In the preservation discourse, interventions are generally viewed as technical issues. Considering that interventions cause variety of changes in the characteristics of archaeological edifices starting from the excavation, these changes constructs and shapes the archaeological edifices in terms of its appearance and meaning. In that respect, interventions act as tools for making changes in archaeological edifices by causing transformation of existing characteristics, loss of some others and adding new ones. Based on this, the study aims to evaluate interventions by putting change at the center in order to understand how interventions affect archaeological edifice in constructing its appearance and meaning. The study is based on evaluation of intervention through a &amp / #8216 / new formation process&amp / #8217 / , which is based on two phases. The first phase deals with evaluation of changes in values through the &amp / #8216 / value formation process&amp / #8217 / . The second phase is related with the assessment of changes in the characteristics of archaeological edifice as a whole, in terms of its physical, functional and semantic characteristics. This approach enables the examination of the process of change starting from prior to excavation and the assessment of interventions through the principles of change (reliability, consistency, legibility) and the &amp / #8216 / value formation process&amp / #8217 / . The evaluation method is sampled on certain intervened archaeological edifices on the Curetes Street in Ephesus. The study concludes that the interventions are significant tools for making changes in archaeological edifices throughout its new lifecycle. The &amp / #8216 / value formation process&amp / #8217 / and the &amp / #8216 / new formation process&amp / #8217 / approach can make it possible to predict changes in archaeological edifices, prevent value conflicts caused by interventions and improve the quality of change shaped by interventions. Approaching the intervention process as a change management problem necessitates to develop appropriate change strategies and to define this process as a &amp / #8216 / new formation process&amp / #8217 / .

Urban risks have been questioned since the 1999 events in Turkey confirming that local seismic attributes are primary indicators for urban risk management. During the past decade tools and frameworks for global disaster risk management have shifted the priorities from emergency management to pre-disaster risk management and demand new tasks from urban planning. Security and resilience in local, national and global levels becomes a shared accountability which brings in a prominent role to the planning discipline in reducing local seismic vulnerabilities via research, implementation and disseminating methods of mitigation. In the local context, the so called Disasters Law and the Development Law do not contain the necessary concern for safety in urban planning and have no aspiration to devise appropriate tools for mitigation. The role of city planners, who could mainstream a holistic approach and provide community participation into decision making processes, is hardly apparent in legislation. Urban mitigation planning methodology thus provides a new area of progression and expansion for the planning profession. This method is investigated in the local context of Fatih, sub-province in Istanbul. It is established that mitigation planning involves an elaborate set of procedures to include hazard identification, determination of vulnerable assets, spatial risk assessment, risk area prioritization, analyses of the emergency state and identification of more effective measures for risk reduction both in spatial and non-spatial terms in line with local development potential. This approach promises a new specialization in the planning theory and practice, and calls for new regulatory tools to facilitate implementation.

Urban space has begun to be commodified to full extent by the affect of neoliberalism, which is bared upon free flow of capital over a global network of cities. By 1970&rsquo / s, the phenomenon of globalization made social, political and economic relations all around the world to be redefined under these circumstances. While nation states were altering their role in favor of capital power, early centers of production have come to lose their attractiveness and functions, and in especially developed countries there emerged necessity for the notion of &ldquo / urban transformation&rdquo / . On the other hand, in Turkey, urban transformation projects have begun to be applied lately, under specific conditions and with different reasons, but still under neo-liberal hegemony. The aim of this thesis is to make a comparative analysis of &ldquo / Ankara North Entrance Urban Transformation Project&rdquo / by understanding the notion of urban transformation together with altered role of nation state at the age of neoliberalism, by comparatively analyzing grand transformation projects applied at three capital cities in Europe, namely, London, Paris, and Berlin, during late 20th century. The comparison criteria for project preparation and application processes of the case of Ankara and European examples are, first, the scale and location within the city / second, reasons of application in terms of their legitimating processes / third, the ways of providing financial resources for projects / fourth, administrative dimension of urban policy making / fifth, architectural domain of the projects / and lastly participation conditions of urban inhabitants and social agents, including the professionals.

