Este trabalho resultou de uma investigação que objetivou verificar e analisar, do ponto de vista de trabalhadoras que se submeteram a cirurgia plástica estética, se e de que modo o embelezamento físico se mostra como requisito da gestão gerencialista para o exercício do trabalho imaterial. Para tanto a revisão da literatura abrangeu trabalho imaterial, através de autores como Gorz, Grisci e Pelbart, gestão gerencialista, através de autores como Gaulejac e Chanlat, e embelezamento físico, através de autores como Mansano, Bauman e Lipovetsky. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa e exploratória, e, para sua realização foram entrevistados seis cirurgiões plásticos e seis trabalhadoras, indicadas por estes, que se submeteram a cirurgia plástica estética. As entrevistas ocorreram em três cidades do Rio Grande do Sul. A análise dos dados deu-se segundo os parâmetros de Minayo (2001). As evidências empíricas mostraram que, no caso das trabalhadoras entrevistadas, o embelezamento físico pode ser considerado requisito da gestão gerencialista para o exercício do trabalho imaterial. Além disso, mostraram que características da gestão gerencialista e do trabalho imaterial encontravam-se na narrativa das trabalhadoras estudadas. Mostraram ainda que os cirurgiões plásticos estéticos entrevistados, confirmam a tese de que, no caso, das trabalhadoras analisadas, a cirurgia plástica estética pode ser considerada um elemento de embelezamento físico utilizado a fim de se conseguir retorno no trabalho de cada uma. Por fim, as narrativas revelaram que a cirurgia plástica estética é também um artifício utilizado pelas trabalhadoras entrevistadas na tentativa de manter-se dentro de um determinado padrão de embelezamento físico que pode gerar rendimentos ao trabalho imaterial. / This paper is the result of a study that aimed to verify and analyze, from the point of view of workers that underwent cosmetic plastic surgery, if and how physical beautification is a requirement of managerialism to perform immaterial labor. The literature review included immaterial labor, through authors such as Gorz, Grisci and Pelbart, managerialism, through authors such as Gaulejac and Chanlat, and physical beautification, through authors such as Mansano, Bauman and Lipovetsky. This is a qualitative and exploratory research, and six plastic surgeons and six female workers were interviewed, workers who were referred by the surgeons and had undergone plastic surgery. The interviews took place in three cities of Rio Grande do Sul. Data analysis was performed according to Minayo’s parameters (2001). Empirical evidence has shown that, in the case of female workers interviewed, physical beautification may be considered a requirement of managerial management for the exercise of immaterial labor. In addition, they showed that characteristics of managerialist management and immaterial work were found in the narrative of the workers studied. They also showed that the aesthetic plastic surgeons interviewed confirm the thesis that, in the case of the workers analyzed, cosmetic plastic surgery can be considered as a physical embellishment element used in order to achieve a return in the work of each one. Finally, the narratives revealed that cosmetic plastic surgery is also an artifice used by the workers interviewed in an attempt to keep within a certain pattern of physical beautification that can generate income for immaterial labor.

