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Old Batswana persons' experience of loneliness : applying the Mmogo–methodTM / Carlien KahlKahl, Carlien January 2010 (has links)
Ageing in Africa and the world over is a phenomenon that affects individuals and societies. The expanding older population (people aged 60+) in South Africa led to this research, which represents an attempt to explore the experiences of loneliness of older persons in Africa and thereby gain some understanding of the subjective experiences of loneliness of a group of older African persons in their socio–cultural context.
Defining loneliness from the existing literature was challenging since it became evident that loneliness in the literature is defined and researched largely in terms of individual meanings attached to the concept, and the applicability of such individual meanings to an African context remains unconfirmed. Experiences of loneliness are not well known among older Setwana–speaking persons, and few studies have focused on collectivistic experiences as such. Loneliness is considered a complex, contextual experience that goes beyond the individual and also includes culture as an inseparable aspect of people’s lives. Conceptualising loneliness as a socially constructed phenomenon places this study within the paradigm of phenomenology exploring people’s experiences. The philosophy of ubuntu relates to being in the world among others thus creating the concept of a social self. In essence, to be a self, one has to belong to a community, and one is always contextualised as an existence among others in interaction.
A qualitative design was used together with a purposive convenience sampling method whereby the participants were selected on the basis of their availability during the research period. The participants’ ages ranged from 61 up to 73, and the sample included 16 female and two male participants. Two data sets were collected at different times from members of the Day Care Centre for the Aged in Ikageng, Potchefstroom, South Africa, as well as community residents who did not attend the centre.
Various qualitative techniques were used to collect the data including the Mmogo–methodTM, in–depth individual interviews and focus groups. Multiple methods were employed for analysing the data including phenomenological analysis, key–words–in–context and analysis strategies as stipulated by the Mmogo–methodTM. The rigour of the data was enhanced through the use of diverse qualitative data–gathering methods as well as an array of qualitative analysis methods in a process known as crystallisation. Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the North–West University, Potchefstroom Campus, under a larger project, “An exploration of enabling contexts (05K14)”.
The researchers constructed two main themes from the findings: descriptions of loneliness and coping with loneliness. Loneliness related to the self and to others, and coping with loneliness involved actively engaging with the environment, being with others and using coping strategies. Some of the findings are linked to the existing literature, and some are unique relating to being with others and including social embeddedness as a multi–layered phenomenon connected to experiences of loneliness - it is here where the literature falls short in clarifying the findings within our context. Suggestions are made for future research, and some of the limitations of the study are pointed out.
To conclude: Loneliness is a multi–dimensional phenomenon that older Batswana people experience on many levels of engagement with and disengagement from the self and others. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Old Batswana persons' experience of loneliness : applying the Mmogo–methodTM / Carlien KahlKahl, Carlien January 2010 (has links)
Ageing in Africa and the world over is a phenomenon that affects individuals and societies. The expanding older population (people aged 60+) in South Africa led to this research, which represents an attempt to explore the experiences of loneliness of older persons in Africa and thereby gain some understanding of the subjective experiences of loneliness of a group of older African persons in their socio–cultural context.
Defining loneliness from the existing literature was challenging since it became evident that loneliness in the literature is defined and researched largely in terms of individual meanings attached to the concept, and the applicability of such individual meanings to an African context remains unconfirmed. Experiences of loneliness are not well known among older Setwana–speaking persons, and few studies have focused on collectivistic experiences as such. Loneliness is considered a complex, contextual experience that goes beyond the individual and also includes culture as an inseparable aspect of people’s lives. Conceptualising loneliness as a socially constructed phenomenon places this study within the paradigm of phenomenology exploring people’s experiences. The philosophy of ubuntu relates to being in the world among others thus creating the concept of a social self. In essence, to be a self, one has to belong to a community, and one is always contextualised as an existence among others in interaction.
A qualitative design was used together with a purposive convenience sampling method whereby the participants were selected on the basis of their availability during the research period. The participants’ ages ranged from 61 up to 73, and the sample included 16 female and two male participants. Two data sets were collected at different times from members of the Day Care Centre for the Aged in Ikageng, Potchefstroom, South Africa, as well as community residents who did not attend the centre.