Much emphasis has been given to the damages and loss experienced in the 1999 earthquakes with little research however on the social and administrative causes, and in particular on the consequences of malpractice of planning previous to the natural hazard. Reviewing the case of Adapazari, the three succesive periods of plan making and implementation are critically investigated here to establish the extent that planning decisions of the local authorities and their modes of enforcement have generated adverse results causing the loss of many Lifes. The analysis required the combination of data sources on plan decisions and the consequences of the disaster, accommodated in the different authorities. Surveying the scope and decisions of 1957-70, 1970-85, and 1985-99 plan periods, and comparing these decisions in their spatial context with the loss and damage experienced, provides sufficent evidence of the causality. It is possible to identify that decisions of increased densities and building higher, changes to commercial uses in the CBD, siting of individual buildings, removal of open spaces all had their share in contributing the dramatic panaroma of losses. v Findings indicate strong correlations of loss of life with increased number of floors in buildings in the 27 districts of Adapazari. It is particularly evident that greatest damages occured due to the 1985 plan decisions, when all powers of comprehensive plan-making were transferred to the local authorities, central authority control powers being removed. So long as local interests can not be curbed in plan preparation avoiding control with reference to the criteria of &lsquo / public benefit&rsquo / , many other cities in Turkey are likely to have similar fate in the near future.

After the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, urban planning was one of the main instruments for the development of national economy. In this respect, urban plans for numerous cities and towns were prepared between 1923 and 1940 in Turkey. This thesis reveals the reflections of Republican ideology to urban planning principles. The aims of this study are to clarify the political concepts that were active in the Early Republican Period, translation of political concepts to spatial context and to reveal the relation between urban planning experiences and political ideology between 1923 and 1940 in the Republic of Turkey. For this reason, this thesis study examines the construction of Republican ideology in city space via urban planning. The construction of the Republican Revolution in city space is examined in terms of planning practices and evolution of urbanism. The examples of cities planned at that period are evaluated in the context of political ideals and planning principles that were operative in urban planning between 1923 and 1940 in Turkey.

It is being observed that there has been an increase in the number of urban design competitions in the last decade in Turkey. Competitions are crucial methods of enriching theoretical and practical frameworks of the disciplines by creating a platform for discursive attitudes. That reveals the importance of the notion of competition as a process covering from the decision for organizing a competition to the decision of the jury for the winner and also post-competition events such as colloquium. Due to these facts, competition process as a whole can be considered as a discursive practice where diverse discursive approaches are represented via design brief, submitted projects and colloquiums that enrich and develop both theory and practice of urban design. There is not a single definition for urban design rather there are some approaches to the field mostly pointing to its interdisciplinary features. This fact makes urban design field vulnerable and open to critiques but at the same time enables contributions from diverse disciplines. It reveals the importance of competitions which forms a platform for new ideas and perspectives. Competition, with its definite structure of rules, definite role players from diverse disciplines who are involved in the process, documents produced throughout the process by different discourses, can be conceptualized as a dimension in space-time that makes it possible to observe different discourses in the same place and at the same time, sometimes in conflict with each other, sometimes overlapped onto each other and sometimes juxtaposed. Therefore competition is a platform where different discursive formations, with their objects, enunciative modalities, concepts and strategies, are exercised and practiced by human subject. When considered from that point of view, instead of focusing on the inception of urban design in Turkey, when the term is conceptualized, how and when competitions were utilized and instrumentalized in spreading the term, as a consequence how this struggle enabled positions for the field can be diagnosed more explicitly. The aim of this dissertation is to analyze urban design competition processes via design briefs, questions-answers, winning projects, jury reports and if available evaluation articles and colloquium reports with the adoption of archaeological methodology of Michel Foucault, discursive formation. His methodological approach in his book Archaeology of Knowledge(1972), has been adopted to construct a conceptual framework within that context, the study has focused on national, open, single phase competitions containing the term &ldquo / urban design&rdquo / in its announced title and it has been found that there are 35 cases starting from the year 1980. Design briefs, questions-answers, prize-winning projects and jury reports were analyzed, in addition survey and interview methods are utilized to reveal the discursive formations within the competition process. It is found that this is an ongoing process of forming a discursive formation when urban design is concerned and competitions play a significant role in framing such attitudes. Such a discursive analysis made within the context of competitions will help us to draw a general framework to reveal the discursive formations in the field that will help us to understand its position, grasp the underlying facts behind these processes of Urban Design Competitions in Turkey and this will give us the chance to rethink and define new frameworks and discursive formations to establish new perspectives and understandings of urban design in Turkey in the context of competitions.

