sites in the Estremadura in order to better understand craft production and interregional exchange in the context of the demographic transition to agriculture. A number of striking patterns were found. The vast majority of beads (~90%) show a high degree of standardization and are made of abundant, locally-available materials. Discoid calcite beads in particular have low standard deviations in diameter and thickness, highly indicative of batch production. Because of their transportability, beads (perhaps sewn into garments) likely served not only a decorative but a semi-monetized function. This pattern is similar to the use of `wampum' beads as commodity money among chiefdom-scale groups in parts of pre-contact North America, and has numerous cross-cultural ethnographic parallels. Approximately 10% of the beads were much less standardized and made from a diverse range of non-local raw materials obtained via direct or down-the-line exchange from other groups in the Iberian Peninsula. The emphasis on rarified materials is similar to elsewhere in the Western Mediterranean, suggesting that the Estremadura participated in a wider system of shared symbolic values.

No description available.

<p>This thesis demonstrates a new way to achieve sparse biological sample detection, which uses magnetic bead manipulation on a digital microfluidic device. Sparse sample detection was made possible through two steps: sparse sample capture and fluorescent signal detection. For the first step, the immunological reaction between antibody and antigen enables the binding between target cells and antibody-­‐‑ coated magnetic beads, hence achieving sample capture. For the second step, fluorescent detection is achieved via fluorescent signal measurement and magnetic bead manipulation. In those two steps, a total of three functions need to work together, namely magnetic beads manipulation, fluorescent signal measurement and immunological binding. The first function is magnetic bead manipulation, and it uses the structure of current-­‐‑carrying wires embedded in the actuation electrode of an electrowetting-­‐‑on-­‐‑dielectric (EWD) device. The current wire structure serves as a microelectromagnet, which is capable of segregating and separating magnetic beads. The device can achieve high segregation efficiency when the wire spacing is 50µμm, and it is also capable of separating two kinds of magnetic beads within a 65µμm distance. The device ensures that the magnetic bead manipulation and the EWD function can be operated simultaneously without introducing additional steps in the fabrication process. Half circle shaped current wires were designed in later devices to concentrate magnetic beads in order to increase the SNR of sample detection. The second function is immunological binding. Immunological reaction kits were selected in order to ensure the compatibility of target cells, magnetic bead function and EWD function. The magnetic bead choice ensures the binding efficiency and survivability of target cells. The magnetic bead selection and binding mechanism used in this work can be applied to a wide variety of samples with a simple switch of the type of antibody. The last function is fluorescent measurement. Fluorescent measurement of sparse samples is made possible of using fluorescent stains and a method to increase SNR. The improved SNR is achieved by target cell concentration and reduced sensing area. Theoretical limitations of the entire sparse sample detection system is as low as 1 Colony Forming Unit/mL (CFU/mL).</p> / Dissertation

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om det fanns något samband mellanintolerans mot osäkerhet och optimism samt om det fanns något samband mellan intolerans motosäkerhet och smärtkatastrofiering. Utöver det ville vi undersöka om det fanns något sambandmellan upplevd stress under beteendetestet Beads task och förväntningar på kallvattentestet.Våra hypoteser var att vi skulle finna ett negativt samband mellan intolerans mot osäkerhet ochoptimism samt ett positivt samband mellan intolerans mot osäkerhet och smärtkatastrofiering.Vi trodde även att vi skulle finna ett positivt samband mellan upplevd stress under Beads taskoch negativa förväntningar på kallvattentestet. Studien utfördes genom tre enkäter som mätteintolerans mot osäkerhet, optimism och smärtkatastrofiering. Utöver det användes Beads taskför att mäta observerbara beteenden associerade med intolerans mot osäkerhet. Deltagarnabestod av 60 universitetsstudenter, varav 30 män och 30 kvinnor. Resultaten visade att det fannsett negativt samband mellan optimism och intolerans mot osäkerhet samt ett positivt sambandmellan intolerans mot osäkerhet och smärtkatastrofiering. Sålunda tenderar optimistiskapersoner att vara mindre intoleranta mot osäkerhet medan personer med hög grad avsmärtkatastrofiering är mer intoleranta mot osäkerhet. Tidigare studier har visat att optimistiskapersoner har lättare att hantera svåra situationer och att personer med hög grad avsmärtkatastrofiering har mer katastroftankar som leder till oro i osäkra situationer, vilket går ilinje med vårt resultat. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between intolerance ofuncertainty, optimism and pain catastrophizing. Furthermore we wanted to investigate therelationship between distress during the behavioral test Beads task and expectations on the ColdPressor Task. We hypothesized that we would find a negative relationship between intoleranceof uncertainty and optimism and a positive relationship between intolerance of uncertainty andpain catastrophizing. Furthermore we hypothesized that we would find a positive relationshipbetween distress during Beads task and negative expectations on the Cold Pressor Task. Theconvenient sample consisted of 60 university students, 30 males and 30 females. Ourresults showed a negative relationship between optimism and intolerance of uncertainty and apositive relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and pain catastrophizing. Thusoptimistic individuals tend to be less intolerant to uncertainty when individuals with a highlevel of pain catastrophizing are more intolerant to uncertainty. Previous studies showed thatoptimistic individuals have a better way of coping with difficult situations, and that individualswith a high level of pain catastrophizing have more catastrophizing related thoughts whichcause worrying in uncertain situations, which is in line with our results.

