Introduction Measuring the beam profile on a medical cyclo-tron in real time can aid in improved tuning of the cyclotron and give important information for a smooth operation. Typically the beam profile is measured by an autoradiography technique or even by a scintillator that can be viewed in real time [1, 2]. Another method is to use collimators in front of the target to assess the beam center-ing [3]. All these methods have potential draw-backs including; an inability to monitor the beam in real time for the radiograph, exhibiting a non-linear correlation in signal response to the power deposited for a scintillator, and not providing a 2-dimensional profile of the complete beam for collimators. Our goal was to design a realtime, linear, 2-dimensional beam-profile monitor that is able to withstand the high power of a PET cyclotron. Material and Methods The beam-profile monitor (PM) is designed for the TR13, a 13MeV negative hydrogen-ion cyclotron at TRIUMF. The design follows the concept of a ‘harp’ monitor, widely used at TRIUMF for tuning proton and radioactive ion beams, and is installed on the extraction port without separation from the tank vacuum. The TR13 monitor is designed to withstand a 13 MeV proton beam with a beam current of up to 25 µA, has an active area of 10 by 10 mm and does not affect the 10-7 torr tank vacuum. The device consists of a water-cooled Faraday cup made out of aluminium for low activation and two orthogonal rows of eight tungsten electrodes each mounted on a water-cooled support frame. Electrodes are spaced 1 mm apart from each other, see FIG. 1. The electrodes are electrically isolated from each other and each has a current pickup soldered to it. The material and the shape of the electrodes are optimized to withstand the deposited power of the proton beam. A voltage of -90 V is applied to the electrodes to repel secondary electrons and prevent crosstalk between neighbouring electrodes. The electrode current is amplified using a custom current amplifier, and read by an ADC. From there, the current data is displayed on a PC. This allows one to observe changes of the beam profile in real time. The electronics are designed to read out all sixteen channels in parallel, or, if only a limited number of ADC channels are available, to cycle through the different channels. In our current setup all sixteen channels are read out simultaneously. Results and Conclusion The beam-profile monitor provides a real-time representation of the proton beam, see FIG. 2. The data can also be recorded and analyzed at a later time. The linearity of the monitor has been measured up to 30 µA of proton beam current [4]. With the use of the monitor, it was possible to increase the output of the ion source into the target by 50% in comparison to the standard tune.

A megawatt class electron linear accelerator (e-linac) will be constructed at TRIUMF as part of the new ARIEL facility which will produce rare ion beams for the study of nuclear structure and astrophysics, and material science. The 50MeV, 10mA, continuous wave e-linac will drive gamma ray induced fissioning of a Uranium target for the production of neutron rich beam species. View Screens located at a number of places along the e-linac beam-line will acquire two dimensional images of the transverse electron beam profiles, providing measurements of the size, position, and shape of the incident e-linac beam. The design of the View Screens will be presented, based on design studies and simulations performed to evaluate the performance of the View Screens under various operating conditions. These studies include GEANT simulations of the energy loss and scattering of the electron beam as it passes through the scintillation and Optical Transition Radiation beam targets, the subsequent thermal response of the targets, and a ray tracing optics simulation to optimize the configuration of the imaging optics. Bench test have been performed on the resulting optics design to evaluate the imaging characteristics, verifying fulfillment of the design requirements. Construction of a prototype View Screen device is currently underway, with beam tests scheduled for Fall 2011. A total of 14 View Screens will be constructed and installed along the e-linac beam-line. / Graduate