Various qualitative techniques were used to collect the data including the Mmogo–methodTM, in–depth individual interviews and focus groups. Multiple methods were employed for analysing the data including phenomenological analysis, key–words–in–context and analysis strategies as stipulated by the Mmogo–methodTM. The rigour of the data was enhanced through the use of diverse qualitative data–gathering methods as well as an array of qualitative analysis methods in a process known as crystallisation. Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the North–West University, Potchefstroom Campus, under a larger project, “An exploration of enabling contexts (05K14)”.
The researchers constructed two main themes from the findings: descriptions of loneliness and coping with loneliness. Loneliness related to the self and to others, and coping with loneliness involved actively engaging with the environment, being with others and using coping strategies. Some of the findings are linked to the existing literature, and some are unique relating to being with others and including social embeddedness as a multi–layered phenomenon connected to experiences of loneliness - it is here where the literature falls short in clarifying the findings within our context. Suggestions are made for future research, and some of the limitations of the study are pointed out.
To conclude: Loneliness is a multi–dimensional phenomenon that older Batswana people experience on many levels of engagement with and disengagement from the self and others. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Die rol van rekreasievoorsiening en waargenome welstand van die lede betrokke by die Potchefstroom Dienssentrum vir Bejaardes / Sumari TesnearTesnear, Sumari January 2012 (has links)
Stumbo and Peterson (2004:9) argue that the participation in meaningful leisure activities
may lead to the improvement of elderly people’s health, well-being and quality of life.
Changes which are associated with old age, such as the increase in adverse health
conditions; however has a significant impact on leisure participation of the elderly (Austin
et al., 2006:49). For the purpose of this study, the following questions need to be
answered: a) Are physical, social, spiritual and cognitive leisure activities part of the
leisure profile of persons sixty years and older? b) Do structural, interpersonal and
intrapersonal constraints play a role in limiting the leisure participation of persons sixty
years and older? c) Does a relationship exist between participation in physical, social,
spiritual and cognitive leisure activities and perceived well-being of people sixty years and
older? d) Can a leisure activity paradigm be compiled to indicate the leisure participation
of persons sixty years and older? To answer these questions, this study focused on using
a phenomenological research design to enquire about the meaning of the leisure
phenomenon in elderly people’s lives (Fouché, 2005:270). This study was developed in
accordance with the mixed methodological approach referred to by De Vos (2005b:361)
as a combination of quantitative and qualitative research used in a single study. For the
purpose of this study, one hundred and ten elderly people (men and women), sixty years
and older and members of the Potchefstroom Service Centre for the Aged, participated.
An availability sample was used to identify the participants who completed the
questionnaire and participated in the focus group interview. Seventy two participants (60
females and 12 males) completed the questionnaire, whereby eight participants (5
females and 3 males) participated in the focus group interview.
According to the results, respondents 60-64 years old indicated that they participate more
in social, creative and cultural, and general leisure activities. Although 60% of these
respondents (60-64 years) experience low levels of health, 80% still participate in physical
leisure activities. The results suggested that these respondents (60-64 years) also
participate less in travelling and outdoor leisure activities than respondents 65-74 years
old and 75 years and older. Regarding respondents 65-74 years old, the results indicated
higher levels of participation in social leisure activities, followed by general leisure
activities. These respondents (65-74 years) participate more in travelling and outdoor
leisure activities than the other age groups (60-64; 75 and older). Compared to the
respondents 60-64 years, the leisure participation in creative and cultural and physical
activities of respondents 65-74 years is significantly lower, even if the results showed they
have a healthier health profile than respondents 60-64 years. The results showed that
respondents 75 years and older participate more in general leisure activities, followed by
social leisure activities and creative and cultural leisure activities. In comparison with
respondents 60-64 years, respondents 75 years and older participate more in travelling
and outdoor leisure activities. Although respondents 75 years and older, according to the
results, have a healthier health profile than respondents 60-64 years and 65-74 years,
participation in physical leisure activities was still very low. Regarding the relation
between the leisure profile and the different types of living arrangements, it showed that
respondents living in retirement villages participate more in social, general and physical
leisure activities whereas respondents living in their own homes, participate more in
general, social and creative and cultural leisure activities. However, respondents living
with their children or family, or in a communal home, participate more in social leisure
activities. In terms of the importance of leisure participation in elderly people’s life, the
results indicated that 60% respondents 60-64 years, acknowledge leisure participation as
very important in their lives, whereas 6% respondents 65-74 years and 75 years and older
(21%), indicated leisure participation as not important. According to the respondents’
health profile, in relation to living arrangements and gender, women respondents living in
retirement villages experience lower health levels than those living with their children or
family, or in communal homes as well as male respondents. The results indicated that
most of the respondents who experience average to low health levels, participate in social
leisure activities whereas those who participate in outdoor leisure activities experience
average health levels. In terms of happiness, well-being and quality of life, the male
respondents living in retirement villages experience higher levels of happiness, well-being
and quality of life compared to those living with children or family, or in communal homes.
