This thesis examines the rise of the electric guitar in the United States – arguably the most iconic and successful musical instrument of the 20th century – and the role of George Beauchamp in its invention and development. It focuses on Beauchamp's invention of the electromagnetic pickup, which is the component that makes an electric guitar an electric guitar. The research is based on examination of surviving instruments as well as archival research. An extensive contextual background is given regarding the historical development of electrical musical instruments in general and electric and electrified stringed instruments in particular. The instruments manufactured by Beauchamp’s company, the Electro String Instrument Corporation are discussed as well as difficulties and litigation Beauchamp and his company were faced with while trying to bring the instruments to market. The thesis focuses on the period between the first electrification of a fretted string instrument in 1890, and the conclusion of “the Miessner matter” (a period of prolonged threatened legal action against Electro String and other electric guitar manufacturers) in 1939. The thesis also considers competing pickup systems that emerged in the wake of Beauchamp's invention.

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Este trabalho analisa a obra historiográfica de Alphonse de Beauchamp (1767-1832) a partir da qual examina as transformações ocorridas na maneira de escrever história no início do século XIX. Historiador orientado para o grande público, sua obra inscreve-se no contexto político restauracionista, em que se buscava reconstruir a memória da revolução francesa e legitimar os interesses monárquicos. Tal posicionamento político o levou a se interessar pela história da Monarquia portuguesa, e particularmente sobre o episódio da transferência da Corte para o Rio de Janeiro em 1808. A história do Brasil de Alphonse de Beauchamp deveria servir de contraponto ao destino das ex-colônias espanholas durante o processo de Independência nas primeiras duas décadas do século XIX. O historiador francês valeu-se, igualmente, dos historiadores da antiguidade, para escrever suas memórias sobre a França do seu tempo, assim como para reconstituir a história do Brasil. Contudo, os modelos da historiografia clássica já não supriam as exigências por novas maneiras de representar e narrar o passado, de tal forma que sua obra veio a ser confundida com a prática de plágio, caindo no descrédito dos historiadores e eruditos. / This dissertation investigates the work of historiography of Alphonse de Beauchamp (1767-1832) from which examines the transformations in the way of writing history in the early nineteenth century. Historian oriented to the general public, his work falls into the political restorationist, which sought to reconstruct the memory of the French Revolution and legitimate interests monarchists. This political stance led him to become interested in the history of the Portuguese monarchy, and particularly on the episode of the transfer of the Court to Rio de Janeiro in 1808. Brazil\'s history of Alphonse de Beauchamp should serve as a counterpoint to the fate of former Spanish colonies during the Independence on the first two decades of the nineteenth century. The French historian took advantage also of the historians of antiquity to write his memoirs about his time in France, as well as to reconstruct the history of Brazil. However, the models of classical historiography no longer meet the demands for new ways of representing and narrating the past, so that his work came to be confused with the practice of plagiarism, falling into disrepute by historians and scholars.

Este trabalho analisa a obra historiográfica de Alphonse de Beauchamp (1767-1832) a partir da qual examina as transformações ocorridas na maneira de escrever história no início do século XIX. Historiador orientado para o grande público, sua obra inscreve-se no contexto político restauracionista, em que se buscava reconstruir a memória da revolução francesa e legitimar os interesses monárquicos. Tal posicionamento político o levou a se interessar pela história da Monarquia portuguesa, e particularmente sobre o episódio da transferência da Corte para o Rio de Janeiro em 1808. A história do Brasil de Alphonse de Beauchamp deveria servir de contraponto ao destino das ex-colônias espanholas durante o processo de Independência nas primeiras duas décadas do século XIX. O historiador francês valeu-se, igualmente, dos historiadores da antiguidade, para escrever suas memórias sobre a França do seu tempo, assim como para reconstituir a história do Brasil. Contudo, os modelos da historiografia clássica já não supriam as exigências por novas maneiras de representar e narrar o passado, de tal forma que sua obra veio a ser confundida com a prática de plágio, caindo no descrédito dos historiadores e eruditos. / This dissertation investigates the work of historiography of Alphonse de Beauchamp (1767-1832) from which examines the transformations in the way of writing history in the early nineteenth century. Historian oriented to the general public, his work falls into the political restorationist, which sought to reconstruct the memory of the French Revolution and legitimate interests monarchists. This political stance led him to become interested in the history of the Portuguese monarchy, and particularly on the episode of the transfer of the Court to Rio de Janeiro in 1808. Brazil\'s history of Alphonse de Beauchamp should serve as a counterpoint to the fate of former Spanish colonies during the Independence on the first two decades of the nineteenth century. The French historian took advantage also of the historians of antiquity to write his memoirs about his time in France, as well as to reconstruct the history of Brazil. However, the models of classical historiography no longer meet the demands for new ways of representing and narrating the past, so that his work came to be confused with the practice of plagiarism, falling into disrepute by historians and scholars.

