Thesis (Ph. D.)--Drexel University, 2006. / Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-88).

Thesis (M.A.) -- Central Connecticut State University, 2007. / Thesis advisor: James Conway "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Health Psychology" Includes bibliographical references (leaves 56-67). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Prosociality describes the tendency to engage in behaviours that aim to enhance or maintain the well-being of others, for example, sharing and co-operating. In children and adolescents this trait is often viewed as a core aspect of social competence and an important developmental outcome. Prosociality may also play an important role in how young people navigate their increasingly complex social world. This raises the question of whether individual differences in prosociality are related to young peoples’ well-being, such as their risk of developing psychological problems. The goal of the current series of research was to explore this question. A series of four studies was designed to answer this question. This research made use of pre-existing survey data, including the “mental health of children and young people in Great Britain, 2004” survey (Papers 3 & 4) and the “Understanding Society” survey (Paper 2), enabling access to large sample sizes. In Paper 1, a meta-analysis was undertaken to determine the nature of the relationship between prosociality and two important clinical outcomes, internalizing disorder and low self-esteem. This review identified a significant but small relationship between greater prosociality and reduced internalizing disorder or low self-esteem. In Paper 2, a longitudinal study explored the relationship between prosociality and well-being over a 1-year-period in children and adolescents. This study did not identify any prospective effect of prosociality upon subsequent changes in well-being. Two further studies explored the factors that may influence whether prosociality is linked to well-being. In Paper 3 the possibility that existing measures of prosociality may partly account for the small or null relationships observed so far (Papers 1 & 2) was explored by developing and validating a new measure of prosociality. This new measure appeared psychometrically robust and demonstrated advantages over pre-existing scales of prosociality. In Paper 4, a cross-sectional study was undertaken to explore whether the discrepancy in young peoples’ self-ratings and parental ratings of prosociality has a relationship with emotional problems (i.e., depression and anxiety). A moderator analysis found that self-rated and parent-rated prosociality may interact to determine risk of psychological problems in young people. This study suggested that the discrepancy in ratings of prosociality may be more important in predicting psychological problems than overall ratings by individual informants. Results support the relevance of prosociality to well-being in young people and highlight how factors such as the measurement of prosociality and the interpersonal context within which it occurs impact upon this relationship.

International students generally face unique challenges when studying at university because they have to live in a country that may be completely different to what they are familiar with (Evivie, 2009; Goyol, 2002; Mudhovozi, 2011; Murara, 2011; Zar, 2009). International students in South Africa may face another challenge of being discriminated against by those who hold xenophobic attitudes, this depending on which country they grew up in because of the perception that students from African countries take away limited resources from South African students (Evivie, 2009; Murara, 2011; Weber, 2016; Zar, 2009). These challenges are likely to lead to difficult emotions such as frustration, fear and loneliness, which may likely impact their well-being (Evivie, 2009; Goyol, 2002; Zar,). However, there are resources and strategies in place that the international students can and do utilise in order to protect them against the emotional impact of these experiences (Evivie, 2009; Mudhovozi, 2011). These resources and strategies may come from the international students’ inner world or in their outer environment and they are likely to build and maintain resilience in the international student which may possibly contribute to their on-going well-being (Kumar & Singh, 2014; Masteen & Reed, 2005). Well-being lies at the core of positive psychology and resilience is considered a good indicator of well-being (Pawelski, 2016; Kumar & Singh, 2014; Masteen & Reed, 2005; Seligman, 2011). Although the literature speaks of the experiences of international students and their emotional impact, there is little exploration on these resources that serve as a protector against them and, in turn, positively contribute towards well-being. This study aimed to do so through the positive psychology lens, adopting the qualitative approach and using phenomenology to explore their experiences and understanding of their resilience and its contribution to their well-being. Three participants were interviewed and the data was analysed using the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis procedure. The results show how the international students utilise a wide range of inner and outer resources that speak to their resilience and positively contribute to their on-going well-being, while living and studying in South Africa. / Mini Dissertation (MA (Counselling Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / 2022/12/31 / Psychology / MA (Counselling Psychology) / Unrestricted

Chicana decolonial feminism asks us to re envision a world that allows for various forms of beings, creating identities based on political coalitions, having an active compassion that translates into direct action that seeks to dismantle binaries that reinscribe colonialism. Chicana decolonial feminist thought actively seeks to dismantle sexism, to dismantle racism, to focus on personal experience as theory, to focus on the body as knowledge, reconceptualize knowledge, envision new ways of being, and writing that is accessible to all. I use two concepts active compassion and interconnectedness of being that are central to chicana decolonial feminism. Chicana feminist texts and newspaper articles from the 1970s are analyzed to demonstrate how chicana decolonial feminism is seen in these texts.

No description available.