Women respondents living in their own homes or with their children or family, or in
communal homes experience the highest levels of happiness, well-being and quality of
life. This study also suggests that elderly people’s leisure participation can be
programmed and planned by using a leisure activity pyramid. This leisure activity pyramid
place social activities at the foundation of the leisure program, from where general,
creative and cultural, physical, outdoor and travelling leisure activities can develop.
The results showed, elderly people have a need to experience leisure benefits; hence the
leisure benefits respondents 65-74 years old experience, includes interaction with others,
whereas respondents 75 years and older indicated that they experience personal growth
as a leisure benefit. Respondents (male and female) 65-74 years old indicated that
meeting other people was the biggest leisure benefit, whereas respondents 60-64 years
indicated that they participate in leisure activities to experience physical challenges while
respondents 75 years and older participate in leisure activities to experience relaxation. In
terms of the constraints which can limit participants’ leisure participation or exclude them
from it, the respondents experience financial shortages as the most important constraint.
The results showed that constraints are experienced differently between gender and age
groups. Hence, the male respondents 65-74 years old and female respondents 75 years
and older, indicated a shortage of time as the most important constraint, while male
respondents 75 years and older, as well as female respondents between 60 and 74 years,
indicated financial shortages as the most important constraint. According to the results, it
seemed that respondents 85 years and older experience time and security, economic and
structural, personal and programming as constraints. Respondents living in a flat on the
same premises as children or family, experience time and security as constraints in
contrast to those living with children or family, who experience economic and personal
constraints.
According to this study it is clear that old age and the provision of leisure services to older
people, is a very complex issue. In the light of this information it is necessary for tertiary
institutions to provide specialized training for recreation students, in the field of providing
leisure services to older people, to meet the complex leisure needs of the elderly. / Thesis (PhD (Recreation Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013
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Die rol van rekreasievoorsiening en waargenome welstand van die lede betrokke by die Potchefstroom Dienssentrum vir Bejaardes / Sumari TesnearTesnear, Sumari January 2012 (has links)
Stumbo and Peterson (2004:9) argue that the participation in meaningful leisure activities
may lead to the improvement of elderly people’s health, well-being and quality of life.
Changes which are associated with old age, such as the increase in adverse health
conditions; however has a significant impact on leisure participation of the elderly (Austin
et al., 2006:49). For the purpose of this study, the following questions need to be
answered: a) Are physical, social, spiritual and cognitive leisure activities part of the
leisure profile of persons sixty years and older? b) Do structural, interpersonal and
intrapersonal constraints play a role in limiting the leisure participation of persons sixty
years and older? c) Does a relationship exist between participation in physical, social,
spiritual and cognitive leisure activities and perceived well-being of people sixty years and
older? d) Can a leisure activity paradigm be compiled to indicate the leisure participation
of persons sixty years and older? To answer these questions, this study focused on using
a phenomenological research design to enquire about the meaning of the leisure
phenomenon in elderly people’s lives (Fouché, 2005:270). This study was developed in
accordance with the mixed methodological approach referred to by De Vos (2005b:361)
as a combination of quantitative and qualitative research used in a single study. For the
purpose of this study, one hundred and ten elderly people (men and women), sixty years
and older and members of the Potchefstroom Service Centre for the Aged, participated.
An availability sample was used to identify the participants who completed the
questionnaire and participated in the focus group interview. Seventy two participants (60
females and 12 males) completed the questionnaire, whereby eight participants (5
females and 3 males) participated in the focus group interview.
