O carvão da camada Barro Branco, situado na região sul do estado de Santa Catarina, tem sido amplamente estudado e utilizado, apresentando por esta razão reduzidas reservas. O carvão remanescente da camada Bonito na mesma região é menos conhecido e caracteriza-se pelo alto teor de cinzas e pela alta percentagem de partículas com densidade próxima a do concentrado. Esta peculiaridade torna difícil o seu tratamento nas usinas de beneficiamento atuais, que utilizam jigues para esta finalidade. Os requisitos técnicos do combustível (carvão) exigidos pelas usinas do Complexo Termelétrico Jorge Lacerda, seu maior cliente, são teores de cinzas e enxofre total <43% e ≤2,3%, respectivamente. Algumas Carboníferas locais estão estudando outros processos de beneficiamento para o carvão, embora a maioria das que ainda mantêm jigue como o principal equipamento de tratamento não produza o carvão com as características exigidas pelo mercado. Este trabalho pesquisa outras rotas e melhorias para o tratamento do carvão em questão. Processamentos a seco e testes hidráulicos (jigagem) foram conduzidos na Alemanha para este objetivo. Na seqüência, testes utilizando dois intervalos granulométricos foram realizados em jigue processado por batelada para estudo da influência da freqüência de pulsação, amplitude e espessura do leito na segregação das frações de carvão, a fim de otimizar a operação de jigagem. Ao final, confirma-se que os resultados do processamento do carvão ROM nas freqüências específicas de 88 min-1 e 64 min-1 para as frações 16 mm x 6,3 mm e 6,3 mm x 2 mm, nesta ordem e com a espessura de leito em torno de 125 mm produz carvão com teores de cinzas e enxofre em torno de 43% e 2%, respectivamente e rendimento mássico de 28%. Se somados à fração 2 mm x 0,1 mm, tratada em espirais, o teor médio de enxofre mantém-se em 2% e o teor de cinzas e rendimento mássico do produto final alcançam os respectivos valores de 43,3% e 34%, embora os testes tenham sido conduzidos em laboratório. / The coal from Barro Branco seam, which is widely used, is situated in the southern Brazil, State of Santa Catarina, and it is reaching depletion. The remaining coal from Bonito seam in the same region is less known and is characterized by the high percentage of near-gravity material and ash content. This peculiarity makes it difficult to treat in the current processing plants, which use jigs for this purpose. This product should have <43% of ash content and ≤2.3% of sulfur content for supplying Jorge Lacerda‟s thermal electric power plant, which uses coal as combustible. A few local coal companies are testing the dense medium process for coal beneficiation, although most of them that still maintain jigs as the main cleaning equipment do not produce the coal required by the market. This study was carried out to investigate other routes and improvements for coal cleaning. Dry processing and jigging tests were conducted in Germany for this purpose. Dry processing was done using an X-ray sorter. Tests were also performed using a batch jig to study the influence of jig frequency, amplitude and bed thickness on the separation of two coal fractions. It was found that the processing of the ROM coal in the specific frequencies of 88 min-1 and 64 min-1 to respective intervals 16 mm x 6.3 mm and 6.3 mm x 2 mm, in a bed thickness around 125 mm, produces a coal with ash content and sulfur content about 43% and 2%, respectively and 28% mass yield. If added to size fraction 2 mm x 0.1 mm, treated in spirals, the average sulfur content remains at 2%, ash content and mass yield of the final product reach the respective values of 43.3% and 34%, although the tests have been handled in laboratory.

