Thèse--Paris.

Thèse--Paris.

No description available.

Using an anthropological perspective and referring primarily to work by Sidney Mintz, Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu this dissertation focuses on the cultural importance of sugar in rural Berber communities within the Rif region of North Africa. In particular, Mintz is referred to with regard to slavery, Bourdieu in relation to habitus and Foucault in relation to normalization of mass beliefs as well as to events occurring in Morocco which relate directly to power structures within society. As well as providing information about the cultural importance of sugar, an historical account of the development of the sugar industry in Morocco is provided. This includes subsequent economic effects both in Morocco and Europe, with details in relation to the development and decline of the sugar industry, the introduction of slavery to Morocco as well as worldwide economic influences. The latter also demonstrates that sugar has been attributed power which is exerted not only within Berber culture from birth to death, but has had an influence throughout social and economic history since the introduction of the Qu’ran to the present day. An argument is developed which suggests that the presence of apparent discrimination and inequalities have arisen partly from a pure desire for sugar. Some long lasting health and environmental effects of processing sugar are outlined and discussed in relation to the health of Rif Berber. This includes a general outline of societal inequalities between genders in health care, including diseases such as diabetes. Tuberculosis along with diabetes, are discussed in order to show that they are social markers which reinforce various power structures within Moroccan communities. The emergence of slavery, land use, and the effects of the rise and subsequent decline of the sugar industry in Morocco are covered. Examples are given of how power shifted from those initially in authority to individuals at local level who complied with certain social norms and beliefs. This closely relates to the importance of sugar in Morocco, its relevance as an introduced crop along with the subsequent social, national and international changes which occurred and to a large extent remain firmly in place today. The long-lasting environmental impacts of the sugar industry represent both direct and indirect power struggles which are unlikely to be remedied without international intervention.

No description available.

No description available.

Using an anthropological perspective and referring primarily to work by Sidney Mintz, Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu this dissertation focuses on the cultural importance of sugar in rural Berber communities within the Rif region of North Africa. In particular, Mintz is referred to with regard to slavery, Bourdieu in relation to habitus and Foucault in relation to normalization of mass beliefs as well as to events occurring in Morocco which relate directly to power structures within society. As well as providing information about the cultural importance of sugar, an historical account of the development of the sugar industry in Morocco is provided. This includes subsequent economic effects both in Morocco and Europe, with details in relation to the development and decline of the sugar industry, the introduction of slavery to Morocco as well as worldwide economic influences. The latter also demonstrates that sugar has been attributed power which is exerted not only within Berber culture from birth to death, but has had an influence throughout social and economic history since the introduction of the Qu’ran to the present day. An argument is developed which suggests that the presence of apparent discrimination and inequalities have arisen partly from a pure desire for sugar. Some long lasting health and environmental effects of processing sugar are outlined and discussed in relation to the health of Rif Berber. This includes a general outline of societal inequalities between genders in health care, including diseases such as diabetes. Tuberculosis along with diabetes, are discussed in order to show that they are social markers which reinforce various power structures within Moroccan communities. The emergence of slavery, land use, and the effects of the rise and subsequent decline of the sugar industry in Morocco are covered. Examples are given of how power shifted from those initially in authority to individuals at local level who complied with certain social norms and beliefs. This closely relates to the importance of sugar in Morocco, its relevance as an introduced crop along with the subsequent social, national and international changes which occurred and to a large extent remain firmly in place today. The long-lasting environmental impacts of the sugar industry represent both direct and indirect power struggles which are unlikely to be remedied without international intervention.

No description available.

This study aims to determine the role of Amazigh/Berber women in maintaining and preserving the cultural heritage of their people through carpet weaving, as well as how this tradition contributes to gender norms and tourism in rural Morocco. The research method consisted of conducting semi-structured interviews and a literature review of intangible cultural heritage preservation, traditional gender norms in rural areas, and nomadic tourism theories. Analysis of the interviews concluded that Amazigh women keep their traditional culture alive through carpet weaving, and they are simultaneously valued and marginalized within their society. The necessity and pressure placed upon them leads to issues related to gender equality and girls’ rights/accessibility to a quality education in the modern context. Though in a constant state of change and shifting with time, the nomadic lifestyle and traditional Berber carpet weaving are still participated in today and nevertheless hold deep significance for those who partake in these activities. Traditional mentalities regarding gender norms remain intact, although they are challenged more frequently. Women’s weavings are critical in preserving Amazigh culture and symbolize a heritage identity in an overt manner, making women central to the Berber story and Berber heritage.

A travers une monographie de tribu, on analyse le fait tribal en Kabylie, les réappropriations dont il est l’objet et leur articulation avec l’affirmation identitaire berbère marquant aujourd’hui cette région d’Algérie. Après des réflexions sur les notions de tribu, construction identitaire et monographie, sont exposés les résultats d’une enquête sur les At Zemmenzer, une tribu du Djurdjura. La reconstruction historique des éléments la caractérisant au XIXème s. ainsi que de leurs transformations au XXème s. montre qu’elle a connu une déstructuration limitée avec un territoire peu bouleversé par les découpages administratifs et le maintien d’une pratique et d’une représentation de ce territoire comme espace de relations privilégiées. Les assemblées villageoises se sont maintenues et ont composé avec les administrations officielles. Ces institutions, prééminentes au niveau du village, connaissent une rénovation à partir de 1980. Les transformations de la composition, du fonctionnement et des prérogatives des assemblées, devenues « comités de village », montrent des éléments de continuité / adaptation, parfois de rupture. De plus, à travers de nouvelles organisations, les arch, les At Zemmenzer mobilisent les modalités de représentations intervillageoises de la société tribale. Cette rénovation est liée à l’influence d’acteurs et d’associations portant l’affirmation identitaire berbère. Ces dernières, apparues après 1990, en lien avec les comités, procèdent à un travail de reconstruction identitaire qui prend des formes diverses entre folklorisation et réinvestissements. Un rapport nouveau apparaît aux éléments constitutifs de la culture devenant des symboles identitaires. / Through a tribe monograph, the present work analyzes the tribal system in Kabylia, the reappropriations to which it is subjected and their link with the assertion of Berber identity now marking this region of Algeria. After reflecting on the notions of tribe, identity construction and monograph, we expound the results of research carried out amongst the At Zemmenzer, a tribe from Djurdjura. The historical reconstruction of the elements qualifying this tribe in the 19th c., as well as their transformations throughout the 20th c., shows that it experienced a limited dismantling with a territory little disrupted by the administrative division and with the upholding of a practice and representation of this territory as an area of privileged relationships. The village assemblies kept on and dealt with the official administrations. These institutions, preeminent at the village level, experienced a renovation starting 1980. The transformations of the make-up, functioning and rights of the assemblies, having now become “village committees”, show elements of continuity and sometimes disruption. Moreover, through new organizations called the arch, the At Zemmenzer mobilize the arrangements for intervillage representations among the tribal society. This renovation is linked to the influence of players and associations carrying the assertion of Berber identity. In conjunction with the committees, the associations, which came into being after 1990, take actively part in the reconstruction of an identity embodying diverse forms from folklorization to revitalization. A new connection to the elements constituting culture comes into existence, making them become identity symbols.