A presente Tese de Doutorado em Educação intitulada “Com que roupa eu vou? Embelezamento e Consumo na Composição dos Uniformes Escolares Infantis”, desenvolvida na Linha de Pesquisa Educação, Sexualidade e Relações de Gênero do PPGEDU da FACED/UFRGS teve como primordial foco de estudos pesquisar a produção das identidades de gênero femininas infantis escolarizadas marcadas pelo processo de pedofilização como prática social contemporânea. O estudo empreendido buscou responder em sua narrativa, mesmo que provisoriamente, a seguinte questão: de que forma as práticas de uniformização escolar infantil interferem no modo como as meninas investem, em seus corpos, padrões estéticos e corporais de embelezamento e consumo tão difundidos em nossa sociedade e propagados pela escola na constituição de suas identidades de gênero? Tendo como referenciais teórico-metodológicos os Estudos de Gênero e os Estudos Culturais em Educação, foram desenvolvidas entrevistas semiestruturadas com crianças e com profissionais da escola em questão, no intuito de coletar dados acerca do problema pesquisado. Desenvolvi, também, observações em momentos livres das crianças na escola num período aproximado de seis meses, registrados num caderno de anotações, com o intuito de problematizar, discutir e investigar o problema de pesquisa apontado. O estudo suscitou a compreensão de que as práticas de composição em torno dos uniformes escolares infantis, glamourosamente produzidas pela escola e propagadas pelas crianças estabelecem uma consistente relação entre consumo e embelezamento dos corpos, demarcando dois processos recorrentes em tais práticas: pertencimento e erotização autorizada. Em tal prática escolar foi possível também perceber a demarcação de discursos e representações sociais e culturais contemporâneos da importância do maciço investimento, desde a infância, nos corpos, na imagem e na aparência, reforçando a adesão das meninas na produção/composição de suas identidades de gênero. / The present doctoral thesis in Education entitled "What clothes should I wear? Beautification and Composition of Consumption in Children’s School Uniforms", following the research line in Education, Sexuality and Gender Relations (PPGEDU) at the College of Education (FACED) at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) focuses on the production of the female child’s gender identities in school, which are characterized by the process of pedophilization as a contemporary social practice. The study aims to answer the following question, although temporarily: How can the use of school uniforms interfere in the way the girls are investing in their bodies, the aesthetic and body patterns of beautification and consumption, which are strongly publicized in our society and spread in the school formation of their gender identities? Based on the Gender Studies and Cultural Studies in Education as theoreticalmethodological referential, some semi-structured interviews were carried out with the children and the school staff in order to collect data. Written observations were also made during the children’s free moments at school over a period of approximately six months. The study raised the understanding that the practices of composition concerning schoolchildren uniforms, glamorously produced and promoted by the children themselves, establish a consistent relationship between consumption and body beautification, reinforcing two recurring processes in such practices: belonging and authorized eroticization. In this school practice it was also possible to realize the reinforcement of discourses and the contemporary cultural ad social representations in the importance of the massive investment, since childhood, in the bodies, the image and the appearance, reinforcing the adhesion of girls in the production/composition of their gender identities.

Before the American small town was enshrined as an ideal, it was a space of dynamic and pioneering progressive reform, a narrative that has been largely untold in histories of professional planning and landscape history. Archival research shows that village improvement was not simply a prequel to the City Beautiful in the years following the 1893 Chicago Expo, but a rich and complex history that places the residential village at the center of debates about the middle landscape as a civic realm comprised of complimentary and oppositional pastoral and urban worldviews. The second half of the nineteenth century saw an extensive movement in village improvement that affected the physical, economic, and social infrastructure of rural settlements of all sizes in every region of the country. As a concept referenced by planners working on comprehensively-designed suburban communities, the small town ideal has never been historicized with respect to the history and theory of the nineteenth century village landscape improvements. This study broadens the study of village improvement to include the history of ideas and debates surrounding rural development on the national and local level between the 1820s and 1880s and, in doing so, argues that the discussion-born theory of village improvement within a national rural reform movement led by some of the nineteenth century's most respected and influential reformers including B.G. Northrop (education), Col. George Waring (sanitation), N.H. Egleston (conservation), Isabella Beecher Hooker (women's rights), and F.L. Olmsted, Sr. (landscape architecture) was modeled on the Laurel Hill Association in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, and that the local practice of this one society over the same period in line with the national movement together comprised the most active sustained discussion about the civic society and physical infrastructure of rural settlements in American history. This narrative tracks reform movements in rural settlements over several decades, beginning with landscape gardening through sanitation and up to the professionalization of city planning and the country life movement. Planning veered from broadly conceived urban pastoralism and multi-disciplinary rural improvement that viewed the village as an extension of the city toward preservation planning that viewed the small town as an increasingly idealized pastoral space, past-looking and unchanging. This trend was in line with an associated shift from planning as a series of fine-grained locally led practices to expert-driven professionalized planning as grandiose comprehensive vision.