There is a range of feed materials available for the production of Ti02 pigment. These range from natural materials like ilmenite and rutile to synthetic materials like synthetic rutile. There is a large increase in the price of titaniferous feed materials as the Ti02content of the material increases. To take advantage of the difference in price between chloride grade slag and natural rutile a process was developed to increase the Ti02 content of chloride grade slag from ~85% to more than 95%. This beneficiated titania slag product (BTS) should be ideal as feed material to the chloride pigment process. Initially several processes were evaluated. Particular emphasis was placed on the slag pre-treatment procedure. This was necessary as impurities could only be leached with difficulty from as-cast slag. A suitable pre-treatment procedure would render the impurities easily leachable, while the titanium is retained in an insoluble form. The results indicated that a process consisting of oxidation and reduction roasting would satisfy these requirements. Detailed process development was then undertaken on this process. The first phase of the process development was conducted in a coal fired fluid bed roaster. This allowed a set of semi optimised process parameters to be established, but the highest Ti02 content that could be achieved was 94%. A second stage of process development was under taken under more controlled conditions, using a small fluid bed reactor connected to a gas mixing system. Based on the results in this phase of the process development a new set of optimum process parameters was established. They are oxidation at 850°C for 1.5 h in an atmosphere containing 8% O2; reduction at 850°C for 10 min in a 100% CO atmosphere and leaching in boiling 20% hydrochloric acid for 12 h. Under these conditions it was possible to produce BTS containing > 97% Ti02. During oxidation of titania slag several important morphological changes occur. These are the conversion of the original M305 phase in the slag to a mixture of rutile/anatase, hematite and ferric M305. In the process the iron in the slag migrates to the outside surfaces of the slag particles where it is easily accessible during leaching. The iron containing phases are converted to ilmenite during reduction and during leaching the ilmenite is removed. This yields the BTS product. As the oxidation roast appeared to be a very important of the BTS process it was decided to investigate the mechanism of titania slag oxidation. A mechanism based on the nucleation energy that is required to form the relevant phases during oxidation was proposed. This mechanism was tentatively confirmed through selected experiments. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / unrestricted

Dense medium separation (DMS) plants are typically used to beneficiate run-of-mine (ROM) coal in coal metallurgy. These plants normally make use of a dense medium cyclone as the primary processing unit. Because of the deviations in the ROM quality, the production yield and quality become difficult to maintain. A control system could benefit such operations to maintain and increase product throughput and quality. There are many different methods for developing a control system in a metallurgical operation; however, what is most fundamental is the use of a mathematical model to design a controller. For this reason, a first principle dynamic mathematical model has been developed for a DMS circuit. Each unit operation is modelled individually, then integrated together to form the complete system. The developed DMS circuit dynamic model is then used to simulate the process. It is also found that most models developed for DMS operations typically make use of steady-sate analysis and that very little literature is available on dynamic models of this kind. Difficulties that arise when validating a model in metallurgical processes are insufficient measurement points or the challenges in measuring certain variables, such as physical properties (e.g. particle size) or chemical components (e.g. ash percentage). This paper also explains how the Runge-Kutta approximation can be used in simulating DMS unit processes with intermediate online measurements that may be available. This can ultimately assist in verifying the accuracy of the simulation. One of the other problems that can occur when developing models from first principles is the estimation of model parameters. Specifically when non-linear state-space relationships are developed, one must ensure that there is a unique solution for the parameters in question. A method employing parameter identifiability is also presented in this dissertation to illustrate its use. In addition the process of estimating parameters is explained and illustrated. Copyright / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

The paper shall offer a vigorous debate on the opportunities and challenges of enactment of Beneficiation Law. The term beneficiation has been used largely to mean downward linkages and value addition to mineral resources for the benefit and full participation of the communities in which the mineral resources are mined. The linkages and/ or interface between beneficiation law and international investment protection will also be considered. Here, the writer will endeavour to assess how such a law impacts on protection of foreign investments. The paper shall on a balance argue that the opportunities of enactment of this law far outweighs the costs of coming up with same. In cementing this argument the paper shall draw lessons and inspirations from South Africa’s beneficiation strategy and Indonesia which has a successful story on full beneficiation law on mineral resources. The paper will finally conclude by putting forward some recommendations. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2015 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM / Unrestricted

Thesis (LLM.(Management and Development Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / South Africa, like many African States is faced with an increase in the unemployment rate and decrease in economic growth. In terms of Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 (MPRDA) as amended, the people of South Africa are the owners of mineral resources such as; Platinum Group Metals, Gold, Platinum, and the State is the custodian thereof. The main problem is that the majority of black people in South Africa remain destitute and marginalized. They revolt by demanding radical socio-economic transformation and beneficiation from mineral resources, as the backbone of their survival. The government rejected nationalisation instead favouring a Mineral beneficiation strategy. In terms of Section 26 of MPRDA, the minister of mineral resources may initiate or prescribe levels of beneficiation of minerals in the Republic. The beneficiation strategy entails that the people must have control and access to their country’s mineral resources; in another context, it entails the transformation of minerals or a combination of minerals to higher value product, which can either be consumed locally or exported. Thus creating economic growth, jobs and alleviate poverty. The study examines legislation and policies that promote beneficiation of minerals and petroleum resources in the Republic. The study also deals with the importance of minerals and petroleum beneficiation as an impetus towards socio-economic transformation in the country. It utilised jurisprudence of Botswana, which has robust legislation, and strategies that promote and deliver resource beneficiation to the citizens equitably. It points out the challenges faced in the transformation of mineral resources beneficiation and legislative prospects that have been put in place to redress them. Key Words: Beneficiation legislation, Minerals resources, Socio-economic transformation and Poverty.

