The need to define notions in one and a concrete way is actually a tendency to remove the contradictions that could blur their meanings. However, in the architectural discourse the different definitions and interpretations of a notion lead sometimes to an interesting and productive paradox through which a dual situation can emerge. The notion of type as one of these instances gained such a duality in time throughout the accumulated thoughts that were studied in different times and conditions since the eighteenth century by scholars like Marc-Antoine Laugier, Quatrem&eacute / re de Quincy, Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand, Le Courbusier, Giulio Carlo Argan, Aldo Rossi, and Peter Eisenman. These conditions which occurred between the relations type-nature, type-machine and type-city have a common point in that type was seen as a principle, to explain the architectural attitude in a particular period. And in these periodical conditions it can be said that type has, actually, a visual (in Leandro Madrazo&amp / #8217 / s terms) and non-visual (in Leandro Madrazo&amp / #8217 / s terms) aspect which leads to a discrepant problem in that it is sometimes defined as sensible in the sense of a physical construction and sometimes defined as conceptual in the sense of a conceptual construct. Therefore, in using the outline of Anthony Vidler&amp / #8217 / s essay the third typology as a loose framework in the context of a historical point of view from the eighteenth century to the twentieth century, the main problem of this thesis will be to expose this dual situation between the visual (sensible) and non-visual (conceptual) aspects of type. In addition, it is actually said that the visual aspect of type appeared in the sense how its non-visual aspect is re-constructed. Moreover, within its double-nature (in Leandro Madrazo&amp / #8217 / s terms) type seems to have a potential and power for its transformation towards a key for reading the architectural process in a re-constructed continuity. And because of this re-construction it is possible to follow the continuity of architectural knowledge, which designates the changing boundaries of the architectural discipline and gives the means for a tendency to define it as autonomous.

Portland, Oregon, is steward to a 5,126 acre wilderness park called Forest Park. The park's size and proximity to downtown make it a dominate feature of Portland's skyline. Despite its urban location the park provides respite from city life with its seventy miles of trails, which wind through stands of Douglas fir, western red cedar, and western hemlock. Portland citizens enjoy this easy access to nature as well as the park's health and environmental benefits.

A pesquisa faz um levantamento dos sistemas de iluminação urbana e de fachadas atualmente instalados ao longo dos calçadões do Centro histórico de São Paulo, também chamado de Triângulo, qualificando-os segundo suas influências no modo como o pedestre entende o entorno e reconhece seus elementos, assim como o seu potencial convidativo em relação à utilização do espaço. A partir destes dados e discutindo o potencial que a luz possui para redefinir as referências espaciais na paisagem da cidade e influenciar o modo como o observador entende a arquitetura, o trabalho apresenta um conjunto de estratégias relacionadas a um plano diretor de iluminação urbana para o Triângulo, capaz de promover a melhoria do espaço urbano no período noturno e auxiliar o resgate da memória paulistana, explorando o uso do local e valorizando seus monumentos arquitetônicos. / This paper analyses the urban lighting system in addition to façade and street lighting installed on the streets of the historic downtown São Paulo, area also known as Triangle. It also verifies the lighting elements, considering the environment as well as its inviting potential in relation to its use. Based on the aspects of how lighting can improve overall appearance of a city or region, how it can redefine references of its landscape and influence the way a pedestrian perceives his/her surroundings some strategies of an urban lighting master plan will be shown as a way to improve the public space of the Triangle at night and preserve its historical landmarks driving more people to the premises and emphasizing its heritage.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (M. Arch. in Advanced Studies)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1976. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Rotch. / Includes bibliographical references. / M.C.P. / M.ArchAS

A pesquisa faz um levantamento dos sistemas de iluminação urbana e de fachadas atualmente instalados ao longo dos calçadões do Centro histórico de São Paulo, também chamado de Triângulo, qualificando-os segundo suas influências no modo como o pedestre entende o entorno e reconhece seus elementos, assim como o seu potencial convidativo em relação à utilização do espaço. A partir destes dados e discutindo o potencial que a luz possui para redefinir as referências espaciais na paisagem da cidade e influenciar o modo como o observador entende a arquitetura, o trabalho apresenta um conjunto de estratégias relacionadas a um plano diretor de iluminação urbana para o Triângulo, capaz de promover a melhoria do espaço urbano no período noturno e auxiliar o resgate da memória paulistana, explorando o uso do local e valorizando seus monumentos arquitetônicos. / This paper analyses the urban lighting system in addition to façade and street lighting installed on the streets of the historic downtown São Paulo, area also known as Triangle. It also verifies the lighting elements, considering the environment as well as its inviting potential in relation to its use. Based on the aspects of how lighting can improve overall appearance of a city or region, how it can redefine references of its landscape and influence the way a pedestrian perceives his/her surroundings some strategies of an urban lighting master plan will be shown as a way to improve the public space of the Triangle at night and preserve its historical landmarks driving more people to the premises and emphasizing its heritage.