Introduction Measuring the beam profile on a medical cyclo-tron in real time can aid in improved tuning of the cyclotron and give important information for a smooth operation. Typically the beam profile is measured by an autoradiography technique or even by a scintillator that can be viewed in real time [1, 2]. Another method is to use collimators in front of the target to assess the beam center-ing [3]. All these methods have potential draw-backs including; an inability to monitor the beam in real time for the radiograph, exhibiting a non-linear correlation in signal response to the power deposited for a scintillator, and not providing a 2-dimensional profile of the complete beam for collimators. Our goal was to design a realtime, linear, 2-dimensional beam-profile monitor that is able to withstand the high power of a PET cyclotron. Material and Methods The beam-profile monitor (PM) is designed for the TR13, a 13MeV negative hydrogen-ion cyclotron at TRIUMF. The design follows the concept of a ‘harp’ monitor, widely used at TRIUMF for tuning proton and radioactive ion beams, and is installed on the extraction port without separation from the tank vacuum. The TR13 monitor is designed to withstand a 13 MeV proton beam with a beam current of up to 25 µA, has an active area of 10 by 10 mm and does not affect the 10-7 torr tank vacuum. The device consists of a water-cooled Faraday cup made out of aluminium for low activation and two orthogonal rows of eight tungsten electrodes each mounted on a water-cooled support frame. Electrodes are spaced 1 mm apart from each other, see FIG. 1. The electrodes are electrically isolated from each other and each has a current pickup soldered to it. The material and the shape of the electrodes are optimized to withstand the deposited power of the proton beam. A voltage of -90 V is applied to the electrodes to repel secondary electrons and prevent crosstalk between neighbouring electrodes. The electrode current is amplified using a custom current amplifier, and read by an ADC. From there, the current data is displayed on a PC. This allows one to observe changes of the beam profile in real time. The electronics are designed to read out all sixteen channels in parallel, or, if only a limited number of ADC channels are available, to cycle through the different channels. In our current setup all sixteen channels are read out simultaneously. Results and Conclusion The beam-profile monitor provides a real-time representation of the proton beam, see FIG. 2. The data can also be recorded and analyzed at a later time. The linearity of the monitor has been measured up to 30 µA of proton beam current [4]. With the use of the monitor, it was possible to increase the output of the ion source into the target by 50% in comparison to the standard tune.

Beam profile monitors provide position and ux distribution information to facilitate the configuration of an experimental apparatus and are an important component of any accelerator facilities beam diagnostic system. Nuclear physics experiments typically involve the incidence of high energy particles or gamma-rays on some target material and the detection of the products of the ensuing interactions. Therefore, knowing the profile of the incident radiation beam is desirable. To address the need for a profile monitor for the High-Intensity Gamma-Ray Source, development of a CCD-based gamma-ray beam profiler was undertaken. The profiler consisted of plastic scintillator, a lens system and a Starlight Express MX5 CCD camera, all contained within a light tight box. The scintillation pattern, created by the interaction between the incident gamma-rays and the scintillator, could be focused onto the CCD. Simulations were used to determine the amount of power that would be absorbed for different beam energies and scintillator thicknesses. The use of a converter material, placed directly against the scintillator to improve power deposition, was also investigated. The system was tested in order to and the camera noise characteristics, the optical resolution and magnification and the systems responsivity to power absorption in the scintillator. Using a 137Cs source, preliminary beam proles were obtained. By combining the results of the testing and simulation, predictions of the required length of exposure were made. It was determined that a beam with a flux of 10^6/s and a diameter of 2.5 cm could be profiled, using 6.0 mm of plastic scintillator and 0.6 mm of iron converter, to within 5% error per 0.64 mm x 0.91 mm resolving unit, in less than 1 minute.

