Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English / Lineere plantegroeipatrone bestaande uit afwisselende grasryke mikrotrog- en boomryke- kruinbane wat parallel met die helling georienteer is, kom voor op die voetbang van die Baviaansberg, in die Warmbadgebied, Noordelike Provinsie. Die hoofdoelwitte van die studie was om uit 'n landskapekologiese benadering die verskynsel te probeer verklaar, om die vertikale en horisontale variasie van eienskappe te kwantifiseer en om die impak van die mens daarop te benadruk. Die differensiasie in die Tukulu- en Etoshagrondvorms in onderskeidelik mikrotroe en -kruine is die gevolg van grondprosesse soos illuviasie van klei, loging en ferrolise.Granulometriese analise dui daarop dat die moedermateriaal van gronde van een bron afkomstig is. Kolluviasie en afsetting van moedermateriaal op die voethang was waarskynlik die beginpunt van landskapontwikkeling waar verdeelde oppervlakvloei van water oenskynlik die mikrostrukture geinisieer het. Na aanleiding hiervan het die ontwikkeling van grondverskille en waterregimeverskille tot plantegroeiverskille gelei. Faktore wat die patroon geaksentueer het is termietaktiwiteite, brand en beweiding. / A linear vegetation pattern consists of alternating grassland micro troughs and woody micro crests lanes which were orientated parallel to the slope occurred on the foot slope of the Baviaansberg, in the Warmbaths area, Northern Province. From a landscape ecological approach the principal aims of the study was to explain the phenomenon, to quantify the vertical and horizontal variation of features and to accent the impact of man on it. The differentiation in Tukulu and Etosha forms in micro troughs and micro crests respectively were the effect of several soil processes. Granulometric analyses showed that the parent material of soil was derived from one source. Colluviation and deposit of parent material was probably the starting-point of landscape development where the divided surface flow of water apparently initiated the micro structures. As a result of this the development of soil and water regime differences lead to vegetation differences. / Geography / M. Sc. (Geografie)

Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English / Lineere plantegroeipatrone bestaande uit afwisselende grasryke mikrotrog- en boomryke- kruinbane wat parallel met die helling georienteer is, kom voor op die voetbang van die Baviaansberg, in die Warmbadgebied, Noordelike Provinsie. Die hoofdoelwitte van die studie was om uit 'n landskapekologiese benadering die verskynsel te probeer verklaar, om die vertikale en horisontale variasie van eienskappe te kwantifiseer en om die impak van die mens daarop te benadruk. Die differensiasie in die Tukulu- en Etoshagrondvorms in onderskeidelik mikrotroe en -kruine is die gevolg van grondprosesse soos illuviasie van klei, loging en ferrolise.Granulometriese analise dui daarop dat die moedermateriaal van gronde van een bron afkomstig is. Kolluviasie en afsetting van moedermateriaal op die voethang was waarskynlik die beginpunt van landskapontwikkeling waar verdeelde oppervlakvloei van water oenskynlik die mikrostrukture geinisieer het. Na aanleiding hiervan het die ontwikkeling van grondverskille en waterregimeverskille tot plantegroeiverskille gelei. Faktore wat die patroon geaksentueer het is termietaktiwiteite, brand en beweiding. / A linear vegetation pattern consists of alternating grassland micro troughs and woody micro crests lanes which were orientated parallel to the slope occurred on the foot slope of the Baviaansberg, in the Warmbaths area, Northern Province. From a landscape ecological approach the principal aims of the study was to explain the phenomenon, to quantify the vertical and horizontal variation of features and to accent the impact of man on it. The differentiation in Tukulu and Etosha forms in micro troughs and micro crests respectively were the effect of several soil processes. Granulometric analyses showed that the parent material of soil was derived from one source. Colluviation and deposit of parent material was probably the starting-point of landscape development where the divided surface flow of water apparently initiated the micro structures. As a result of this the development of soil and water regime differences lead to vegetation differences. / Geography / M. Sc. (Geografie)

An investigation of learners’ enrolment in Bela-Bela farm schools is a study focused on the challenges encountered by farm schools. These challenges result in the decline of learners’ enrolment. The researcher has put more emphasis on the history of farm schools, legislation and policy, and socio-economic conditions of farm societies. The research method is qualitative in nature and it includes literature study, observations and semi-structured interviews. It has been discovered from the data that families working on the farms migrate a lot, and this result in decline of learners’ enrolment in farm schools. Based on the findings, recommendations were made for improvements to assist in addressing problems faced by farm schools. / Further Teacher Education / M.Ed. (Education Management)

