Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 132-138).

Humans exhibit a number of suboptimal behaviours in the wake of a loss. For example, gamblers often ‘chase' their losses in an attempt to break even. Similarly, investors tend to hold on to losing stocks too long in the hope that the declining share price might make a recovery. However, the neural mechanisms that instantiate such behaviour are poorly understood. I begin the introductory chapter with a basic historical overview of fundamental economic concepts, interleaving intersecting ideas from psychology and neuroscience. This leads to a more in-depth exploration of the notion that loss-related behavioural biases might provide insight into the neural mechanisms that underlie risky choice. From this, I argue that rats represent a viable animal model of risky decision- making for neuroeconomic research. The original research presented in Chapters 2 – 5 pave the way toward advancing our current understanding of loss-related biases in behaviour with rat models of risky decision-making. By employing insight from psychology and economics, I developed two models of rat behaviour that can be used to study the neural substrates of loss valuation. I presented the experimental paradigms in Chapters 2 and 5, while demonstrating novel loss-related correlations between the midbrain dopamine system and observed loss behaviour in Chapters 3 and 4. The results presented in Chapter 5 demonstrate that rats are capable of producing behavioural patterns akin to loss aversion and the disposition effect. This work has also highlighted a number of areas for future research. In Chapter 6, I explore potential theoretical implications of the results discussed in previous chapters. In summary, this thesis uses experimental risky decision-making tasks in rats to advance our current knowledge of the ways in which concepts such as loss aversion critically influence our internal representation of value.

Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-53). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D. in Library and Information Studies)--University of California, Berkeley, May 1991. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 226-244).