No description available.

<p>Development of products which can be produced from a country’s natural resources is very important as far as the industrialization of a nation and saving foreign exchange is concerned. Presently, industries in Uganda and the other states in the Lake Victoria region import all refractory-related-consumables, as the demand cannot be met locally. Based on the abundance of ceramic raw materials for high temperature applications in the region and the demand for refractories by industries it is pertinent to develop and manufacture firebricks by exploiting the locally available raw materials.</p><p>This thesis thus, concerns the characterisation of ceramic raw mineral powders from the Lake Victoria region, more particularly, Uganda, with the aim of developing firebrick refractories from the minerals. Two main deposits of kaolin and a ball clay deposit were investigated to assess their potential in the manufacture of refractory bricks. Raw- and processed sample powders were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (DTA-TG) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In addition, the chemical composition, particle size distribution, density, and surface area of the powders were determined.</p><p>A comprehensive study on beneficiation of Mutaka kaolin was carried out using mechanical segregation of particles. The aim of the study was to explore other potential applications like in paper filling and coating. The beneficiation process improves the chemical composition of kaolin to almost pure, the major impurity being iron oxide.</p><p>A general production process scheme for manufacturing fireclay bricks starting with raw powder minerals (Mutaka kaolin and Mukono ball clay) was used to make six groups of sample fireclay brick. Experimental results from the characterization of formulated sample bricks indeed revealed the viability of manufacturing fireclay bricks from the raw minerals. Based on these results, industrial samples were formulated and manufactured at Höganäs Bjuf AB, Sweden. Kaolin from the Mutaka deposit was used as the main source of alumina while ball clay from Mukono was the main plasticizer and binder material. The formulated green body was consolidated by wet pressing and fired at 1350°C in a tunnel kiln. Characterization of the sintered articles was done by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and chemical composition (ICP-AES). In addition, technological properties related to thermal conductivity, thermal shock, alkali resistance, water absorption, porosity, shrinkage, permanent linear change (PLC), linear thermal expansion, refractoriness under load (RUL), and cold crushing strength were determined. The properties of the articles manufactured from the selected naturally occurring raw minerals reveal that the produced articles compare favourably with those of parallel types. Thus, the raw materials can be exploited for industrial production.</p>