An investigation of learners’ enrolment in Bela-Bela farm schools is a study focused on the challenges encountered by farm schools. These challenges result in the decline of learners’ enrolment. The researcher has put more emphasis on the history of farm schools, legislation and policy, and socio-economic conditions of farm societies. The research method is qualitative in nature and it includes literature study, observations and semi-structured interviews. It has been discovered from the data that families working on the farms migrate a lot, and this result in decline of learners’ enrolment in farm schools. Based on the findings, recommendations were made for improvements to assist in addressing problems faced by farm schools. / Further Teacher Education / M.Ed. (Education Management)

During March 2008 a suspected outbreak of Rift Valley fever was reported on a farm in the Bela-Bela area, Limpopo Province of South Africa. The affected dairy farm, where no vaccination programme against RVF were practiced, applies an intensive farming system with 300 Holstein Friesland cattle (calves included) as well as 200 Pedi sheep on the farm. Seven calves died on this farm but no apparent clinical disease was reported in cattle as well as in sheep. During the outbreak blood samples from cattle and sheep were taken and the animals were re-sampled 8 weeks later. A set of sera was also collected from cattle on a neighbouring farm. The aim of the study was to determine the extent of the outbreak by evaluating if the virus had also infected other animals on the affected farm as well as on a neighbouring farm. During the first blood collection 233 samples were taken from cattle and 73 from sheep on the affected farm; 55 blood samples were taken from cattle on a neighbouring farm. A second blood collection was only done on the affected farm and 234 cattle and 85 sheep were bled. All the sera collected were tested by an IgM-capture ELISA and by an indirect IgG ELISA. Selected IgM positive (n=14), IgG positive (n=23) and samples negative for both IgM and IgG (n=19) were then tested by the serum neutralization test (SNT). Sera from IgM positive (14) and negative (20) animals were also tested by a TaqMan PCR. Results from the affected farm showed that 7% (16/233) of cattle samples were IgMpositive and 13.7% (32/233) IgG positive at the first collection of samples, and 2% were IgM-positive at the second sample collection. The number of cattle positive for RVF virus-specific IgG antibodies increased by 20.3% when compared to the first bled. Only 1.4% of sheep were both positive for anti-RVF virus IgM and IgG antibodies at the first collection; IgM-positive cases decreased to 1.2%, while IgG-positive cases increased to 2.4% at the second bled. Although no IgM-positive cattle could be found on the neighbouring farm, 5.5% of cattle were IgG-positive. The SNT confirmed most of the ELISA results. Three samples that tested positive for anti-RVF virus IgM and one anti-RVF virus IgG positive sample using ELISA tested negative using the SNT. Two samples that tested negative for both IgM and IgG antibodies using ELISA, tested low positive (1:10 and 1:20) using the SNT. All samples tested using a TaqMan PCR were negative. On the affected farm, apart from the seven calves that died, cattle were also infected. There was evidence of virus circulation on the neighbouring farm but the negative PCR results indicate that at the time the animals were sampled they were not viraemic. How the virus was introduced onto the farm is not clear. The possibility of low level virus circulation in animals and the reactivation of virus from endemic foci by the breeding of vector competent mosquitoes on the low-lying area on the farm in Bela-Bela may have led to ideal circumstances for an outbreak to occur. The fact that mostly cattle seroconverted suggests a higher host preference of the local population of mosquitoes for cattle rather than sheep. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / unrestricted