Beam profile monitors provide position and ux distribution information to facilitate the configuration of an experimental apparatus and are an important component of any accelerator facilities beam diagnostic system. Nuclear physics experiments typically involve the incidence of high energy particles or gamma-rays on some target material and the detection of the products of the ensuing interactions. Therefore, knowing the profile of the incident radiation beam is desirable. To address the need for a profile monitor for the High-Intensity Gamma-Ray Source, development of a CCD-based gamma-ray beam profiler was undertaken. The profiler consisted of plastic scintillator, a lens system and a Starlight Express MX5 CCD camera, all contained within a light tight box. The scintillation pattern, created by the interaction between the incident gamma-rays and the scintillator, could be focused onto the CCD. Simulations were used to determine the amount of power that would be absorbed for different beam energies and scintillator thicknesses. The use of a converter material, placed directly against the scintillator to improve power deposition, was also investigated. The system was tested in order to and the camera noise characteristics, the optical resolution and magnification and the systems responsivity to power absorption in the scintillator. Using a 137Cs source, preliminary beam proles were obtained. By combining the results of the testing and simulation, predictions of the required length of exposure were made. It was determined that a beam with a flux of 10^6/s and a diameter of 2.5 cm could be profiled, using 6.0 mm of plastic scintillator and 0.6 mm of iron converter, to within 5% error per 0.64 mm x 0.91 mm resolving unit, in less than 1 minute.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The general aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the localized irradiance beam profiles from multiple light-emitting-diode (LED) light-curing units (LCUs) on the polymerization pattern within a resin-matrix composite (RMC). Irradiance beam profiles were generated from one quartz-tungsten-halogen and various single and multiple emission peak LED LCUs using a camera-based beam profiler system combined with LCU power measurements obtained using an integrating sphere/spectrometer assembly. The influence of distance on irradiance, radiant exposure (RE) and degree of conversion (DC) on the top and bottom surfaces of a RMC increment, using various LCUs, at two clinically relevant distances was investigated. Molar absorptivity of the photoinitiators present in the nano-hybrid RMC (Tetric EvoCeram bleaching shade-XL) assessed was using UV-spectrophotometry. The correlation among irradiance, RE and DC was explored. A mapping approach was used to investigate DC, microhardness and cross-link density (CLD) within 5×5×2 mm specimens at various depths; top, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3,1.5 mm and bottom. The localized irradiance correlation with its corresponding DC, microhardness and CLD was explored, and localized DC correlation with microhardness was assessed. The DC was measured using micro-Raman spectroscopy, and CLD was assessed by an ethanol-softening method (%KHN reduction) using an automated microhardness tester. Molar absorptivity of diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide was 20-fold higher than camphorquinone. Non-uniform LCU beam profiles caused localized polymerization discrepancies that were significant at specific depths and points within the specimens with respect to DC, microhardness and CLD, which did not follow a specific pattern regardless of the LCU or curing distance assessed. A moderate correlation was displayed among irradiance, RE and DC. The localized irradiance from the LCUs was weakly correlated with the corresponding DC, microhardness and CLD on the top surface of a RMC at both curing distances. The localized microhardness was moderately correlated with DC. In conclusion, polymerization within the RMC investigated was non-uniform and did not reflect the LCU irradiance pattern at the area assessed. Also, a mapping approach within the specimens provided a detailed polymerization pattern assessment occurring within a RMC increment. Therefore, the LCUs explored may potentially increase the risk of RMC fracture.

Kompakte faseroptische Sonden bieten viel Potential bei der dosimetrischen Qualitätssicherung, speziell in der Protonentherapie. Neben der im Vergleich zu Ionisationskammern hohen Ortsauflösung erlaubt die Unempfindlichkeit gegenüber elektromagnetischen Wechselfeldern die Anwendung parallel zur Echtzeit-Bildgebung mittels Magnetresonanztomographie. Die untersuchte Sonde besteht aus einem kleinen Volumen des Luminophors Berylliumoxid, das über eine Glasfaser an Einzelphotonensensoren gekoppelt ist. Zur Korrektur der Dosisunterschätzung der BeO-Sonde, die bei hohem linearen Energietransfer auftritt, wird das restreichweitenabhängige Verhältnis zweier spektraler Anteile des Lumineszenzlichts betrachtet. Darüber hinaus erlaubt die hohe Zeitauflösung des Messsignals bei Abgleich der Photonenzählrate mit dem Bestrahlungsplan die Rekonstruktion des Strahlprofils. Dies ermöglichte neben der energie- und tiefenabhängigen Quantifizierung der Strahlbreite auch eine Analyse des erwähnten spektralen Verhältnisses innerhalb des Strahlprofils. Dazu wurden Messungen in einem Wasserphantom bei verschiedenen Tiefen und Protonenenergien durchgeführt. Als Referenz wurden Tiefendosiskurven mit einer Ionisationskammer aufgenommen, die auch mit einer einfachen Berechnung der dreidimensionalen Dosisverteilung auf Grundlage des Bestrahlungsplans verglichen wurden.