According to the results, respondents 60-64 years old indicated that they participate more
in social, creative and cultural, and general leisure activities. Although 60% of these
respondents (60-64 years) experience low levels of health, 80% still participate in physical
leisure activities. The results suggested that these respondents (60-64 years) also
participate less in travelling and outdoor leisure activities than respondents 65-74 years
old and 75 years and older. Regarding respondents 65-74 years old, the results indicated
higher levels of participation in social leisure activities, followed by general leisure
activities. These respondents (65-74 years) participate more in travelling and outdoor
leisure activities than the other age groups (60-64; 75 and older). Compared to the
respondents 60-64 years, the leisure participation in creative and cultural and physical
activities of respondents 65-74 years is significantly lower, even if the results showed they
have a healthier health profile than respondents 60-64 years. The results showed that
respondents 75 years and older participate more in general leisure activities, followed by
social leisure activities and creative and cultural leisure activities. In comparison with
respondents 60-64 years, respondents 75 years and older participate more in travelling
and outdoor leisure activities. Although respondents 75 years and older, according to the
results, have a healthier health profile than respondents 60-64 years and 65-74 years,
participation in physical leisure activities was still very low. Regarding the relation
between the leisure profile and the different types of living arrangements, it showed that
respondents living in retirement villages participate more in social, general and physical
leisure activities whereas respondents living in their own homes, participate more in
general, social and creative and cultural leisure activities. However, respondents living
with their children or family, or in a communal home, participate more in social leisure
activities. In terms of the importance of leisure participation in elderly people’s life, the
results indicated that 60% respondents 60-64 years, acknowledge leisure participation as
very important in their lives, whereas 6% respondents 65-74 years and 75 years and older
(21%), indicated leisure participation as not important. According to the respondents’
health profile, in relation to living arrangements and gender, women respondents living in
retirement villages experience lower health levels than those living with their children or
family, or in communal homes as well as male respondents. The results indicated that
most of the respondents who experience average to low health levels, participate in social
leisure activities whereas those who participate in outdoor leisure activities experience
average health levels. In terms of happiness, well-being and quality of life, the male
respondents living in retirement villages experience higher levels of happiness, well-being
and quality of life compared to those living with children or family, or in communal homes.
Women respondents living in their own homes or with their children or family, or in
communal homes experience the highest levels of happiness, well-being and quality of
life. This study also suggests that elderly people’s leisure participation can be
programmed and planned by using a leisure activity pyramid. This leisure activity pyramid
place social activities at the foundation of the leisure program, from where general,
creative and cultural, physical, outdoor and travelling leisure activities can develop.
The results showed, elderly people have a need to experience leisure benefits; hence the
leisure benefits respondents 65-74 years old experience, includes interaction with others,
whereas respondents 75 years and older indicated that they experience personal growth
as a leisure benefit. Respondents (male and female) 65-74 years old indicated that
meeting other people was the biggest leisure benefit, whereas respondents 60-64 years
indicated that they participate in leisure activities to experience physical challenges while
respondents 75 years and older participate in leisure activities to experience relaxation. In
terms of the constraints which can limit participants’ leisure participation or exclude them
from it, the respondents experience financial shortages as the most important constraint.
The results showed that constraints are experienced differently between gender and age
groups. Hence, the male respondents 65-74 years old and female respondents 75 years
and older, indicated a shortage of time as the most important constraint, while male
respondents 75 years and older, as well as female respondents between 60 and 74 years,
indicated financial shortages as the most important constraint. According to the results, it
seemed that respondents 85 years and older experience time and security, economic and
structural, personal and programming as constraints. Respondents living in a flat on the
same premises as children or family, experience time and security as constraints in
contrast to those living with children or family, who experience economic and personal
constraints.
