The abolition of the Bektashi Order in 1826 was a turning point for Bektashism. Although the Order was abolished, Bektashism continued to exist clandestinely. The reasons of the abolition are explained extensively by the chroniclers which gave official reasons of the abolition. One of the reasons is that Bektashism was abolished due to its connection with the Janissary Corps. Following the abolition Bektashism was subjected to severe control of the Ottoman Empire. Initially, some Bektashi disciples were exiled, and others were executed in Istanbul. The Bektashi tekkes were destroyed and their waqf revenues were confiscated. Thus, the structure of the Bektashi Order changed after the abolition without ceasing. Moreover, it is known that the Bektashi tradition in the nineteenth century declined. As a result of the abolition, the unity within the Order ended, and the leadership struggle within Bektashism between the &Ccedil / elebi and the Babag&acirc / n became apparent. In this sense, from this struggle within the Order arose issues, such as lineage claims, the representation problem and waqf administration. In the historical context the Ottoman Empire was interested more in the &Ccedil / elebi branch. On the contrary, the Babag&acirc / n branch did not have any official relation with the Ottoman Empire. Therefore the &Ccedil / elebi branch played an important role in comparison with the Babag&acirc / n branch. In this thesis, I analyze the discussions inside the Order resulting from the abolition on Bektashism, which were voiced by the main branches of the Bektashi Order at the end of the nineteenth century.

Cette étude porte sur Ḳayġusuz Abdāl, le représentant le plus célèbre et le plus prolifique du mouvement appelé les Abdālān-ı Rūm, un groupe de derviches de tendances antinomiques affiliées de façon ténue, qui apparut lors du 13e siècle en Anatolie et devint un composant principal du Bektachisme à partir du 14e siècle. Les œuvres de Ḳayġusuz Abdāl ont joué un rôle clé dans la formation du corpus ultérieurement appelé « la littérature Alévi-Bektachi ». La première partie de ce travail se concentre sur sa doctrine religieuse, ses positions versatiles et opportunistes en fonction des milieux, et son choix du turc vernaculaire comme vecteur de son propos. Ce dernier aspect est comparé à l’apport de Yūnus Emre, fameux derviche des 13e - 14e siècles, qui a contribué grandement au style littéraire de Ḳayġusuz Abdāl. Les şaṭḥiyye (un type de poème) de Ḳayġusuz Abdāl et Yūnus Emre sont analysés pour leurs rôles de passerelles entre les genres folkloriques et la littérature soufie classique. Dans le dernier chapitre de la première partie, les ouvrages des successeurs de Ḳayġusuz Abdāl, de Ṣādıḳ Abdāl, Yemīnī, Şemsī et Vīrānī Abdāl sont lus sous l’angle de leurs contenus doctrinaux. Ainsi, un panorama de l’évolution des pensées abdāl et bektāşī est créé. La deuxième partie de l’étude constitue en l’édition critique, la traduction et le commentaire de l’ouvrage le plus fascinant de Ḳayġusuz Abdāl, à savoir le Kitāb-ɩ Maġlaṭa. Le commentaire commence par étudier comment l’ouvrage se met en résonance avec la tradition islamique sur les rêves, en montrant particulièrement la subversion de celle-ci. Suit une analyse structurale, doctrinale et littéraire de l’ouvrage, trois aspects qui se complètent et se renforcent les uns les autres dans la manière humoristique de Ḳayġusuz Abdāl. En conclusion, le présent travail vise à comprendre la pensée religieuse et littéraire de Ḳayġusuz Abdāl, personnage saint toujours vénéré de l’Alévisme. Sa vision de la sainteté a joué un rôle clé dans la formation du Bektachisme et de l’Alévisme et leur évolution jusqu’à nos jours. / This study focuses on Ḳayġusuz Abdāl, the most famous and prolific representative of the abdāls of Rūm, an antinomian movement of loosely-affiliated dervishes which emerged in Anatolia in the thirteenth century and became a main constituent of Bektashism from the fourteenth century onwards. Ḳayġusuz Abdāl’s works played a major role in the formation of the corpus later called “Alevi Bektashi literature.” The first part of the study focuses on Ḳayġusuz Abdal’s religious doctrine, multiple social positions, and choice of the Turkish vernacular as his literary medium. This last aspect is compared to famous 13th-14th century dervish Yūnus Emre, who was instrumental in shaping Ḳayġusuz Abdāl’s literary style. Yūnus Emre’s and Ḳayġusuz Abdāl’s şaṭḥiyye (a type of poem) are analyzed for their role in creating a bridge between folk genres and classical Sufi poetry. In the last chapter of the first part, the works of Ḳayġusuz’s Abdāl’s successors, Ṣādıḳ Abdāl, Yemīnī, Şemsī, and Vīrānī Abdāl are examined for their doctrinal content, thus creating a panorama of the evolution of abdāl and bektāşī thought. The second part of the study contains the critical edition, translation, and commentary of Ḳayġusuz Abdāl’s most intriguing work, the Kitāb-ı Maġlaṭa (The Book of Prattle). The commentary begins with a focus on the work’s engagement with and subversion of the Islamic tradition of dream literature. A structural, doctrinal, and literary analysis of the work is undertaken, wherein these three aspects are shown to complement and reinforce one another in Ḳayġusuz’s unique humorous way. As a whole, the study aims to understand the religious and literary thought of Ḳayġusuz Abdāl, who has been to this day one of the most important saints of Alevism. His understanding of sainthood was instrumental in shaping Bektashism and Alevism up to our day.