<p>The intimate connection between autonomy and decision-making in applied health care, especially in various kinds of consent and refusal has taken center stage in medical ethics since the Salgo decision in 1957. Prior to that time, the physician’s supposedly moral duty to provide appropriate medical care typically surpassed the legal obligation to respect patient’s autonomy. The Salgo decision concluded that physicians have a legal duty to provide facts necessary for the patient to make an informed decision. "The doctor knows best" long ago was replaced with "The doctor proposes; the patient disposes." There is no legal obligation for the patient’s choice to be palatable to anyone, other than that patient himself/herself. Although Beauchamp and Childress justified the obligation to solicit decisions from patients and potential research subjects by the principle of respect for autonomy, they however, acknowledged that the principle’s precise demands remain unsettled and open to interpretations and specification. This thesis addresses a current debate in the bioethical community on the four-principle approach. Using Tom Beauchamp and James Childress as case study, to discuss mainly the principle of respect for autonomy, I go on to explain their central arguments concerning this principle in relation to decision making in health care ethics. Rather than focus on their respective weaknesses, which many theorist and health care professionals do, I emphasis instead on the contribution the principle of respect for autonomy can make in the process of ethical decision making in health care situation.</p>

The intimate connection between autonomy and decision-making in applied health care, especially in various kinds of consent and refusal has taken center stage in medical ethics since the Salgo decision in 1957. Prior to that time, the physician’s supposedly moral duty to provide appropriate medical care typically surpassed the legal obligation to respect patient’s autonomy. The Salgo decision concluded that physicians have a legal duty to provide facts necessary for the patient to make an informed decision. "The doctor knows best" long ago was replaced with "The doctor proposes; the patient disposes." There is no legal obligation for the patient’s choice to be palatable to anyone, other than that patient himself/herself. Although Beauchamp and Childress justified the obligation to solicit decisions from patients and potential research subjects by the principle of respect for autonomy, they however, acknowledged that the principle’s precise demands remain unsettled and open to interpretations and specification. This thesis addresses a current debate in the bioethical community on the four-principle approach. Using Tom Beauchamp and James Childress as case study, to discuss mainly the principle of respect for autonomy, I go on to explain their central arguments concerning this principle in relation to decision making in health care ethics. Rather than focus on their respective weaknesses, which many theorist and health care professionals do, I emphasis instead on the contribution the principle of respect for autonomy can make in the process of ethical decision making in health care situation.

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Bioethics deals with the ethical problems arising from the developments in life sciences and biotechnologies. Western autonomy-based philosophical framework has dominated the approach of mainstream Bioethics. Yet, many of the assumptions implicit in the Western framework that makes claim to universal validity may not be shared by non-western cultures. Moral pluralism poses a challenge to a common bioethics. Pluralism is understood as a descriptive term, which refers to the existence of different outlooks - moral or religious in a given society. It is simply another word for diversity. Within most western societies, the principle of autonomy sometimes implies that every person has an atomistic right to self-determination. In most African culture, however, the person is viewed as a relational self, one whom social relationships and inter-dependence rather than individualism provide the basis for moral decisions. Through a critical analysis of the Principles of Biomedical Ethics by Tom L. Beauchamp and James F. Childress; the Foundations of Bioethics by H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.; and the Morality of Pluralism by John Kekes, the author addresses two challenges. The first one concerns the possibility and desirability of a common bioethical framework in a society with a diversity of moral visions. The second deals with what could be the contribution of African thought, philosophy, and culture to such a project. By exploring some of the worldviews of the Igbo of South-eastern Nigeria, the author shows that different cultures have different significances in bioethical analysis. He argues that an acceptable bioethical framework should be sensitive to the cultural realities of the people where it is employed and contextual in its application. At the same time, it should take account of the common morality feature of human experience. He formulates three prima facie common morality principles as meeting the challenge of Bioethics within the African context.

<p>Bioethics deals with the ethical problems arising from the developments in life sciences and biotechnologies. Western autonomy-based philosophical framework has dominated the approach of mainstream Bioethics. Yet, many of the assumptions implicit in the Western framework that makes claim to universal validity may not be shared by non-western cultures. Moral pluralism poses a challenge to a common bioethics. Pluralism is understood as a descriptive term, which refers to the existence of different outlooks - moral or religious in a given society. It is simply another word for diversity.</p><p>Within most western societies, the principle of autonomy sometimes implies that every person has an atomistic right to self-determination. In most African culture, however, the person is viewed as a relational self, one whom social relationships and inter-dependence rather than individualism provide the basis for moral decisions. </p><p>Through a critical analysis of the <i>Principles of Biomedical Ethics</i> by Tom L. Beauchamp and James F. Childress; the <i>Foundations of Bioethics</i> by H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.; and the <i>Morality of Pluralism</i> by John Kekes, the author addresses two challenges. The first one concerns the possibility and desirability of a common bioethical framework in a society with a diversity of moral visions. The second deals with what could be the contribution of African thought, philosophy, and culture to such a project. </p><p>By exploring some of the worldviews of the Igbo of South-eastern Nigeria, the author shows that different cultures have different significances in bioethical analysis. He argues that an acceptable bioethical framework should be sensitive to the cultural realities of the people where it is employed and contextual in its application. At the same time, it should take account of the common morality feature of human experience. He formulates three prima facie common morality principles as meeting the challenge of Bioethics within the African context.</p>