Atat&uuml / rk Forest Farm is a unique spatial practice representing the main philosophy of the Turkish Republic to create a new society by holding together modern agricultural and industrial production techniques, combining them with leisure activities and developing an urban farm. Eventually it is neither simply a land problem nor a heritage issue. Its being is evaluated as a conscious contribution for the cultural transformation of the Turkish nation. Therefore, its genesis is discussed in relation to the main definitions of culture in history: 1) cultivating nature with the idea of increasing the efficiency in products and lands / 2) cultivation of minds in relation to the education of human beings / 3) the process of social development / 4) meanings, values, ways of life / 5) practices which produce meanings and finally 6) the meshing of anthropological views linking the two definitions of &lsquo / a way of life&rsquo / and &lsquo / the production of meaning&rsquo / as a network of representations. The research has proved that there are very few experiments that might have some resemblance with Atat&uuml / rk Forest Farm, however, its stance as a culture transformation agent is unique.

Fires, with their sudden appearance and destructive character, cause property losses beside much more death and injury especially in cities. Providing fire safety is a multi-faceted context that is related with staff, vehicle, equipment, function, organization, technology, education and consciousness. These are related, indirectly, with spatial organization that is the other side of the issue: they affect space or they are affected from space. In research context, the fire stations are evaluated as a unit of emergency and land use element of urban space. By associating the concepts related to emergency management and to urban scale, the space-time relation is examined in urban areas. This research bases on the spatial deficiencies of fire stations in urban areas which are reasons of the fire losses. Level of laws and regulations in Turkey for spatial requirements are examined. Site selection and design criteria of fire stations are evaluated with available information about implications in Ankara case study. As a result of the interviews that have been made to top executive of fire station, it is found that process of site selection and design of fire stations is going on with subjective experiences in urban space. In conclusion of the research, it is displayed that the decisions about the site selection and design of the fire stations are related to not only population criterion, but also many issues in macro-meso-micro scales. It is considered that the set of multi-criteria that are reached in this regard will provide contribution in legal organization and developing the standards.

Space organisation of urban blocks is a significant topic of urban design field to achieve correlated urban parts that enhance the variety in urban spaces. However, the rapid urban transformation experienced in the Turkish cities resulted in the generation of similar urban blocks with the lack of spatial variety. Therefore, a re-evolution of space organisation concepts for urban blocks emerges as a design problem in order to cope with the defined problem. From this point of view, the interfaces among public, common and private spaces as the formative parts of space organisation process constitute the essence of this study. Thus, the morphological elements of urban blocks as street, plot and building are constantly reshaped and redefined based on the correlations of this realms. Within this scope, Conzen&rsquo / s town plan method has been adopted in this study for Bah&ccedil / elievler Housing Cooperative Site, to reveal the transformation experienced and the changing relations of street, plot and building throughout the morphological formation processes. In the light of this problem case and method implemented, this research indicates that in Bah&ccedil / elievler, the changing relations between street, plot and buildings are an outcome of the interfaces among public, common and private regarding the permeability along boundaries. Based on this outcome, this study suggests that a new understanding of space organisation in urban blocks regarding the interfaces among public, common and private spaces as counterparts of street, plot and buildings arises as a significant issue that needs to be reconsidered by urban designers, planners, architects and public authorities while defining the design and planning process.

Sustainable development has been an emerging trend in worldwide projects for securing the assets available to future generations, yet, there are often disputes over the sustainability of a project. Sustainability indicators are therefore suggested to serve as a quantitative tool to analyze the changes and measure progress of a sustainable development. By engaging the public for identification of such indicators, their opinions of a development can be documented and then conveyed to the decision makers at the planning stage. It is anticipated that the actual needs of the local communities can be reflected in and communicated by these sustainability indicators. In this Study, Yuen Long Town Nullah was picked to be a pilot study to demonstrate the role and function of sustainability indicators. It is a part of the oldest drainage systems in Hong Kong and was constructed in the early 1960’s to alleviate flooding. Like many other nullahs, it was originated from natural watercourses and has then been straightened and provided with concrete bed and walls. Over the years, it has been complained of eyesore problem, foul smell, and accumulation of refuse. In order to address these urban problems in parallel with the lack of open space, revitalization of the Nullah has been opted for re-establishing riverscapes and providing valuable recreational space by turning the Nullah into community assets. In total, 202 sets of questionnaires were collected for gathering the general perception and identification of local sustainability indicators of Yuen Long Town Nullah. 4 interviews with various stakeholders were also conducted for giving comments on sustainability indicators, government’s policy towards sustainable development, recommendations on monitoring the sustainability progress and the sustainability indicators for developing Yuen Long Town Nullah based on their experiences. In general, the local communities concerned the environmental aspect the most but economic aspect the least. A sustainability indicator framework was proposed at the last part of this Study to conclude the findings from the questionnaire survey and the interviews. / published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management