A presença de elevada carga nitrogenada em corpos hídricos pode causar sérios impactos ambientais como a eutrofização e a toxicidade do meio. Um dos processos que possibilitam a remoção de nitrogênio de efluentes é a adsorção, na qual o uso de adsorventes alternativos tem sido aplicado para o aproveitamento de resíduos e redução dos custos no processo. Dentro deste contexto, o processo de extração e beneficiamento do carvão fóssil na Região Sul do Brasil produz um rejeito (RB) com características que possibilitam sua aplicação na síntese de zeólitas, as quais podem ser utilizadas como adsorventes. Assim, o objetivo da presente tese foi avaliar a remoção do íon amônio de soluções aquosas por adsorção utilizando-se zeólitas naturais e sintetizadas a partir do rejeito RB. Em um primeiro momento, experimentos de adsorção foram conduzidos utilizando-se zeólita Na-clinoptilolita para conhecimento dos parâmetros termodinâmicos e da capacidade de regeneração do material. Posteriormente, a síntese de zeólitas utilizando rejeito RB foi realizada variando-se a fonte de alumínio, o emprego da agitação do meio durante a síntese e temperatura de calcinação do rejeito. A caracterização dos materiais foi feita através das técnicas de Difração de Raios X (DRX), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura acoplada a Espectroscopia por Dispersão em Energia (MEV-EDS), Potencial Zeta (PZ), Fluorescência de Raios X (FRX), Porosimetria de Nitrogênio (BET), Espectroscopia no Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e Capacidade de Troca Catiônica (CTC). Por fim, experimentos de adsorção de amônio foram feitos para o material que apresentou o maior conteúdo de íons sódio em sua composição. Quanto aos estudos com a Na-clinoptilolita, o estudo termodinâmico demostrou que a constante de equilíbrio (K0) da adsorção da zeólita estimada por diferentes métodos pode apresentar variação de até 105 de um método para outro. O estudo em questão também revelou que o método de Gaines e Thomas é o mais adequado para a estimativa dos parâmetros termodinâmicos. Nos testes de regeneração da zeólita utilizando-se solução NaCl de 0,5 a 3,0 M foram obtidos valores acima de 76% de regeneração para toda faixa de concentração avaliada, sem o reuso da solução de NaCl. Os testes feitos com o reuso da solução salina na etapa da dessorção permitiram concluir que é possível tratar até 160 mL de efluente utilizando-se somente 20 mL de solução NaCl 1,0 M, mantendo-se uma capacidade de adsorção equivalente a 80% da capacidade original da zeólita. Através da aplicação de diferentes condições de síntese utilizando o rejeito RB, foram obtidos sete diferentes materiais. O material que apresentou maior conteúdo de Na+ em sua composição foi obtido utilizando-se: pré-tratamento do rejeito com calcinação a 800 °C, síntese sem agitação do meio reacional e sem adição de fonte de alumínio. As análises do material indicaram formação de zeólitas dos tipos SOD e LTA. Quanto à adsorção de íons amônio, o mesmo apresentou capacidade de adsorção (qe) equivalente a 6,8 mg·g-1 (a 25ºC), que corresponde a 34 % do valor obtido para a Na-clinoptilolita, indicando que a síntese ainda necessita de melhoramentos para tornar o material mais competitivo frente à zeólita natural comercializada. / The presence of high nitrogen loading in water bodies can cause serious environmental impacts, such as eutrophication and toxicity of the medium. One of the process that enables nitrogen removal from effluents is adsorption, in which the use of alternative adsorbents have been applied in order to reuse wastes from other production processes and for lowering costs. Within this context, the coal mining and beneficiation in southern Brazil generates a waste with features that allow its application in zeolite synthesis. Thus, the objective of this thesis was to evaluate the removal of ammonium from aqueous solutions by adsorption using a natural zeolite and a zeolite synthesized from coal beneficiation tailings. Firstly, adsorption experiments were conducted using the natural zeolite Na-clinoptilolite in order to understand the thermodynamics and regeneration of process. Then, zeolite synthesis experiments using coal beneficiation tailings (RB) were conducted by varying the source of aluminum, stirring during crystallization step, and the calcination temperature applied to RB. The characterization of materials was made through the techniques of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled to Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Zeta Potential (ZP), X-rays Fluorescence (XRF), Porosimetry of Nitrogen (BET), Infrared Spectroscopy Fourier Transform (FTIR) and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC). Finally, a test of ammonium adsorption was made with the material that had the highest content of Na+ in its composition. Regarding the studies with Na-clinoptilolite, the thermodynamic study showed that the equilibrium constant (K0) to adsorption process estimated through different approaches can present variation of up to 105 from one method to another. This study also revealed that the Gaines and Thomas method was the most adequate to the estimative of thermodynamic parameters. In the Na-clinoptilolite regeneration tests using NaCl solution from 0.5 to 3.0 M were obtained values above 76% regeneration to whole concentration range evaluated, without the reuse of NaCl solution. Tests made with the reuse of saline solution in the desorption step showed that it is possible to treat up to 160 mL of effluent using only 20 mL of NaCl solution, maintaining an adsorption capacity of 80 % of zeolite original capacity. By applying different synthesis conditions using the by-product of coal processing, seven different materials were obtained. The material with the highest content of Na+ was obtained using: calcination at 800°C as a thermal pretreatment applied to the waste, no stirring of the reaction during crystallization step and no additional aluminum source. The analysis of this material indicated formation of zeolites SOD and LTA. This same material was tested for the adsorption of ammonium, resulting in adsorption capacity (qe) of 6.8 m2·g-1, under the same conditions as the test with Na-clinoptilolite (at 25 ºC), which corresponds to 34 % of Na-clinoptilolite capacity, indicating that the synthesis still need some improvement in order to make the synthetic material competitive faced with the natural one.