Thesis (Ph. D. in Library and Information Studies)--University of California, Berkeley, May 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 226-244).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Doping als psychosoziales Verhalten stellt mehr als die bloße Verletzung von Anti-Doping-Regeln dar. Doping betrifft sowohl den (Hoch-)Leistungs- als auch den Breiten- und Freizeitsport. Für die Vorhersage von Doping haben Einstellungen einen nachweislich großen Einfluss, jedoch konnte bisher kein zufriedenstellendes theoretisches Modell, welches sowohl Personen- und Situationsfaktoren ausreichend berücksichtigt, gefunden werden. Die erste Publikation konzentriert sich auf methodische Fragen zur Erfassung impliziter Dopingeinstellungen. Dieser Beitrag, der auf duale Einstellungstheorien (z.B., Fazio, 1990) basiert, diskutiert die indirekte Messung von Dopingeinstellungen mittels Impliziten Assoziationstest (Greenwald et al., 1998). Die zweite Publikation stützt sich auf ein erweitertes Dopingverständnis und untersucht den Schmerzmittelkonsum in Abhängigkeit von Situations- und Personenfaktoren anhand der Annahmen von Rational-Choice-Theorie und Routine-Activity-Ansatz (Clarke & Cornish, 1985; Cohen & Felson, 1979). Abschließend wird der Einfluss von moralischen Entscheidungen auf Doping diskutiert (z. B. Ntoumanis et al., 2014). Das Ethische Dilemmatraining (Elbe & Brand, 2016) stellt eine neue Methode dar, um die moralische Entscheidungsfähigkeit zu steigern und moralische Werte und Überzeugungen zu stärken. Als integrierender theoretischer Rahmen wird die Situational Action Theory (z. B., Wikström, 2014) vorgeschlagen, welche sowohl die Interaktion von Personen- und Situationsfaktoren als auch die moralische Entscheidungsfindung miteinander verbindet. Weiterführende Implikationen für die Dopingforschung und -prävention werden diskutiert.:List of Publications III List of Figures IV List of Tables VI Abstract VII Zusammenfassung VIII 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Overview on Doping in Sports 1 1.2 Defining Doping - Strengths and Weaknesses 3 1.2.1 World Anti-Doping Code 4 1.2.2 Limitations of WADA Code 6 1.2.3 Doping as (Deviant) Social Behavior 7 2 A Review on Current Research on Doping 11 2.1 Prevalence of Doping Elite and Recreational Sport 11 2.2 Doping and Legal and Illegal Substance (Mis-)Use 15 2.3 Doping and Related Personal and Situational Factors 19 3 Modelling Doping - A Theoretical Overview 21 3.1 A Summary of Relevant Theories on Doping 21 3.1.1 Theory of Planned Behavior 21 3.1.2 Sport Drug Control Model 22 3.1.3 Life Cycle Model 24 3.1.4 Trans-contextual Model of Avoid Doping 25 3.2 A Dual-process Perspective on Doping 27 3.3 A Person-Situation Perspective - Impact of Situation and Context 31 3.4 A Gateway to Doping 34 3.5 Implication for Further Theoretical Discussion 37 4 Aim of Thesis and General Research Questions 39 5 Publications 43 5.1 Publication Manuscript 1 43 5.2 Publication Manuscript 2 51 5.3 Publication Manuscript 3 61 6 General Discussion and Conclusion 79 6.1 Future Perspectives on Research of Doping Attitudes 79 6.2 A Different Understanding of the Person-Situation Interaction 81 6.3 Bridging the Gap - An Integrative Model of Person and Situation 82 6.3.1 Situational Action Theory (SAT) 82 6.3.2 SAT - New Implications for Doping Research 90 6.4 Future Implications and Challenges for Doping Prevention 95 6.5 Conclusion 97 7 References 101 8 Appendix 130 8.1 Thesis Statement of Originality 130 8.2 Statement of Authorship 131 8.3 Curriculum Vitae 132 / Doping - as a psychosocial behavior - is more than simply violating anti-doping rules and laws. Doping has become a part of high-performance and recreational sports. Attitudes toward doping among athletes have been sufficiently proven as an important impact factor. However, theoretical consideration of the person-situation mode with other relevant factors (e.g., moral disengagement or situational factors) into an integrated understanding of doping is still needed. The first study presented in this thesis focusses on methodological issues and the assessment of implicit doping attitudes. Based on dual process theories of attitudes (e.g., Fazio, 1990), the first paper discusses the indirect measurement of doping attitudes via the Implicit Association Test (Greenwald et al., 1998) as a tool to overcome limitations of self-reported attitudes. The second study presented here uses a broader understanding of doping and focuses on the parallelism of doping and doping-like behavior. The study analyzes the use of NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) in different intake situations. The influence of situation and person factors is tested by using the assumption of high- and low-cost situations from the Rational Choice Theory and Routine Activity Approach (e.g., Clarke & Cornish, 1985; Cohen & Felson, 1979). Finally, research has shown that moral decision-making has an impact on doping behavior (e.g., Ntoumanis et al., 2014). Ethical dilemma training (e.g., Elbe & Brand, 2016) may be employed as a new method to increase moral decision-making ability and to strengthen moral values and beliefs. Accordingly, the third research paper presented discusses this as a new approach to doping prevention. Overall, this thesis introduces Situational Action Theory ( e.g., Wikström, 2014) as an integrative theoretical approach, focussing on the person-situation interaction, as well as on moral decision-making. Further implications for doping research and for prevention are discussed.:List of Publications III List of Figures IV List of Tables VI Abstract VII Zusammenfassung VIII 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Overview on Doping in Sports 1 1.2 Defining Doping - Strengths and Weaknesses 3 1.2.1 World Anti-Doping Code 4 1.2.2 Limitations of WADA Code 6 1.2.3 Doping as (Deviant) Social Behavior 7 2 A Review on Current Research on Doping 11 2.1 Prevalence of Doping Elite and Recreational Sport 11 2.2 Doping and Legal and Illegal Substance (Mis-)Use 15 2.3 Doping and Related Personal and Situational Factors 19 3 Modelling Doping - A Theoretical Overview 21 3.1 A Summary of Relevant Theories on Doping 21 3.1.1 Theory of Planned Behavior 21 3.1.2 Sport Drug Control Model 22 3.1.3 Life Cycle Model 24 3.1.4 Trans-contextual Model of Avoid Doping 25 3.2 A Dual-process Perspective on Doping 27 3.3 A Person-Situation Perspective - Impact of Situation and Context 31 3.4 A Gateway to Doping 34 3.5 Implication for Further Theoretical Discussion 37 4 Aim of Thesis and General Research Questions 39 5 Publications 43 5.1 Publication Manuscript 1 43 5.2 Publication Manuscript 2 51 5.3 Publication Manuscript 3 61 6 General Discussion and Conclusion 79 6.1 Future Perspectives on Research of Doping Attitudes 79 6.2 A Different Understanding of the Person-Situation Interaction 81 6.3 Bridging the Gap - An Integrative Model of Person and Situation 82 6.3.1 Situational Action Theory (SAT) 82 6.3.2 SAT - New Implications for Doping Research 90 6.4 Future Implications and Challenges for Doping Prevention 95 6.5 Conclusion 97 7 References 101 8 Appendix 130 8.1 Thesis Statement of Originality 130 8.2 Statement of Authorship 131 8.3 Curriculum Vitae 132