Since 1960s, the scope of urban design broadened in a way that to control the formation process of urban space as a whole. In this respect urban coding became a distinct branch in urban planning as an integrating mechanism of planning and design processes. Thus, design control has become a crucial part of the development control systems especially in the western countries. Although the development legislation in Turkey as an urban coding system has various weaknesses about urban design and design control, it provides important tools to control urban form from macro scale to micro scale. Aim of this study is to analyze the capabilities and deficiencies of the development legislation in Turkey as a design control system. The mostly stated complaint about the planned areas in the cities of Turkey is the loss of diversity and peculiar character of settlements as a result of the homogenization of their spatial pattern, namely apartmentalization. This problem is basically related with the exclusion of urban design from the planning process. The planning approach in Turkey merely oriented to readjustment of property appropriate to small-scale development, ignoring the concerns in regard to urban design. Therefore, beyond a technical fault resulting from the legislation, this is an outcome iv of the way legal tools are used that does not realize the value of potentia l possibilities in the legislation. However, if the legal tools are used efficiently in an approach that bring the considerations of urban design into fore, it might be possible to come out with more satisfactory environments in terms of diversity and richness of urban space. This is the basic hypothesis examined in this study. In this context, firstly the relation between urban coding and design is investigated in its historical development and a hierarchical model for design control is defined. Then the development legislation in Turkey is evaluated in the frame of this model. Finally, territorial hierarchy of space is taken up as a design criterion and the capacity of legal tools in control of the transitional zones, which are critical elements of territorial hierarchy, is examined.

Place identity changes and transforms in relation with changing social conditions and physical environment. Social conditions change the place identity by changing people&rsquo / s perceptions and experiences in the space, while, at the same time, they are affected by these perceptions and experiences. Thus, place identity is in a state of flux in time with individuals, objects and societies. This thesis aims to study the evolving identity of public spaces by focusing on the case of Ankara, specifically the example of G&uuml / ven Park which was developed as a part of the public space strategy of creating a modern, westernized and secular capital city of newly-founded Turkish Republic. Therefore, as far as Ankara is concerned, beside &lsquo / place identity&rsquo / , the notion of &lsquo / national identity&rsquo / becomes prominent. This research examines the changes in the identity of G&uuml / ven Park in relation to the shifts in the identity of Ankara, and the analyses on the public space are carried out regarding three criteria -form or physical setting, activities and meanings attached to the public space- in different time periods.

Urban places, besides their physical characteristics, are regarded as grounds where personal or communal meanings are created and accumulated. An individual can capture the meaning of a place, or create a new meaning by relying on his/her own feelings and experiences. This substantial role of urban places makes them the core concepts of environmental perception and urban design studies. This research, by discussing the idea of togetherness of meaning and design in urban spaces, presents trees both as place making and meaning generating features, and raises the term tree-places. The reason behind this is the capability of trees in terms of place formation, and their meanings for people which are shaped throughout the history. However, the attention of urban planners and designers towards working with trees in urban spaces is inadequate. They tend to focus solely on aesthetic appearances and biological contributions of trees. Moreover, trees are mostly thought afterwards, outside design processes. This attitude can be overcome through the identification of design principles with trees in urban exterior spaces. In this respect, this research presents a two-fold study, one of which is the meaning and the other is the design. Trees, in this context, are seen as the bridge connecting these two phenomena. While answering the question why trees have been chosen to relate meaning and design, an investigation is made on the deeply-rooted relationship between man and trees, and its traces on urban place. In order to strengthen the argument of the place making characteristics of trees, the existing urban places defined by trees are discussed under the term of tree-places. The study concludes with inferences from the theoretical discussions and case research that provide guidelines for urban design with trees. Trees are the essentials of people and cities, and the silent witnesses of history. For this reason, they are presented as valuable beings and design elements that create distinct urban places while supporting the concept of meaning.

Urban regeneration has become a frequently and widely used urban transformation strategy in many cities since the beginning of the 1990s. A number of urban regeneration projects have been implemented in declining city centres, old-industrial and harbour sites, and the working-class residential areas and undermined historical heritage sites of cities. The rise and mushrooming of such projects all over the world however brings about the questions related to their success level. This thesis aims to assess the success level of urban regeneration projects according to the measurable (qualitative and quantitative) features of integrated planning approaches. It seeks to develop a model to examine the success level of urban regeneration projects in physical, environmental, economic and social terms. Using case study as a research method, the research focuses on the on-going &amp / #8216 / Rehabilitation of the Fener and Balat Districts Programme&amp / #8217 / in the Istanbul Historical Peninsula, and tries to answer the question of how far this Programme can be successful in terms of regenerating the Fener-Balat Districts physically, environmentally, economically and socially.

Value is the reason to conserve places. It is necessary to assess all values and meanings of cultural properties to provide right conservation decisions. Today, all cultural products are recognized as a part of heritage. In this context, users became one of the main sources in identification and valuation of cultural places. However, there is no commonly accepted method to assess user-ascribed values and integrate them to planning process. Hence, the aim of the study is to define a process to assess user-ascribed values in relation with conservation decision-making process. The study evaluates two indicators to define the process. In the first one, the study evaluates multi-criteria decision analysis methods to define a thinking approach to integrate values to decision-making process and in the second one, evaluates the nature of users&amp / #8217 / valuations to identify data collection process. In this context, value assessment process is re-defined, by considering users valuations through problem solving thinking approach and a process is developed to assess user-ascribed values. The proposed process is examined with Tarsus case study. Conclusion of the study points out that, users are important sources in identification of cultural properties. In this context, problem solving thinking approach can provide a proper approach to integrate values to planning process and user-based data can be assessed through utilization of more than one method. The conclusion also clarifies the need for establishment of new definitions and tools to protect user-valued places.