Considerando a crescente demanda por energia e tendo em vista uma matriz diversificada, faz-se necessário o estudo das jazidas carboníferas não exploradas, como é o caso da Jazida de Morungava, em cujas últimas pesquisas datam da década de 1980. A jazida situa-se no nordeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com uma área de abrangência de cerca de 250km2. Realizou-se um poço exploratório para estudar o carvão e avaliar a economicidade da jazida, por meio de caracterização petrográfica, química e tecnológica das camadas obtidas no poço CBM 001-MO-RS, que atingiu a profundidade de 387,70m, uma espessura cumulativa de carvão de 9,22m. Identificou-se 6 camadas de carvão, das quais obteve-se 27 amostras. Para caracterizar as amostras, realizou-se: descrições de litotipos do carvão, refletância da vitrinita, contagem de macerais, análises imediatas, poder calorífico superior, enxofre total, difração de raios-X e teste de beneficiamento. O litotipo carvão fosco é predominante nas amostras, com um rank variando de carvão betuminoso alto volátil A à antracito.As amostras, estão afetadas progressivamente por intrusão vulcânica sotoposta. O grupo maceral vitrinita predomina nos carvões na porção inferior, enquanto inertinita predomina na superior. Matéria mineral apresenta uma tendência de aumento da base para o topo. Os carvões apresentaram altos teores de cinza (>50%m.b.s.), matéria volátil (6,04-30,69%m.b.s), enxofre (0,20-2,88%m) e poder calorífico superior (777-4.732Kcal/Kg). Ocorre um predomínio mineralógico de quartzo, caulinita, e illita. A maioria das camadas são classificadas como rocha carbonosa (>50% cinza/b.s.). Em ensaios de beneficiamento foi observado um baixo rendimento (<7%vol.), na obtenção de produtos nobres. / Considering the growing demand for energy and with a view to a diverse energy matrix, it is necessary to study the coal deposits not or little exploited, such as the Morungava coalfield, where the latest research is dating back to the 1980s. The Coalfield is located in the northeast of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The present study characterizes coal seams obtained from borehole CBM 001-MO-RS, which reached a depth of 387,70 m. 6 coal seams were identified, with a cumulative coal thickness of 9,22 m, from which 27 coal samples were taken for analyses. The following methods were applied: lithotype description, vitrinite reflectance measurement, maceral analyses, proximate analysis, calorific value analysis, sulphur determination, x-ray diffraction and beneficiation tests. The lithotype dull coal is prevalent in the samples. Coal rank ranges from high volatile bituminous A coal to anthracite, with samples progressively affected by an overlying volcanic intrusion. The vitrinite maceral group dominates the coals in the lower portion, whereas inertinite prevails at the top. The coals show high ash content (> 40 wt.% d.f.). Volatile matter ranges from 6.04 to 30.69 wt.% d.f,,sulfur ranges from 0.20 to 2.88 wt.%, and gross calorific values range from 777 - 4732 Kcal/kg). There is a predominance of quartz, kaolinite and illite in the mineral fraction. Beneficiation tests indicate a very low yield in better quality, low ash coal. Most of the coal seams are classified as carbonaceous rock (> 50% Ash/d.f.).

Development of products which can be produced from a country’s natural resources is very important as far as the industrialization of a nation and saving foreign exchange is concerned. Presently, industries in Uganda and the other states in the Lake Victoria region import all refractory-related-consumables, as the demand cannot be met locally. Based on the abundance of ceramic raw materials for high temperature applications in the region and the demand for refractories by industries it is pertinent to develop and manufacture firebricks by exploiting the locally available raw materials. This thesis thus, concerns the characterisation of ceramic raw mineral powders from the Lake Victoria region, more particularly, Uganda, with the aim of developing firebrick refractories from the minerals. Two main deposits of kaolin and a ball clay deposit were investigated to assess their potential in the manufacture of refractory bricks. Raw- and processed sample powders were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (DTA-TG) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In addition, the chemical composition, particle size distribution, density, and surface area of the powders were determined. A comprehensive study on beneficiation of Mutaka kaolin was carried out using mechanical segregation of particles. The aim of the study was to explore other potential applications like in paper filling and coating. The beneficiation process improves the chemical composition of kaolin to almost pure, the major impurity being iron oxide. A general production process scheme for manufacturing fireclay bricks starting with raw powder minerals (Mutaka kaolin and Mukono ball clay) was used to make six groups of sample fireclay brick. Experimental results from the characterization of formulated sample bricks indeed revealed the viability of manufacturing fireclay bricks from the raw minerals. Based on these results, industrial samples were formulated and manufactured at Höganäs Bjuf AB, Sweden. Kaolin from the Mutaka deposit was used as the main source of alumina while ball clay from Mukono was the main plasticizer and binder material. The formulated green body was consolidated by wet pressing and fired at 1350°C in a tunnel kiln. Characterization of the sintered articles was done by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and chemical composition (ICP-AES). In addition, technological properties related to thermal conductivity, thermal shock, alkali resistance, water absorption, porosity, shrinkage, permanent linear change (PLC), linear thermal expansion, refractoriness under load (RUL), and cold crushing strength were determined. The properties of the articles manufactured from the selected naturally occurring raw minerals reveal that the produced articles compare favourably with those of parallel types. Thus, the raw materials can be exploited for industrial production. / QC 20101029