Submitted by Elba Lopes (elba.lopes@fecap.br) on 2017-04-03T23:58:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Juliana_Cristina_Milan.pdf: 2666498 bytes, checksum: 489e19e6f6b77014d08dd347bc4e4aa2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-03T23:58:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Juliana_Cristina_Milan.pdf: 2666498 bytes, checksum: 489e19e6f6b77014d08dd347bc4e4aa2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-29 / Corporate fraud and other harmful practices might find support in accounting. For managers and preparers of financial statements the presence of rules that allow discretion in the choice of practices for recognition and measurement could encourage opportunistic behavior. Opportunistic behavior occurs when someone deliberately departs from the faithful representation of the economic event to benefit himself or others, generating a biased information. The subjects are influenced in their choice by a number of reasons, which may be internal or external nature. The external reasons are derived from capital markets, regulation, contracts, among others, while the internal are connected to the emotions, psychological profile, etc. The objective of this research was to determine whether opportunistic behavior in accounting choices is influenced by emotions and the personality trait of machiavellianism. A questionnaire was developed and 505 valid responses from students in their final year undergraduate and postgraduate were collected. With regard to the data processing, univariate and bivariate descriptive analysis of the variables, factor analysis for the development of the constructs of emotions and machiavellianism, and finally, multinomial logistic regression were performed to study the relationship between accounting choices and the demographic profile the constructs of emotions and machiavellianism. For the emotions, it was observed that while the negative promotes, the positive inhibit opportunistic behavior on accounting choices. About machiavellianism, the results indicate that amorality promotes and the desire to control inhibits opportunistic behavior on accounting choices. Based on the research findings we can infer that internal motivation should be observed, to the extent that positive emotions if promoted by market regulators and academia, and negative, if avoided, may contribute to inhibit corporate fraud. / Fraudes corporativas e outras pr??ticas lesivas podem encontrar suporte na contabilidade. Para gestores e preparadores das demonstra????es financeiras a presen??a de normas que permitem a discricionariedade na escolha de pr??ticas de reconhecimento e mensura????o pode favorecer o comportamento oportunista. Considera-se comportamento oportunista aquele que deliberadamente distancia da representa????o fidedigna do evento econ??mico para benef??cio pr??prio ou de terceiros, gerando uma informa????o com vi??s. Os sujeitos s??o influenciados no momento da escolha por uma s??rie de motiva????es, as quais podem ser de cunho interno ou externo. As de cunho externo s??o provenientes do mercado de capitais, da regula????o, de contratos, entre outros, enquanto as de cunho interno s??o ligadas ??s emo????es, perfil psicol??gico, etc. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar se o comportamento oportunista nas escolhas cont??beis ?? influenciado pelas emo????es e pelo tra??o de personalidade do maquiavelismo. Para a operacionaliza????o de tal pesquisa foi desenvolvido um question??rio e coletadas 505 respostas v??lidas de alunos do ??ltimo ano de gradua????o e de p??s-gradua????o. No que concerne ao tratamento dos dados, foram realizadas an??lise descritiva univariada e bivariada das vari??veis, an??lise fatorial para o desenvolvimento dos constructos de emo????es e maquiavelismo e, por fim, uma regress??o log??stica multinomial para estudar a rela????o entre as escolhas cont??beis e o perfil dos respondentes, os constructos de emo????es e maquiavelismo. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que emo????es afetam o comportamento oportunista em escolhas cont??beis, sendo que as negativas promovem enquanto as positivas inibem. Sobre o maquiavelismo, os resultados indicam que amoralidade promove e desejo de controle inibe o comportamento oportunista em escolhas cont??beis. Com base nos resultados da pesquisa ?? poss??vel inferir que as motiva????es internas devem ser observadas, na medida em que as emo????es positivas, se promovidas pelos reguladores de mercado e academia, e as negativas se forem evitadas, podem contribuir para inibir fraudes corporativas.

Akademisk avhandling--Lund. / Extra t.p., with thesis statement, inserted. Bibliography: p. 115-119.

Moderne Theorien der Verhaltenskontrolle unterscheiden zwei Systeme, wobei das Handeln gesunder Individuen von beiden geprägt ist: Das retrospektiv agierende habituelle, sog. modellfreie Verhalten zeichnet sich durch Wiederholung zuvor belohnter Entscheidungen aus. Es passt sich nur langsam an möglicherweise veränderte Umweltbedingungen an. Die verstärkte Nutzung des habituellen Systems gilt als assoziiert mit verschiedenen psychischen Erkrankungen. Dem gegenüber steht das zielgerichtete, sog. modellbasierte Verhalten, das sich durch vorausschauende Entscheidungen auszeichnet. Hierbei werden die möglichen Konsequenzen einer Handlung berücksichtigt, um ein gewünschtes Ergebnis zu erreichen. Dazu wird ein „mentales“ Modell der Umwelt- bedingungen erstellt. In einer Verhaltensstudie mit 39 Versuchspersonen wurde untersucht, ob biopsychologischer Stress zu einer Reduktion von modellbasiertem hin zu mehr modellfreiem Verhalten führt. Dazu absolvierten 39 Versuchspersonen eine sequentielle Entscheidungsaufgabe, nachdem sie psychosozialem Stress ausgesetzt wurden. Subjektive und physiologische Stress-Parameter wurden über das Experiment hinweg wiederholt erhoben. Ein direkter Effekt von akutem Stress auf das Gleichgewicht modellfreien vs. modellbasierten Verhaltens konnte nicht beobachtet werden. Allerdings zeigten diejenigen Versuchspersonen, die in den letzten zwei Jahren eine hohe Anzahl an stressbehafteten Lebensereignissen aufwiesen (chronischer Stress), signifikant weniger modellbasiertes Verhalten nach der Exposition von akutem Stress als in der Kontrollbedingung. Darüber hinaus korrelierte physiologische Stressreaktivität (stressbedingte Cortisol- Ausschüttung) negativ mit modellbasiertem Entscheidungsverhalten, während subjektive Stressreaktivität (basierend auf Fragebögen) positiv mit modellbasiertem Verhalten assoziiert war. Der in der Forschung beschriebene Einfluss von akutem und chronischem Stress auf die Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung psychischer Erkrankungen könnte demnach teilweise über ein solches Ungleichgewicht der beiden Entscheidungsstrategien vermittelt sein.