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Globally the percentage of women living with HIV is high. They constitute 48% of people living with HIV. The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of specific factors known to make women vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infection. Objective: The specific factors investigated were cultural beliefs, economic dependence and sexual abuse and their affect (if any) on women in Bela-Bela (Warmbaths) in the Limpopo province of South Africa. The population of 30 women who attend HIV/AIDS support groups in the area was targeted. Twenty respondents were asked to complete questionnaires. A convenience sampling method was used. Research Design: A descriptive research design was used, with data collected through questionnaires. The questionnaire was structured in English and for those who did not understand the language; the questions were explained in their own language. Data was collected on six occasions. The number of participants interviewed per session varied as it depended on the availability of participants on those days. Results: Though the sample used was small which makes it is difficult to draw definite conclusions, the results revealed that women in the area are vulnerable to HIV because of factors such as cultural beliefs (in particular the value of marriage and children), economic dependence and sexual abuse. Conclusion and Recommendation: Findings in this study indicate that unemployment may put women in unfavourable economic position and force them into vulnerable behaviour such as having unsafe sex and sex for money. Findings further revealed that the value of children is put in high regard by the respondents. Having children is seen as a way of proving to the community that they are fertile. This may put women at risk of HIV as they are engaging in unprotected sex. The results show that many women are still exposed to forced sex. There is a need for further research in this regard. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Die aantal vroue wat wêreldwyd MIV onderlede het, beloop’n geskatte 48% van alle mense wat met die siekte saamleef. Hierdie studie ondersoek spesifieke faktore wat bekend daarvoor is om vroue kwesbaar te maak vir die virus. Doelstelling: Die spesifieke faktore wat ondersoek word is kulturele oortuigings, ekonomiese afhanklikheid en seksuele misbruik en die invloed daarvan (indien enigsins) onder vroue van Bela Bela in die Limpopo Provinsie van Suid Afrika. ‘n Groep van 30 vroue wat MIV/Vigs onderlede het en aan ondersteuningsgroepe in die area behoort, is geteiken vir die studie. Twintig respondente het vraelyste ingevul. Navorsingsontwerp: ‘n Beskrywende navorsingontwerp is gebruik, met data wat versamel is deur middel van vraelyste. Die vraelyste was in Engels en vir diegene wat nie die taal verstaan het nie, is dit in hul eie taal verduidelik. Data is op ses geleenthede bymekaar gemaak. Die getal deelnemers wat deelgeneem het per sessie het afgehang van die beskikbaarheid van deelnemers op die verskillende dae. Uitslae: Alhoewel die steekproef klein was wat dit bemoeilik het om defnitiewe afleidings te maak, het die uitslae gewys dat vroue in die area kwesbaar is vir MIV as gevolg van die spesifieke faktore wat ondersoek is, veral kulturele oortuigings (spesifiek oor die huwelik en geboorte). Gevolgtrekkings en Aanbevelings: Resultate in die studie het gewys dat onstabiele ekonomiese omstandighede soos werkloosheid vroue in ‘n ongunstige posisie plaas en hulle moontlik dwing om onbeskermde seks of seks vir geld te hê. Die bevindinge het ook onthul dat om kinders te hê hooggeag word deur die deelnemers in die studie aangesien dit gesien word as ‘n simbool van vrugbaarheid. Dit beteken dus hulle het onbeskermde seks en moontlike blootstelling aan MIV. Die uitslae wys verder dat baie vroue nog blootgestel word aan seks wat op hul afgedwing word. Daar is ‘n behoefte vir verdere navorsing in hierdie verband.

INTIMIDATION AS A FACTOR IN THE LIBERATION STRUGGLE OF SOUTH AFRICA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BELA BELA (WARMBATHS): AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE The cultural revitalisation or adjustment model of Anthony Wallace provides a basis for interpreting religious, political and other revitalisation movements. This study focuses on political revitalisation movements. Participation in the activities of revitalisation movements does not always occur voluntarily. Leaders of such movements apply techniques and methods of intimidation enforcing change and participation. In South Africa, political revitalisation was inter alia brought about by the ANC as political liberation movement who used methods of violent and non-violent intimidation to force people, regardless of their ethnic affiliation, to support the movement and enforce political change. The ANC inter alia used charactersitic cultural phenomena and components of Bantu-speakers as resources for intimidation to ensure unanimity, participation and ultimately to achieve political liberation. Cultural components that were exploited included communality, group solidarity, administration of justice, songs and dances. / INTIMIDASIE AS 'N FAKTOR IN DIE VRYHEIDSTRYD IN SUID-AFRIKA MET SPESIALE VERWYSING NA BELA BELA (WARMBAD): 'N ANTROPOLOGIESE PERSPEK.TIEF Kulturele vernuwmg ts 'n universele verskynsel. Anthony Wallace se model van kulturele vernuwing of -aanpassing bied 'n raamwerk vir die verduideliking en interpretasie van die fases waardeur kulturele vernuwingsbewegings van 'n godsdienstige, politieke of ander aard ontwikkel. In hierdie studie word daar uitsluitlik gefokus op vernuwingsbewegings van 'n politieke aard. Aangesien deelname aan die aktiwiteite van kulturele vernuwings- en aanpassingsbewegings nie noodwendig vrywillig geskied nie, het leiers van hierdie bewegings gebruik gemaak van tegnieke en metodes van intimidasie om deelname en vernuwing op die massas af te dwing. In SuidAfrika is politieke vernuwing onder andere teweeggebring deur die ANC as politieke bevrydingsbeweging. Die ANC het gebruik gemaak van gewelddadige (harde of direkte) sowel as nie-geweldadige (sagte of indirekte) intimidasie om mense, ongeag hulle etniese aanhorigheid, te dwing om die beweging se oogmerke aktief te ondersteun om politieke verandering te weeg te bring. As dee! van die strategie om deur intimidasie mense tot deelname aan massa-aksies soos optogte, betogings en massa-vergaderings te dwing, het die ANC gebruik gemaak van bepaalde kultuur verskynsels en -komponente wat eie is aan die lewensbeskouinge en lewenswyse van Bantoe-sprekendes. Kultuurkomponente wat suksesvol benut is deur die leiers en lede van bevrydingsbewegings omvat, onder andere verskynsels soos kommunaliteit, groep solidariteit, die regspraak, liedere en danse. Hierdie kultuurkomponente en verskynsels is verander en aangepas om ten eerste eenheid en deelname te bewerkstellig en te verseker en uiteindelik om die hoofdoelwit van politieke bevryding te bereik. / Anthropology and Archaeology / M.A. (Anthropology)

