Bochum, Universiẗat, Diss., 2000. / Dateiformat:zip, Dateien in unterschiedlichen Formaten.

Bochum, Universiẗat, Diss., 2002.

The use of cosmogenic beryllium-7 (7Be) as a soil and sediment tracer relies upon a number of important assumptions which to date have not been fully underpinned by supporting data. As a catchment management tool 7Be offers unique potential to assess the effects of recent land use or climate change but further research is required to provide confidence in key data and elucidate sources of uncertainty. Through a range of laboratory and field studies, this thesis aims to explore knowledge gaps relating to i) the temporal and spatial dynamics of 7Be activity in rainfall which has importance in the context of estimating fallout input during erosion studies ii) adsorption behaviour in soils which is of critical importance when considering tracer stability at the field and catchment-scale and iii) the reliability of erosion estimates using 7Be inventories at the slope-scale to address the current lack of model validation. Findings showed temporal and spatial variability of 7Be fallout emphasising the need for regular site-specific sampling to determine fallout flux during erosion studies. Data supported the assumption of rapid tracer adsorption upon fallout although highlighted the potential for 7Be mobility under changing environmental parameters, thus, raising questions with regard to tracer stability at the catchment-scale. Field investigations demonstrated the potential for current models to overestimate erosion rates by failing to accurately represent key model components, namely, 7Be depth distributions, particle size enrichment and fallout input dynamics. Where these factors cannot be determined directly, a range of erosion estimates should be given based upon realistic sensitivity analysis of model components. In this manner, reported uncertainties will reflect field processes rather than propagated analytical uncertainty alone.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2000--Bochum. / Dateiformat:zip, Dateien in unterschiedlichen Formaten.

Event-based sediment budgets were developed in a small agricultural sub-watershed using radionuclide tracers in conjunction with traditional monitoring techniques. The result of these budgets quantified the flux of material from each sediment source in the sub-watershed. The first step in the study was to quantify the net flux of material through the watershed outlet for runoff events. Results indicated that a pronounced clockwise hysteresis effect occurred during all studied events. The cause of the hysteresis effect was attributed to exhaustion of the upland (i.e., hillslopes and floodplains) sediment source. The hysteresis effect was dampened during an extreme flash flood event that caused overbank flow. This dampening was attributed to an increase in upland sediment mobilization resulting from overbank flow. Results of the event-based monitoring were compared against a previously developed sediment rating curve that assumed a power-law relationship between suspended sediment transport and water flow rates. The results indicate that the power-law relationship grossly under predicted the sediment flux over each runoff event. A tracing technique was utilized to establish the relative contributions from the uplands and the stream channel (i.e., channel banks and bed). This technique used the relationship between the naturally occurring radionuclide tracers 7Be and 210Pbxs to differentiate eroded upland soils from channel-derived sediments in the suspended sediment loads. A simple two end-member unmixing model was used to determine the relative contribution from each source. Results indicate that the upland source was the dominant contributor to the suspended load early in the runoff events, but channel contributions were more prevalent at later stages, reinforcing the conclusion drawn from the hysteresis observation. Further analysis of the results indicated that the uplands contributed the majority of the material to the suspended load because the sediment transport rate during the early stages of the event was much larger than during the later stages. Therefore, watershed managers wishing to minimize non-point source pollution resulting from erosion should first focus their efforts on reducing erosion of upland soils.

LE 8B PRODUIT DANS LE COEUR DU SOLEIL A TRAVERS LA REACTION 7BE(P,) 8B EST LA SOURCE MAJEURE SINON UNIQUE DES NEUTRINOS DE HAUTES ENERGIES DETECTES DANS LA PLUPART DES EXPERIENCES DE DETECTION DES NEUTRINOS SOLAIRES, EXCEPTE GALLEX ET SAGE. CES EXPERIENCES ONT TOUTES MESURE UN FLUX DE NEUTRINOS INFERIEUR A CELUI PREDIT PAR LES MODELES SOLAIRES. PLUSIEURS EXPLICATIONS ONT ALORS ETE INVOQUEES POUR TENTER DE COMPRENDRE CE DEFICIT MAIS TOUTES NECESSITENT UNE CONNAISSANCE PRECISE DE LA VALEUR DE LA SECTION EFFICACE DE LA REACTION 7BE(P,) 8B, PUISQUE LE FLUX DES NEUTRINOS DU 8B EST DIRECTEMENT PROPORTIONNEL A CETTE DERNIERE. LA MESURE DIRECTE DE LA SECTION EFFICACE DE CETTE REACTION A L'ENERGIE SOLAIRE EST IMPOSSIBLE A CAUSE DE SA TRES FAIBLE VALEUR (DE L'ORDRE DU FEMTOBARN). POUR CONTOURNER CE PROBLEME, LES SECTIONS EFFICACES SONT MESUREES A PLUS HAUTE ENERGIE PUIS EXTRAPOLEES A L'ENERGIE SOLAIRE EN UTILISANT UNE DEPENDANCE EN ENERGIE THEORIQUE. LES SIX DETERMINATIONS EXPERIMENTALES PRECEDENTES DE LA SECTION EFFICACE SE DIVISAIENT EN DEUX GROUPES BIEN DISTINCTS PRESENTANT DES ECARTS DE L'ORDRE DE 30%, CE QUI IMPLIQUAIT UNE INCERTITUDE DU MEME ORDRE SUR LE FLUX DES NEUTRINOS DE HAUTES ENERGIES. REMESURER AVEC UNE MEILLEURE PRECISION LA SECTION EFFICACE DE CETTE REACTION EST DONC APPARU TRES IMPORTANT. DANS UN PREMIER TEMPS, NOUS AVONS EFFECTUE DES MESURES DIRECTES DE LA SECTION EFFICACE DE CETTE REACTION DANS LA GAMME D'ENERGIE COMPRISE ENTRE 0.35 ET 1.4 MEV (CM). CES EXPERIENCES ONT FAIT L'OBJET D'UNE MESURE PRECISE DE CHACUN DES PARAMETRES INTERVENANT DANS LA DETERMINATION DE LA SECTION EFFICACE. DANS UN SECOND TEMPS, NOUS AVONS ENTREPRIS DES MESURES DE LA SECTION EFFICACE AUPRES DE L'ACCELERATEUR PAPAP, A 185.8 KEV, 134.7 KEV ET 111.7 KEV, L'ENERGIE DANS LE CENTRE DE MASSE LA PLUS BASSE JAMAIS ATTEINTE A CE JOUR. LES RESULTATS SONT EN EXCELLENT ACCORD AVEC CEUX OBTENUS A PLUS HAUTES ENERGIES. LA VALEUR TROUVEE POUR LE FACTEUR ASTROPHYSIQUE S 1 7(0), PAR L'EXTRAPOLATION DE NOS DONNEES EST EGALE A 19.21.3 EV-B, CE QUI ENTRAINE UNE REDUCTION SENSIBLE DE L'INCERTITUDE SUR LE FLUX DES NEUTRINOS DE HAUTE ENERGIE DU 8B.

