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<p>U ovom istraživanju je utvrđen uticaj primjene biostimulatora na morfolo&scaron;ke i fiziolo&scaron;ke parametre rasta i razvoja, te na mineralni sastav kod sezonskog cvijeća, kadifice i stalnocvjetajuće begonije.&nbsp; Uticaj biostimulatora je ispitan kroz tri godine istraživanja u za&scaron;tićenom prostoru i na otvorenom polju. Istraživanje je provedeno na mladim biljkama-rasadu prije presađivanja i na odraslim biljkama. U fazi rasada primjenjen je biostimulator Radifarm, a u fazi odraslih biljaka primjenjeni su biostimulatori Megafol, Kendal i Viva.&nbsp; Tretman sa primjenjenim biostimulatorima, u sve tri godine istraživanja i oba načina uzgoja, je značajno uticao na povećanje svježe i suhe mase korijena i nadzemnog dijela ispitivanih cvjetnih vrsta. Takođe, svi praćeni morfolo&scaron;ki parametri rasta i razvoja bili su pod pozitivnim uticajem tretmana biostimulatorima. Kod rasada kadifice i stalnocvjetajuće begonije, tretman Radifarmom je snizio sadržaj prolina u listovima te se i na taj način potvrdio pozitivan uticaj biostimulatora na smanjenje abiotskog stresa. Svi primjenjeni biostimulatori su značajno ubrzali cvjetanje i produžili vrijeme cvatnje u poređenju sa kontrolnim biljkama. Tretmani biostimulatorima su uticali na povećanje ukupnog sadržaja svih elemenata ishrane u cijelim biljkama kadifice i stalnocvjetajuće begonije. Rezultati pokazuju korist primjene biostimulatora u uzgoju sezonskog cvijeća u fazi rasada, ali i u fazi uzgoja na otvorenom polju, jer pozitivno utiču na procese rasta i razvoja kroz ublažavanje abiotskog stresa uzrokovanog presađivanjem. Na kraju, javlja se potreba za daljim istraživanjem mogućnosti primjene biostimulatora i na druge poljoprivredne kulture, kao preporučljive tehnolo&scaron;ke mjere za&scaron;tite životne sredine, jer primjenom biostimulatora ne dolazi do ispiranja azotnih materija u dublje slojeve zemlji&scaron;ta.</p> / <p>This research showed the effect of biostimulant application on morphophysiological growth and development indicators and plant mineral content of seasonal flowers, marigold and begonia.&nbsp; Biostimulant effect was investigated in three years, where plants were grown in greenhouse and in open field. Young seasonal plants before transplanting and adult plants after transplanting in open field were analysed to determine the influence of biostimulant application. Biostimulant Radifarm was applied before transplanting, and Megafol, Kendal and Viva after transplanting.&nbsp; Treatment with applied biostimulants, in three years of investigation and both growing conditions, significantly increased root and stem fresh and dry weight of seasonal flowers. Also, all morphological properties were under positive influence of biostimulants treatment. Furthermore, treatment with biostimulant Radifarm resulted by lower proline content in leaves, which confirmed positive effect biostimulant on abiotical stress conditions. All applied biostimulants, significantly increased earlier flowering and ensured longest flowering in marigold and begonia. The most significant influence of biostimulants application in role of plant nutrition was increased mineral nutrients total content in the whole plant in both sampling.&nbsp; Results showed advantage of biostimulants application in seasonal flowers seedlings production, but also after transplanting in open filed, because their application intensified growth process through damage reduction caused by abiotic stress during transplanting. At the end, there is a need for further investigation of biostimulant function, their application possibilities on others agricultural plants and their combinations in modern agriculture towards environmental friendly production strategy.</p>

Thesis (M.S.W.)--University of Hong Kong, 1984.

<p>The management of gray mold, caused by the fungus <em>Botrytis cinerea</em>, on ornamental plants relies heavily on fungicide applications. To improve fungicide efficacy, the manipulation of nozzle type, spray volume, and pressure influence droplet size (µm) and density (droplets/cm2) on the leaf’s surface. However, leaf wettability dictates how well the application droplets adhere and spread across the surface. When leaf surfaces are waxy (hydrophobic) or hairy (tomentose), droplets fail to adhere, impacting fungicide sorption.</p> <p>The goal of this research was to evaluate how the interaction of droplet density and leaf wettability impact the efficacy of chemical and biological fungicides against <em>Botrytis cinerea</em>. Leaf surfaces vary between species, within species, leaf age, and leaf sides (abaxial or adaxial). Hydrophobic leaf surfaces influence fungicide efficacy by reducing fungicide droplet spread compared to the wettable and hydrophilic leaf surfaces. The presence of trichomes on the leaf surface can inhibit droplets from reaching the surface.</p> <p>To quantify droplet density, a fine and coarse spray of fungicide treatments was applied with a yellow fluorescent dye. After application, <em>Begonia</em> x <em>hybrida</em> ‘Dragon wing’ leaves were placed on black, blackout curtains below a blacklight. Images were analyzed by ImageJ, using an image processing method. The number of lesions, disease incidence, were counted to observe fungicide efficacy. Results show there was no interaction between the actual droplet density within treatments applied with fine and coarse sprays. However, the interaction between spray type (fine and coarse) and treatments can have a significant effect on disease incidence. Disease incidence was significantly different between the systemic and contact fungicides for fine and coarse sprays. However, the systemic fungicide treatment had the highest disease incidence compared to the contact fungicide.</p> <p>To assess leaf wettability impact on fungicide efficacy, five <em>Begonia </em>species (<em>B. scharffii, B. erythrophylla, B. </em>x<em> hybrida ‘</em>Dragon Wing’<em>, B. epipsila, and B. goldingiana</em>) were used based on their observed leaf surface type. A contact angle goniometer was used to take pictures of a droplet on <em>Begonia</em> leaf surfaces. The quantification of the leaf surface took place by using the ImageJ program ‘Drop-Snake’ within the plugin ‘Drop Analysis’. The number of lesions, an indicator of disease incidence, were counted to observe fungicide efficacy. Results showed the contact angles were different between the <em>Begonia</em> species. There was a significant interaction between the <em>Begonia</em> species and treatments, where <em>Begonia</em> ‘hairy’ and ‘waxy’ leaf surfaces can influence fungicide efficacy. However, there was no significance for the interaction between <em>Begonia</em> species’ contact angles and treatments.</p> <p>These studies advance our understanding of how droplet density and leaf surfaces influence fungicide efficacy, thus improving our ability to manage <em>Botrytis</em> for diverse ornamental plants. </p>

Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, обзора литературы, описания материалов и методов, результатов и их обсуждений, выводов и списка литературы. Материалы работы изложены на 75 страницах (основного текста). Работа содержит 3 таблицу, 104 рисунка, 2 приложения. Список литературы включает 104 источника, из которых 19 отечественных и 85 иностранных. Цель исследования: Выявить диагностическую роль анатомо-морфологических и эколого-биологических признаков отдельных представителей рода Begonia L., культивируемых на кафедре биоразнообразия и биоэкологи ИЕНиМ УрФУ и в оранжереях Ботанического сада УрФУ и УрО РАН. Объектами исследования являются виды и культивары рода Begonia L., выращиваемых на кафедре биоразнообразия и биоэкологии ИЕНиМ УрФУ и в оранжереях Ботанических садов УрФУ и УрО РАН. В работе изучались анатомо-морфологические характеристики видов и культиваров, состоящие в 8 разных секциях: Begonia, Diploclinium, Gaerdtia, Gireoudia, Knesebeckia, Platycentrum, Pritzelia, Weilbachia. Актуальностью настоящей работы является изучение видов и культиваров рода Begonia L., так как группа является крайне разнородной и уникальной, обладающая важным экономическим потенциалом. Представители данного рода могут стать одними из модельных объектов для изучения биоразнообразия и развития подходов для его сохранения. Важным является и то, что в исследования необходимо вовлекать не только дикорастущие виды, но и огромный объем культиваров, входящие в этот род. Также согласно современным исследованиям, бегонии имеют потенциал растений, обладающими лекарственными свойствами, что крайне важно для будущих и возможных фармацевтических исследований и создания медицинских препаратов. В результате проведенных исследований, на основании изученых анатомо-морфологических характеристик таксонов, были выявлены диагностические признаки 8 секций и проведен анализ соотношения выявленных признаков с эколого-биологическими особенностями представителей рода Begonia L. / Master's dissertation consists of an introduction, a literature review, a description of materials and methods, results and their discussions, conclusions, and a list of references. The materials of the work are presented on 75 pages (main text). The work contains 3 tables, 104 figures, 2 appendices. The list of references includes 104 sources, of which 19 are domestic and 85 are foreign. Purpose of the study: To reveal the diagnostic role of anatomical-morphological and ecological-biological characters of individual representatives of the genus Begonia L. cultivated at the Department of Biodiversity and Bioecology of the Institute of Natural Sciences and Metrology of the UrFU and in the greenhouses of the Botanical Garden of the Ural Federal University and the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The objects of research are the species and cultivars of the genus Begonia L. grown at the Department of Biodiversity and Bioecology of the Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics of the Ural Federal University and in the greenhouses of the Botanical Gardens of the Ural Federal University and the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The work studied the anatomical and morphological characteristics of species and cultivars, consisting of 8 different sections: Begonia, Diploclinium, Gaerdtia, Gireoudia, Knesebeckia, Platycentrum, Pritzelia, Weilbachia The relevance of this work is the study of species and cultivars of the genus Begonia L., since the group is extremely diverse and unique, with important economic potential. Representatives of this genus can become one of the model objects for studying biodiversity and developing approaches for its conservation. It is also important that research should involve not only wild-growing species but also a huge volume of cultivars belonging to this genus. Also, according to modern research, begonias have the potential of plants with medicinal properties, which is extremely important for future and possible pharmaceutical research and the creation of medicines. As a result of the studies carried out, on the basis of the studied anatomical and morphological characteristics of taxa, diagnostic features of 8 sections were identified, and the analysis of the correlation of the identified characters with the ecological and biological characteristics of representatives of the genus Begonia L.

Plants are exposed to various external stresses influencing physiology, anatomy, and morphology. Shape, geometry, and size of shoots and leaves are particularly affected. Among the latter, peltate leaves are not very common and so far, only few studies focused on their properties. In this case study, four Begonia species with different leaf shapes and petiole attachment points were analyzed regarding their leaf morphology, anatomy, and biomechanical properties. One to two plants per species were examined. In all four species, the petiole showed differently sized vascular bundles arranged in a peripheral ring and subepidermal collenchyma. These anatomical characteristics, low leaf dry mass, and low amount of lignified tissue in the petiole point toward turgor pressure as crucial for leaf stability. The petiole-lamina transition zone shows a different organization in leaves with a more central (peltate) and lateral petiole insertion. While in non-peltate leaves simple fiber branching is present, peltate leaves show a more complex reticulate fiber arrangement. Tensile and bending tests revealed similar structural Young’s moduli in all species for intercostal areas and venation, but differences in the petiole. The analysis of the leaves highlights the properties of petiole and the petiole-lamina transition zone that are needed to resist external stresses.