Seit 1998 werden am Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB) in Kooperation mit der Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Augentumore mit Protonen bestrahlt. Dazu beschleunigt ein Zyklotron, welches hauptsächlich für die Therapie genutzt wird, die Protonen auf eine Energie von 68MeV. Neben dem Therapieplatz existiert auch ein Experimentierplatz zu Forschungszwecken. Die Strahlaufbereitung erfolgt in beiden Anwendungsgebieten primär durch passives Aufstreuen des Strahls mit einer einzelnen Streufolie. Dies führt jedoch zu erheblichen Strahlverlusten, die die erreichbare Strahlintensität bzw. Dosisleistung im Feld limitieren. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, einen Bestrahlungsplatz mit aktiver, dreidimensionaler Strahlführung aufzubauen, um eine möglichst effiziente Strahlstromnutzung zu ermöglichen und flexibel auf Anforderungen an das Bestrahlungsfeld eingehen zu können. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein Modell entwickelt, welches unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Parameter der Messgeometrie, Strahlcharakteristik und Felderzeugung Strahlprofile berechnet. Dieses Modell wurde im Vergleich mit Monte-Carlo Simulationen und Messungen getestet und verifiziert. Anschließend konnten Untersuchungen zur Positionierung der verwendeten Komponenten durchgeführt sowie deren Einflüsse auf Penumbra, Homogenität und Transmission der Strahlfelder analysiert werden. Es zeigte sich, dass die hohen klinischen Anforderungen für die Anwendung in der Augentumortherapie am HZB erfüllt werden können, sofern stärkere Magnetspulen verwendet werden. Mit Hilfe des Modells wurden für einen optimierten Aufbau Strahlprofile berechnet und charakterisiert. Es konnte so gezeigt werden, dass unter diesen optimierten Bedingungen eine Anwendbarkeit des aktiven Systems in der Augentumortherapie möglich ist. Des Weiteren wurde im Verlauf dieser Arbeit ein statischer Modulator für den Bestrahlungsplatz am HZB entwickelt, mit Hilfe eines 3D-Druckers hergestellt und erfolgreich getestet. / Since 1998, ocular tumours have been irradiated with protons at the Helmholtz- Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB) in cooperation with Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin. For this purpose a cyclotron is operated which accelerates protons to an energy of 68MeV and is mainly used for therapy purposes. In addition to the therapy station there is also an experimental station for research purposes. In both application areas, beam delivery is primarily achieved by passive scattering using a single scattering foil. However, this leads to considerable beam losses, which in turn limit the maximum beam intensity or dose rate in the irradiation field. The aim of this work is to construct an irradiation setup with active three-dimensional beam delivery in order to enable the most efficient possible use of beam current and to be able to respond flexibly to different irradiation field requirements. Therefore, a model was developed which calculates beam profiles taking into account various parameters of the measurement geometry, beam characteristics and field generation. This model was tested and verified in comparison with Monte Carlo simulations and measurements. Subsequently investigations into the positioning of the components used could be carried out and their influences on penumbra, homogeneity and transmission of the beam fields analysed. It was found that the high clinical requirements in terms of maximum penumbra and field homogeneity for the application in eye tumour therapy at HZB can be met if stronger magnetic coils were used. Model calculations were used to calculate and characterize different beam profiles for an optimized setup. It could be shown that under these optimized conditions an applicability of the active system in eye tumour therapy is possible. Furthermore, a static modulator for the irradiation site at HZB was developed in the course of this work, manufactured using a 3D printer and successfully tested.

The thesis deals with problems of control and diagnostics of electron beam technological devices which use electron beam for localised intensive heating of a material. A brief description of the electron beam welder MEBW-60/2 is included; the author has participated on its development and implementation. Main topics are the analysis of deflection system properties and the measurement of current distribution of the beam (so-called beam profiles). Geometrical aberrations, hysteresis, stability and dynamics of a single-stage magnetic x-y deflection system are described. Suitable measurement procedures and correction methods are introduced. Methods of transverse and longitudinal beam profile acquisition is presented using successive sampling of the local current density of the beam by a modified Faraday cup. The data processing and evaluation of characteristic beam parameters are shown. The presented methods were verified by fourteen experiments using the electron beam welder. The methods have proven to be useful in practical evaluation of the device properties.