According to this study it is clear that old age and the provision of leisure services to older
people, is a very complex issue. In the light of this information it is necessary for tertiary
institutions to provide specialized training for recreation students, in the field of providing
leisure services to older people, to meet the complex leisure needs of the elderly. / Thesis (PhD (Recreation Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013
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'n Bemagtigingsprogram vir personeel en afgetrede vrywilligers van dienssentrums vir bejaardes / Susanna Maria Jansen van RensburgJansen van Rensburg, Susanna Maria January 2011 (has links)
Die oorhoofse doelstelling van die navorsing is om behoeftebepalings onder personeel van dienssentrums vir bejaardes sowel as afgetrede vrywilligers te doen ten einde ’n effektiewe bemagtigingsprogram vir beide groepe te kan saamstel. Daar is vasgestel wat die effektiefste kenmerke van ’n personeellid van ’n dienssentrum is. Die studie beoog verder om ’n bemagtigingsprogram vir beide personeel en afgetrede vrywilligers te ontwikkel, aan te bied en te evalueer ten einde afgetrede vrywilligers meer sinvol en effektief tot voordeel van beide die organisasie en ouer persoon self te benut. Die proefskrif bestaan uit vyf afdelings:
AFDELING A: Hierdie afdeling bevat onder meer die probleemstelling, navorsingsvrae, navorsingsdoelstelling en doelwitte, die sentraal teoretiese stelling, teoretiese benadering, maatskaplike groepwerk, tydperk van ondersoek, navorsingsmetodologie, beperkings van die studie, omskrywing van begrippe en die keuse en struktuur van die navorsingsverslag. Ten einde die doelstelling te kon bereik, is die volgende doelwitte nagestreef:
Doelwit 1 Om ’n behoeftebepaling onder personeel van dienssentrums vir bejaardes te doen ten einde vas te stel of hulle van afgetrede vrywilligers se dienste gebruik maak en watter stremmings hulle ervaar ten opsigte van die benutting van vrywilligers.
Doelwit 2 Om ’n behoeftebepaling onder afgetrede vrywilligers betrokke by dienssentrums vir bejaardes te doen ten einde vas te stel wat hulle verwagtinge van die dienssentrum en sy personeel is.
Doelwit 3 Om vas te stel hoe die profiel van personeellede lyk wat met die afgetrede vrywilligers werk.
bladsyiv
Doelwit 4 Om ’n bemagtigingsprogram vir personeel van dienssentrums vir bejaardes te ontwikkel en toe te pas ten einde personeel meer kennis oor afgetrede vrywilligers te gee en met vaardighede toe te rus sodat hulle meer effektief met vrywilligers kan werk.
Doelwit 5 Om ’n bemagtigingsprogram vir afgetrede vrywilligers van dienssentrums vir bejaardes te ontwikkel en aan te bied ten einde hulle in te skakel by die dienssentrum waar hulle met volle oorgawe effektief kan funksioneer.
Doelwit 6 Om die bemagtigingsprogramme na afloop van die aanbieding daarvan te evalueer ten einde vas te stel of die ontwikkelde bemagtigingsprogramme vir personeel en afgetrede vrywilligers positiewe groei en vordering by die groepe meegebring het ten einde die programme bekend te kan stel aan al die dienssentrums.
AFDELING B: Afdeling B bevat die ses artikels waarin verslag gelewer is oor die uitkomste van die navorsing. Artikel 1 het betrekking op die manier waarop die personeel van dienssentrums die afgetrede vrywilligers benut. Artikel 2 handel oor afgetrede vrywilligers se verwagtinge van die dienssentrum en sy personeel. Artikel 3 bevat die profiel van personeel wat met afgetrede vrywilligers werk. Artikel 4 dek die inhoud van ’n bemagtigingsprogram vir personeel wat met afgetrede vrywilligers werk. Artikel 5 behels die inhoud van ’n bemagti–gingsprogram vir afgetrede vrywilligers. Artikel 6 behandel die evaluering van die bemagti–gingsprogramme vir personeel en afgetrede vrywilligers betrokke by ’n dienssentrum vir bejaardes.
AFDELING C: Hierdie afdeling is die samevatting van die vernaamste bevindings en gevolgtrekkings ten opsigte van die ondersoek in die geheel. Daarbenewens is aanbevelings gedoen en die bydra van die ondersoek uitgelig.