This research is devoted to beadwork applications on tradition textiles of definite regions of Bohemia and Moravia. The aim of the study is determination of significance of beadwork decoration in the traditional costume in final stage of tradition culture existence. Specificity of development of beadwork, requirements, and regional types are central subjects of this research. The thesis contains studies of relationship between glass technology development and circulation of glass beads in rural area. Impacts of cosmopolitan fashion tendencies on traditional costume, change of functions of beads in traditional dress are also considered. This research covers the period from second half of 19 sentries to first half of 20 centuries (interwar period). Key words: application, beads, beadwork applications, decoration, glass beads, seed beads, tradition costume, tradition textile.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Desired behaviour of paint during processing, storage, application and after application is of great importance in the coatings industry. Rheology (the study of flow and deformation behaviour) is used as a method to investigate the behaviour of the flow and deformation properties of the paint during these stages. Some of the more important phenomena that can occur during these stages, which were examined rheologically, are: 1. The rheological behaviour of certain complex raw materials during processing - vesiculated beads suspensions 11. The paint behaviour during storage - in-can stability, e.g. phase separation and sedimentation of particles; Ill. The paint during application - ease of application, spatter, etc.; IV. The paint behaviour after application - sag, layer thickness, levelling (ability to hide brush marks), etc. A rheometer was used to obtain rheological curves from a paint sample (± 1 ml). Correct interpretation of these curves, which display rheological properties of the sample such as the viscosity, shear stress, structural strength and many more, produced information about the properties mentioned in i, ii, iii and iv above. It was found that the rheological data correlated well with empirical tests carried out in the laboratory for spatter, sag, levelling behaviour and in-can stability of the paint. A wide variety of paints were studied ranging from tough/durable outdoor paints to smooth/velvety indoor paints. The rheological behaviour explained the specific end-use properties of the paints. Paints from two different companies were compared on a rheological basis. In some cases large differences in rheological behaviour were observed. Rheology modifiers were tested on a new paint. It was found that specific rheology modifiers could be incorporated into the formulation to give the specific rheological behaviour required. Rheological modelling was performed and it was found that the flow behaviour of paint cou1d be modelled accurately with existing viscosity models (Ostwald/de Waal, Bingham, Casson, Herschel-Bulkley, Cross and Philips-Deutsch). Other rheological properties of paint were also modelled successfully with a simple linear regression model. Rheology was also used as a method to examine the flow and deformation properties of vesiculated beads, a component of paint with very complex rheology. The most important factors that influence the rheological behaviour of the vesiculated beads were determined. It was found that the type of manufacturing process for the beads affected the rheological behaviour. The effect of the raw materials used to manufacture the vesiculated beads were rheologically determined. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is baie belangrik dat verf die gewenste gedrag moet toon tydens berging, vervaardiging, tydens aanwending en direk na aanwending. Reologie (die studie van vloei- en vervorming) word gebruik as a metode om die vloei- en vervormingseienskappe van verf gedurende bogenoemde stadia te ondersoek. Sommige van die belangriker verskynsels wat gedurende hierdie stadia kan plaasvind, is d.m.v reologiese toetse ondersoek. Die verskynsels is as volg: i. Die reologiese gedrag van komplekse grondstowwe soos gevesikuleerde partikel suspensies. ll. Verfgedrag tydens berging - stabiliteit van verf in die blik, bv. faseskeiding en sedimentasie van partikels lll. Verfgedrag tydens aanwending - gemak van aanwending, spatsels IV. Verfgedrag direk na aanwending - afsakking, dikte van verflaag, vloei-eienskappe 'n Reometer is gebruik om die reologiese kurwes te bepaal deur gebruik te maak van ± 1 ml monster. Korrekte interpretasie van hierdie kurwes, wat onder meer eienskappe soos viskositeit, spanning en struktuursterkte insluit, lei tot inligting wat die verskynsels in i, ii, iii en iv kan verklaar. Daar is gevind dat inligting wat verkry is i.v.m die verskynsel van spatsels, afsakking, vloei en die stabiliteit van verf in die blik, goed korreleer met empiriese toetse wat in die laboratorium uitgevoer is. 'n Groot verskeidenheid van verwe, wat wissel van duursame/sterk buitemuurse verf, tot fluweelsagte binnenshuise verf, isondersoek. Die reologiese toetse het daarin geslaag om die eienskappe van die eindproduk suksesvol te verduidelik. Verf van twee verskillende maatskappye is ook met mekaar vergelyk op 'n reologiese grondslag. Daar is by sommige van die verwe aansienlike verskille in die reologiese gedrag gevind. 'n Nuwe verf is gebruik om die uitwerking van reologie modifiseerders te ondersoek. Daar is gevind dat daar spesifieke reologie modifiseerders bestaan wat unieke reologiese gedrag verseker. Reologiese modellering is gedoen op verf en daar is gevind dat die vloeigedrag van die verf akkuraat gemodelleer kan word deur van die bestaande viskositeitsmodelle gebruik te maak (Ostwald/de Waal, Bingham, Casson, Herschel- Bulkley, Cross en Philips-Deutsch). Ander reologiese eienskappe is gemodelleer deur gebruik te maak van eenvoudige regressie modelle. Daar is ook van reologiese tegnieke gebruik gemaak om die vloei en vervormingseienskappe van gesuspendeerde gevesikuleerde partikels, wat as 'n grondstof vir verf gebruik word, te ondersoek. Die belangrikste faktore wat die reologiese gedrag beïnvloed het, was onder meer die verskillende prosesse waarmee die gevesikuleerde partikels vervaardig is. Die effek van sekere van die grondstowwe wat gebruik word om die gevesikuleerde partikels te vervaardig, is ook reologies ondersoek.