INTIMIDATION AS A FACTOR IN THE LIBERATION STRUGGLE OF SOUTH AFRICA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BELA BELA (WARMBATHS): AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE The cultural revitalisation or adjustment model of Anthony Wallace provides a basis for interpreting religious, political and other revitalisation movements. This study focuses on political revitalisation movements. Participation in the activities of revitalisation movements does not always occur voluntarily. Leaders of such movements apply techniques and methods of intimidation enforcing change and participation. In South Africa, political revitalisation was inter alia brought about by the ANC as political liberation movement who used methods of violent and non-violent intimidation to force people, regardless of their ethnic affiliation, to support the movement and enforce political change. The ANC inter alia used charactersitic cultural phenomena and components of Bantu-speakers as resources for intimidation to ensure unanimity, participation and ultimately to achieve political liberation. Cultural components that were exploited included communality, group solidarity, administration of justice, songs and dances. / INTIMIDASIE AS 'N FAKTOR IN DIE VRYHEIDSTRYD IN SUID-AFRIKA MET SPESIALE VERWYSING NA BELA BELA (WARMBAD): 'N ANTROPOLOGIESE PERSPEK.TIEF Kulturele vernuwmg ts 'n universele verskynsel. Anthony Wallace se model van kulturele vernuwing of -aanpassing bied 'n raamwerk vir die verduideliking en interpretasie van die fases waardeur kulturele vernuwingsbewegings van 'n godsdienstige, politieke of ander aard ontwikkel. In hierdie studie word daar uitsluitlik gefokus op vernuwingsbewegings van 'n politieke aard. Aangesien deelname aan die aktiwiteite van kulturele vernuwings- en aanpassingsbewegings nie noodwendig vrywillig geskied nie, het leiers van hierdie bewegings gebruik gemaak van tegnieke en metodes van intimidasie om deelname en vernuwing op die massas af te dwing. In SuidAfrika is politieke vernuwing onder andere teweeggebring deur die ANC as politieke bevrydingsbeweging. Die ANC het gebruik gemaak van gewelddadige (harde of direkte) sowel as nie-geweldadige (sagte of indirekte) intimidasie om mense, ongeag hulle etniese aanhorigheid, te dwing om die beweging se oogmerke aktief te ondersteun om politieke verandering te weeg te bring. As dee! van die strategie om deur intimidasie mense tot deelname aan massa-aksies soos optogte, betogings en massa-vergaderings te dwing, het die ANC gebruik gemaak van bepaalde kultuur verskynsels en -komponente wat eie is aan die lewensbeskouinge en lewenswyse van Bantoe-sprekendes. Kultuurkomponente wat suksesvol benut is deur die leiers en lede van bevrydingsbewegings omvat, onder andere verskynsels soos kommunaliteit, groep solidariteit, die regspraak, liedere en danse. Hierdie kultuurkomponente en verskynsels is verander en aangepas om ten eerste eenheid en deelname te bewerkstellig en te verseker en uiteindelik om die hoofdoelwit van politieke bevryding te bereik. / Anthropology and Archaeology / M.A. (Anthropology)

Department of Public Health / MPH