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The abolishment of Apartheid and the transition to a democratic political dispensation has ushered in a new era for urban development in South Africa. This change implies a range of challenges for managing urban areas which also includes the urban environment. Urban environmental creation (defined as activity to green the urban environment) holds the potential to mitigate the consequences caused by Apartheid to South Africans and in addition, if planned properly and applied sensibly, can contribute significantly towards social and economic prosperity in this country. Relatively few attempts to date have been made to research urban greening within the so-called new South African context. Currently a lack of vision exists regarding strategy development for future urban greening and dissension regarding the objectives of urban greening has been identified as a key problem area. This makes it particularly difficult to take decisions at project execution level. From the outset, the aims of this research were two-fold, namely to measure progress at project co-ordination level and further to conceptualise a theoretical framework for future decision making. The literature review documents the agendas for urban greening, both past and present. An, analysis of various urban planning and design strategies, together with South African central government policies which refer to urban environmental management, has shown that a paradigm shift is occurring within the urban greening discipline. This shift is characterised by a movement away from urban greening which focuses on secondary social needs of people, and a shift towards urban greening which is more sensitive to the primary social and economic needs of cities' inhabitants. This research uses a case study approach to measure progress gained in urban greening practise and to determine the current state of affairs. A sample of projects for analysis was obtained from four organisations. Information gathered was then analysed in terms of selected characteristics. In addition, the execution processes (planning, implementation, construction and maintenance) of four urban greening development projects, which were selected randomly from the sample, are described. The research is concluded with a synthesis of findings and recommendations into a conceptual framework for future decision making. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die beëindiging van Apartheid en die oorgang na 'n demokratiese politieke bestel het 'n nuwe era vir stedelike ontwikkeling in Suid Afrika ingelui. Hierdie verandering hou 'n reeks nuwe uitdagings vir stedelike bestuur in, wat onder andere ook die bestuur van die stedelike omgewing insluit. Stedelike omgewingsskepping, wat gedefinieer kan word as aktiwiteit om die stedelike omgewing te vergroen, besit die potensiaal om skade wat Apartheid aan Suid Afrikaners berokken het te temper en kan voorts, indien dit deurdag beplan en aangewend word, bydra tot sosiale en ekonomiese welvaart in Suid Afrika. Tot hede, is daar nog betreklik min navorsing oor stedelike vergroening binne die sogenaamde Nuwe Suid Afrika konteks onderneem. Daar bestaan tans groot leemtes aangaande die gedaante wat stedelike vergroening binne 'n post-Apartheid konteks behoort te verbeeld, weens twee-spalt wat heers met betrekking tot doelwitte. Gepaardgaande hiermee, bestaan daar ook geen aanvaarbare strategie vir die toekoms nie. Al hierdie probleme tesame bemoeilik sinvolle besluitneming op grondvlak. Hierdie navorsing stel dit dus breedweg as mikpunt om die konteks van stedelike vergroening in Suid-Afrika te bepaal, vordering wat sedert demokratisering in die veld bereik is te meet en verder om 'n raamwerk vir die toekoms daar te stel. Die agendas vir stedelike vergroening (soos wat dit in die verlede was en hoe dit tans uitsien), word in die literatuuroorsig gepeil. 'n Ontleding van 'n verskeidenheid van stadsbeplannings en - ontwerp strategieë tesame met 'n ontleding van Suid Afrikaanse sentrale owerheidsbeleid wat betrekking het op stedelike omgewingsbestuur, bevestig meegaande 'n hipotese wat gestel is, naamlik dat 'n paradigma verskuiwing besig is om plaas te vind in die stedelike vergroenings veld. Hierdie paradigma verskuiwing word gekenmerk deur 'n beweging weg vanaf stedelike vergroening wat gefokus is op die sekondêre sosiale behoeftes van mense en 'n beweging na stedelike vergroening wat fokus op die primêre sosiale en ekonomiese behoeftes van stedelinge. 'n Navorsingsprojek is onderneem ten einde die huidige stand van gekoordineerde stedelike vergroenings ontwikkeling, aldus stedelike vergroening wat spesifiek gemik is op die ontwikkeling van gemeenskappe wat deur die vorige politieke stelsel in Suid Afrika benadeel is, te meet. 'n Steekproef vir analise is verkry, deur 'n vraelys ondersoek te loods onder vier organisasies wat as gevallestudies deel neem. Stedelike vergroenings ontwikkelingsprojekte wat deur hierdie organisasies gelys is (die steekproef elemente) is dan aan die hand van geselekteerdekenmerke en eienskappe vergelyk en ontleed. Gepaardgaande hiermee volg daar ook 'n prosesbeskrywing van vier stedelike vergroenings ontwikkelings projekte wat subjektief uit die vier gevallestudies geselekteer is. Die doel hiervan is om gedetailleerde insae te verskaf tot die wyse hoe stedelike vergroenings ontwikkelings projekte tans tot uitvoering gebring word. Die navorsing word saamgevat deur 'n sintese van bevindings en aanbevelings in 'n teoretiese raamwerk vir toekomstige besluitneming.

This thesis is a study of a home beautification project developed by the Art Club of the Travis Elementary School in Mineral Wells, Texas.

For three years the writer has worked with children from a section in Mineral Wells, Texas, in which home environments were unnecessarily bad. They offered none of the wholesome stimuli for growth and development that homes should give. The houses were drab and cheerless, and the grounds were neglected, often grown up in weeds or cluttered with trash. Through its members, made up of sixth and seventh grade children of Travis Elementary School and including children from the affected homes, plans and procedures were formulated for improving homes, and the interest and cooperation of the parents were secured in extending the improvements over the area. By this plan the writer hoped that life might be made more satisfying for these people as a result of improved surroundings.