This thesis consists of three major essays that respectively investigate three factors that might influence child well-being: family income, family structure, and time spent in child care. Using the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY), the first essay finds that income-based gaps in child health are statistically significant, quantitatively meaningful, and more pronounced as children age. Contrary to previous U.S. evidence, the observed income gradient in child health cannot be attributed to the protective effects of income on the incidence and severity of children’s health problems at birth and chronic conditions. This contrast may reflect the effects of universal health insurance in Canada. An instrumental variable estimator predicts a stronger causal effect of income on child health than does OLS. Also using the NLSCY, the second essay indicates that children persistently living in single-parent families have poorer health and educational outcomes compared to children persistently living in intact families. In addition, children whose parents separate during a given period exhibit worse health and educational outcomes compared to children whose parents remain together. Using a sibling fixed-effect approach substantially reduces the associations between children’s outcomes and parental separation predicted by OLS, but several gaps, especially in mental health, remain statistically significant and quantitatively meaningful. Using time-use data taken from the General Social Survey (GSS), the third essay finds that parental time spent in child care continuously and dramatically increased in Canada between 1986 and 2010. The increase in average time spent in child care applied to all gender and education groups but was associated with a growing dispersion in child care time. While more highly educated parents are more likely to spend time in child care, the education-based gaps in child care time are found to decline. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Yes / Tranquillity trails (TTs) are designed to provide a quiet and peaceful walk through mainly leafy lanes and roads and connect green open spaces where visitors can stop for thought and relaxation. There are numerous health benefits from being in close proximity to nature and TTs can facilitate this contact in mainly urban areas. This study involved the design of a trail in Tramore, a coastal town in south east Ireland. The trail links an old coastguard station, now converted to a cultural centre and coffee shop, with a Japanese garden. The trail includes a coastal path with fine views across a bay, wooded areas as well as leafy residential streets. The design of the trail was facilitated by the use of a previous developed tranquillity rating prediction tool (TRAPT) that involved the estimation of the level of man-made noise and the percentage of natural features in view. Participants who had completed the whole of the trail were encouraged to complete a questionnaire to gauge any benefits. As expected, it was reported that there were increased levels of relaxation and reduced stress. It was concluded that the approach can be used elsewhere to improve the well-being of residents and visitors.

O pensamento ocidental entrou, em seus primórdios fundantes, em um beco, sem saber que se tratava de uma via sem saída. Quando chegado o tão esperado acabamento, não houve a recompensa sonhada, algum tipo de conhecimento pleno, mas o desânimo de uma obra não concluída. Foi necessário buscar uma saída, a qual não poderia ser outra senão a própria entrada. Assim, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Foucault, Arendt e outros redesenharam todo o percurso da filosofia até os que com desdém foram chamados poetas, os pré-socráticos, a estabelecer novas possibilidades para a já tão íntima relação entre verdade e liberdade, bem como novas possibilidades para o ser e seu modos, o dever-ser e o poder-ser, e, ainda, novas possibilidades para o próprio pensamento. / Western thought has entered, in its infancy founding, in an alley, not knowing that it was a dead end. When it reached the awaited end, there was no dreamed reward, some kind of full knowledge, but the dismay of a work not completed. It was necessary to find a way out, which could not be other than the entry itself. Thus, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Foucault, Arendt and others redesigned all the way of philosophy until those who were scornfully called poets, the pre-Socratics, to establish new possibilities for the already intimate relationship between truth and freedom, as well as new possibilities to the being and its modes, the being-ought and the being-able, and also new possibilities for thought itself.

This dissertation explores whether families of incarcerated fathers are more likely to experience food insecurity as a result of the conviction of the father. More specifically, I test whether food insecurity explains some of the devastating consequences of paternal incarceration on mothers and children. Because children of incarcerated fathers are at higher risk of following their fathers’ footsteps, this cycle of incarceration can be self-perpetuating. I try to determine how policy can be used to break this cycle. This dissertation examines the role of food insecurity in explaining the negative impact of paternal incarceration on the well-being of mothers and children. The United States has experienced a huge prison boom over the last 40 years. A growing proportion of the incarcerated population are parents. Children growing up with one or both parents missing tend to have long-lasting disadvantages. Previous studies have attempted to suggest a few mechanisms through which paternal incarceration has negative consequences for families but has not considered the role of food insecurity. I propose a theoretical framework to show that paternal incarceration negatively affects mothers and children through food insecurity. Using a longitudinal study of fragile families, I find that food insecurity explains some of the negative consequences of paternal incarceration on maternal depression. On the other hand, food insecurity plays no role in the effect of paternal incarceration on child behavior problems. The findings also cast doubt on whether paternal incarceration affects child well-being. The implications for policy are two-fold. First, reducing food insecurity would mitigate the negative effects of paternal incarceration on maternal depression. More research is needed in order to understand whether the negative effects of paternal incarceration on maternal well-being can be further mitigated. Second, prison reform would do little to reduce the behavior problems experienced by children of incarcerated fathers. Rather than incarceration, other factors contributing to social disadvantages could explain why children of incarcerated fathers have more behavior problems than other children.