AFDELING D: Die bylaes tot die navorsingsverslag, byvoorbeeld die verskillende meet–instrumente en vraelyste word hier vervat. A
FDELING E: Hierdie afdeling sluit die proefskrif af met ’n samevattende bibliografie. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Social Work))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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'n Bemagtigingsprogram vir personeel en afgetrede vrywilligers van dienssentrums vir bejaardes / Susanna Maria Jansen van RensburgJansen van Rensburg, Susanna Maria January 2011 (has links)
Die oorhoofse doelstelling van die navorsing is om behoeftebepalings onder personeel van dienssentrums vir bejaardes sowel as afgetrede vrywilligers te doen ten einde ’n effektiewe bemagtigingsprogram vir beide groepe te kan saamstel. Daar is vasgestel wat die effektiefste kenmerke van ’n personeellid van ’n dienssentrum is. Die studie beoog verder om ’n bemagtigingsprogram vir beide personeel en afgetrede vrywilligers te ontwikkel, aan te bied en te evalueer ten einde afgetrede vrywilligers meer sinvol en effektief tot voordeel van beide die organisasie en ouer persoon self te benut. Die proefskrif bestaan uit vyf afdelings:
AFDELING A: Hierdie afdeling bevat onder meer die probleemstelling, navorsingsvrae, navorsingsdoelstelling en doelwitte, die sentraal teoretiese stelling, teoretiese benadering, maatskaplike groepwerk, tydperk van ondersoek, navorsingsmetodologie, beperkings van die studie, omskrywing van begrippe en die keuse en struktuur van die navorsingsverslag. Ten einde die doelstelling te kon bereik, is die volgende doelwitte nagestreef:
Doelwit 1 Om ’n behoeftebepaling onder personeel van dienssentrums vir bejaardes te doen ten einde vas te stel of hulle van afgetrede vrywilligers se dienste gebruik maak en watter stremmings hulle ervaar ten opsigte van die benutting van vrywilligers.
Doelwit 2 Om ’n behoeftebepaling onder afgetrede vrywilligers betrokke by dienssentrums vir bejaardes te doen ten einde vas te stel wat hulle verwagtinge van die dienssentrum en sy personeel is.
Doelwit 3 Om vas te stel hoe die profiel van personeellede lyk wat met die afgetrede vrywilligers werk.
bladsyiv
Doelwit 4 Om ’n bemagtigingsprogram vir personeel van dienssentrums vir bejaardes te ontwikkel en toe te pas ten einde personeel meer kennis oor afgetrede vrywilligers te gee en met vaardighede toe te rus sodat hulle meer effektief met vrywilligers kan werk.
Doelwit 5 Om ’n bemagtigingsprogram vir afgetrede vrywilligers van dienssentrums vir bejaardes te ontwikkel en aan te bied ten einde hulle in te skakel by die dienssentrum waar hulle met volle oorgawe effektief kan funksioneer.
Doelwit 6 Om die bemagtigingsprogramme na afloop van die aanbieding daarvan te evalueer ten einde vas te stel of die ontwikkelde bemagtigingsprogramme vir personeel en afgetrede vrywilligers positiewe groei en vordering by die groepe meegebring het ten einde die programme bekend te kan stel aan al die dienssentrums.
AFDELING B: Afdeling B bevat die ses artikels waarin verslag gelewer is oor die uitkomste van die navorsing. Artikel 1 het betrekking op die manier waarop die personeel van dienssentrums die afgetrede vrywilligers benut. Artikel 2 handel oor afgetrede vrywilligers se verwagtinge van die dienssentrum en sy personeel. Artikel 3 bevat die profiel van personeel wat met afgetrede vrywilligers werk. Artikel 4 dek die inhoud van ’n bemagtigingsprogram vir personeel wat met afgetrede vrywilligers werk. Artikel 5 behels die inhoud van ’n bemagti–gingsprogram vir afgetrede vrywilligers. Artikel 6 behandel die evaluering van die bemagti–gingsprogramme vir personeel en afgetrede vrywilligers betrokke by ’n dienssentrum vir bejaardes.
AFDELING C: Hierdie afdeling is die samevatting van die vernaamste bevindings en gevolgtrekkings ten opsigte van die ondersoek in die geheel. Daarbenewens is aanbevelings gedoen en die bydra van die ondersoek uitgelig.
AFDELING D: Die bylaes tot die navorsingsverslag, byvoorbeeld die verskillende meet–instrumente en vraelyste word hier vervat. A
FDELING E: Hierdie afdeling sluit die proefskrif af met ’n samevattende bibliografie. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Social Work))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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