Istanbul undertakes about half of the imports and exports of the country which has been increasing the importance. It is the most developed city in Turkey with a population reaching up to 13.255.685 people in 2010 consisting of %17.98 of the national population. The service sector demand and the real estate production are expected to be high together with the Istanbul&rsquo / s rising position in the globalization process. Upon the increase in demand for global sectors, the production of the commercial real estate tends to increase, which can be observed from construction statistics that are published by the Turkish Statistical Institute. The world city literature developed in several respects. As to the world city/global city concept, there are three main theories that play major roles in understanding the emergence of global command centers and strongly influenced the world city literature that belong to John Friedmann, Saskia Sassen and Manuel Castells. Developments in lines with the world city/global city concept appeared in Istanbul with the 1980&rsquo / s reforms towards economic liberalization, together with the support of the Government to make Istanbul a &lsquo / global city&rsquo / . The city is the primary gateway of Turkey to the global economy and Istanbul has been well ranked in academic rosters of world cities since the beginning of the 21 st century. v When the case of Istanbul is considered, the city as a world city is expected to be relatively at an earlier stage of globalization process, and with respect to these major theories / the attribution of Istanbul seems to have similarity with Friedmann&rsquo / s (1986) &lsquo / world city&rsquo / vision. The main data that reflect the supply of commercial real estate as related to demand in the globalization process are obtained from the data of the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK), under the published categories of &lsquo / Hotel and etc constructions&rsquo / , &lsquo / Office, Wholesale and Retail Commerce&rsquo / , &lsquo / Traffic and Communication Buildings&rsquo / , &lsquo / Industry and Storage&rsquo / , and &lsquo / Public, Entertainment, Education and Hospital&rsquo / . In order to figure out the place of Istanbul in the globalization process in the country, Istanbul&rsquo / s data are compared with the same data for Ankara and Izmir comprising the years between 2002 and 2010. It is aimed to figure out the developed sectors of Istanbul and to clarify how Istanbul is leading in the production of real estate for the global sectors of both manufacturing and service activities. The developments in respect of globalization process of the city can be expected in the direction of the formation of world city as defined in line with the Friedmann&rsquo / s theory, since not only buildings for service sector activities are produced in Istanbul, but also industrial real estate production at almost equal level during much of the investigated period. It is expected that global city functions, in lines with the Saskia Sassen&rsquo / s framework will develop as world city functions consolidate in Istanbul. Therefore, the commercial real estate production is expected to be more rapid and more in line with the growth of world city functions in Istanbul, compared to two other most developed cities of Turkey which are Ankara and Izmir.

Nowadays, many cities try to turn their historic city centers into centers of attraction both for inhabitants and visitors by reorganizing and revitalizing them. These reorganization and revitalization processes change the users of the place as well as its physical structure. Thus, this change also creates deep impacts on human-place relationship. Traces of these impacts can be observed via &lsquo / sense of place&rsquo / and &lsquo / place image&rsquo / concepts. Studying these concepts is difficult due to their subjectivity / however, it is necessary to understand the change of place in all dimensions. It is possible to observe a similar process in Kalei&ccedil / i, the historic city center of Antalya. This research examines the process of change in Kalei&ccedil / i over the last five decades regarding the impacts on the &lsquo / sense of place&rsquo / and &lsquo / place image&rsquo / . It identifies &lsquo / physical setting&rsquo / , &lsquo / activity&rsquo / and &lsquo / meaning&rsquo / as observable components of these concepts / and it examines the change in these components through the in-depth interviews with three different user groups (i.e., users before 1980, those after 1980 and present users) and cognitive maps. The research considers that the first conservation practices in Kalei&ccedil / i started in 1980s, thus, it examines the change in &lsquo / sense of place&rsquo / under the headings of before 1980, after 1980 and present time. This research shows that the &lsquo / sense of place&rsquo / and &lsquo / place image&rsquo / between these user groups vary significantly. It indicates that the sense of place of the first user group is generated mostly regarding &lsquo / meaning&rsquo / component shaped by experiences / whereas the sense of place of the second and third category users mostly relates with physical environment and historical identity of the place. Besides, this research comes to a conclusion that there is a direct link between the change in sense of place and the efforts of turning the area into a center of attraction for tourism.