Beryllium-7 is a cosmogenic radionuclide produced in the atmosphere through the spallation of nitrogen and oxygen nuclei by cosmic-ray-produced neutrons and protons. It is carried in the atmosphere attached to aerosols and is deposited on land and ocean surfaces by wet and dry deposition processes. Beryllium-7 decays by electron capture to lithium-7 and has a half-life of approximately 53 days. It is a potentially useful radionuclide for studying different natural processes. This thesis presents a collection of scientific papers on the occurrence of beryllium-7 in the natural environment, particularly in the Southeast Queensland region of Australia. It shows the results of experimental measurements and discusses their implications. Overall, this thesis contributes to advancing our understanding of the distribution and behaviour of beryllium-7 in the natural environment and provides a foundation for the development of nuclear techniques for the evaluation of environmental problems.

Beryllium-7 (Be-7) only decays by electron capture into lithium-7 (Li-7) with a half life of 53 days. We study the effect of ionization on this decay rate. We do so by trapping a Be-7 ion plasma in a cylindrical Malmberg-Penning trap and measuring Be-7 and Li-7 concentrations as functions of time by using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). We have simulated these signals in a 2-dimensional electrostatic particle-in-cell (PIC) code. The two spectrum peaks merge at high ion densities whereas at low ion densities they can be resolved. The merged peak shifts linearly according to the relative abundances of these species. We have also simulated singly-ionized beryllium-7 hydride (BeH+) and Li-7 ion plasmas at high densities. These two separate peaks shift according to their relative abundances. We describe an analytical model that explains how these peaks shift.

In der Umwelt vorkommende Radionuklide wurden als Tracer für Migrationsverhalten verwendet. Low-level-γ-Spektrometrie und zusätzliche Plutoniumanalysen ermöglichten den Nachweis sehr geringer Konzentrationen radioaktiver Nuklide. Der atmosphärische Eintrag wurde über Regenwasser- und Staubfilterproben gemessen. Untersuchungen an Filterstäuben ermöglichten eine nachträgliche Charakterisierung der Eintragssituation vor und nach dem Tschernobyl-Unfall im Freiberger Raum. Die Radionuklidtiefenverteilungen in Fichtenwald- und Hochmoorböden und deren weiterführende Analyse erlaubten Aussagen zum Stofftransport und zu bodenbildenden Prozessen. Die Migrationsdynamik in weitgehend ungestörten Hochmooren unterscheidet sich von der anthropogen überprägter Moore. Die Eignung verschiedener Radionuklide zur Datierung bzw. zeitlichen Markierung von Moorbodenschichten und damit zur Verwendung in der Moorstratigraphie wurde geprüft. Eine gute Übereinstimmung der Ergebnisse verschiedener Datierungs- und Markierungsmethoden zeigte sich v. a. für die Profile der ungestörten, rezent wachsenden ombrogenen Hochmoore.

In der Umwelt vorkommende Radionuklide wurden als Tracer für Migrationsverhalten verwendet. Low-level-γ-Spektrometrie und zusätzliche Plutoniumanalysen ermöglichten den Nachweis sehr geringer Konzentrationen radioaktiver Nuklide. Der atmosphärische Eintrag wurde über Regenwasser- und Staubfilterproben gemessen. Untersuchungen an Filterstäuben ermöglichten eine nachträgliche Charakterisierung der Eintragssituation vor und nach dem Tschernobyl-Unfall im Freiberger Raum. Die Radionuklidtiefenverteilungen in Fichtenwald- und Hochmoorböden und deren weiterführende Analyse erlaubten Aussagen zum Stofftransport und zu bodenbildenden Prozessen. Die Migrationsdynamik in weitgehend ungestörten Hochmooren unterscheidet sich von der anthropogen überprägter Moore. Die Eignung verschiedener Radionuklide zur Datierung bzw. zeitlichen Markierung von Moorbodenschichten und damit zur Verwendung in der Moorstratigraphie wurde geprüft. Eine gute Übereinstimmung der Ergebnisse verschiedener Datierungs- und Markierungsmethoden zeigte sich v. a. für die Profile der ungestörten, rezent wachsenden ombrogenen Hochmoore.