The subject of this work are houses of assembly - cemevi at Alevis in Turkey. The current Alevis follow on from the so - called Kizilbash (Qizilbash), who lived in the territory of the Ottoman Empire and the teachings of the mystical order of Bektashi, which was associated with the Ottoman Empire and the corps of Janissaries. Contemporary Alevism (alevilik), understood either as a religion or as a culture, is a product of the 20th century. Cemevi is a house where Alevis gather to conduct their own rituals. Modern day cemevi serves as multifunctional religious and cultural center where besides the rituals, teaching takes place and funerals are conducted. In this work I pursue the development of houses of assembly, deriving their terminology from two main sources - the form of the Bektashi ritual space (meydan) and from the village architecture of the Alevis populated areas. Today's cemevi is not only an architectural phenomenon but also a political problem, so I reflect on the Alevis' struggle to equate it with other sanctuaries and describe the focus of Alevis' roots, which in most cases initiate the construction of the cemevi. The appea- rance of the cemevi buildings, taking into account the available budget, is influenced by the perception of Alevism of their builders. Part of this work is field...

L’islamisation est une des questions les plus intéressantes de l’histoire ottomane. La longue durée de la domination des Ottomans dans les Balkans a modifié le profil culturel et démographique de la région et l’islamisation a joué un rôle capital. Le changement de foi ne s’accompagnait pas d’un changement de langue, impossible à réaliser et qui n’intéressait pas les sociétés pré modernes comme la société ottomane. Un des groupes les plus connus à avoir été islamisé sur le territoire grec est celui des musulmans hellénophones de Macédoine occidentale, connus sous le surnom ironique de « Vallahades ». Leur langue d’origine grecque et leur maintien de nombreuses croyances chrétiennes et préchrétiennes dans leur comportement religieux les a fait paraître comme des musulmans étranges aux yeux de leurs voisins chrétiens, autant que de ceux des voyageurs et chercheurs qui se sont rendus en Macédoine occidentale au cours des deux derniers siècles de l’empire ottoman. On a ainsi formulé de nombreuses affirmations contradictoires sur leur origine, leur conversion à l’islam, leurs us et coutumes. L’objectif de la présente étude est d’analyser le processus de l’islamisation, en examinant pas à pas à travers les sources de chaque époque les conditions politiques, économiques et sociales qui ont favorisé en tant que motifs fondamentaux le changement de foi ainsi que les facteurs qui ont aidé à l’expansion de l’islam (ordres mystiques et bektachisme). Un autre objectif fondamental est de distinguer la vérité historique de la riche mythologie historique qui s’est inévitablement développée à propos des Vallahades sous l’influence de l’idéologie des États nations à partir du 18e siècle. / Islamization is one of the most interesting issues in Ottoman history. It has played a major role in the change of the cultural and demographic character of the Balkans during the long Ottoman rule of the region. Conversion in religion did not mean change in language as well. The latter was impossible to happen and it did not concern pre-modern societies like the Ottoman one. One of the best known islamized groups in Greece is the case of the Greek-speaking Muslims of western Macedonia, commonly labelled with the pejorative term “Vallahades”. Speaking Greek and maintaining numerous Christian and pre-Christian customs in their religious culture, they seemed like awkward Muslims in the eyes of their Christian neighbours, as well as in the eyes of travellers and researchers visiting the region in the last two centuries of the Ottoman empire. This led a number of contradictory theories regarding their origin, their conversion to Islam, and their culture. The aim of the present thesis is to analyse the process of Islamization and to examine step by step through the sources those political, economic and social circumstances of each period that encouraged the conversion and the general spread of Islam (mainly mystical orders and bektashism). Another important aim is to distinguish the historical truth from the legends regarding the Vallahades that inevitably flourished under the influence of the Nation-states ideology of the eighteenth century.