Le VIH-1 fait partie d’une famille de virus, les Lentivirus, capables d’infecter des cellules quiescentes ou en fin de différenciation, telles les macrophages, les cellules dendritiques ou les lymphocytes T CD4+. Les Lentivirus ont développé des mécanismes de transport actif de leur génome à travers le pore nucléaire afin d’accéder au noyau indépendamment du cycle cellulaire. La translocation nucléocytoplasmique des macromolécules se fait physiologiquement par l’intermédiaire de karyophérines, notamment les importines-ß, qui reconnaissent un signal de localisation nucléaire et permettent ainsi le passage vers le noyau des macromolécules. De nombreux déterminants viraux ont été proposés comme la capside, l’intégrase ou encore la nucléocapside sans toutefois être démontrés catégoriquement. De l’autre côté, quelques importines ß ont été étudiées comme KPNB1, IPO7 et TNPO3 mais bien que celles-ci semblent avoir un rôle important ou favorisant le cycle viral, leur participation à l’import nucléaire stricto sensu n’a pas été prouvée. Nous avons donc décidé d’étudier l’implication des cinq importines ß cellulaires principales dans l’import nucléaire et l’infection du VIH-1, afin d’identifier si une de ces importines ß est responsable de l’entrée de l’ADN du VIH-1 dans le noyau de la cellule en cours d’infection. Notre étude a permis d’identifier pour la première fois le rôle de TNPO1 dans l’infection par le VIH-1 et plus précisément dans l’import nucléaire du VIH-1, en cellule HeLa. Nos expériences montrent un rôle de KPNB1 dans les étapes nucléaires de l’infection par le VIH-1 après le transfert de brin qui a lieu lors de l’intégration. Nos résultats suggèrent d’autre part qu’IPO5 interagit avec le VIH-1 et aurait un rôle restrictif sur son cycle réplicatif, possiblement en défavorisant son intégration au niveau de sites activement transcrits de la chromatine. Lors de nos expériences, nous n’avons jamais observé de modification des étapes précoces de l’infection virale lorsque l’expression d’IPO7 est réduite, suggérant que cette importine n’est pas utilisée par le VIH-1 afin d’infecter la cellule cible. Enfin, nos résultats ont confirmé la réduction des cercles à 2-LTR lorsque l’expression de TNPO3 est réduite, suggérant son implication dans l’import nucléaire du VIH-1 / As all lentiviruses, HIV-1 has the capacity to infect quiescent or non-dividing cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells and CD4+ T cells. Lentiviruses evolved cell cycle independent mechanisms to import actively their genomes into the nuclear compartment to reach the cellular chromatin. Physiologically, translocation of macromolecules from the cytoplasm to the nucleus is mediated by specialized karyopherins called ß-importins which recognize nuclear localization signals born by the macromolecule to import. Many viral determinants have been involved like capsid, integrase or nucleocapsid but their role in HIV-1 nuclear import is still under investigation. Besides, few ß-importins have been studied in HIV-1 infection such as KPNB1, IPO7 and TNPO3. Although the literature suggest they have a role in HIV-1 infection, their involvement in HIV-1 translocation through the nuclear pore remains unclear. We decided to investigate the role of the main five ß-importins in HIV-1 infection, nuclear import and integration in order to identify whether or not one of them if responsible for HIV-1 PIC nuclear import. Our experiments show for the first time the involvement of TNPO1 in HIV-1 infection and more precisely during the nuclear import process in HeLa cells. We also demonstrate the role of KPNB1 in post-strand transfer steps of infection. Interestingly, our data suggest that IPO5 interacts with HIV-1 and would restrict HIV-1 infection possibly by unfavoring integration into actively transcribed sites of cellular chromatin. Our experiment were unable to show IPO7 involvement in HIV-1 infection using shRNA targeting this importin, suggesting that this protein has no role in early steps of HIV-1 infection. Finally, we confirm 2-LTR circles reduction, already observed in the literature, when TNPO3 expression is reduced and suggesting its role in HIV-1 nuclear import

This study aims to investigate both the distribution and character of particulate organic carbon (PIC) and particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) in the suspended sediment in the Gaoping estuary and its river plume. Furthermore, this study aims to investigate the tidal influence in the estuary and its plume by studying the size of sediment and the concentration of chlorophyll-a. In this study, suspended sediment, is mainly collected by multi-sieve filter, Catnet, which is used for the determinations of sediment size, organic carbon, inorganic carbon, as well as chlorophyll-a. The result shows that fine particle (<10 £gm) contributes more than 50% of the total weight in 5 suspended sediment groups (>153, 63-153, 10-63, 3-10, and 0.7-3), indicating that the PIC and POC are mainly controlled by the amount of fine particle. This suggests that fine particle is the carrier of the PIC and the POC, thus distributions of PIC and POC will be influenced as concentrations of the fine particle is influenced by environmental factors. In dry season, POC concentration is higher than in wet season; moreover, the concentration of POC beneath is higher than the surface, suggesting the influence of TSM. The distributions of suspended sediment are similar in both wet and dry seasons in size of <10 £gm, indicating there is no seasonal influence in the size of suspended sediment in our study areas. The PIC concentration in dry season is higher than the wet seasons, where the surface PIC concentration is higher than the beneath concentration in both dry and wet seasons, suggesting dissolution of PIC during settle down. The PIC mainly contributes by the fine particle (<10 £gm) which does not suffer any seasonal change. The TSM, POC, as well as PIC in suspended sediment in the Gaoping estuary and its plume are mainly contributed by fine particles. Distributions of these fine particles are highly influenced by the tides, but not the season changes. This study shows that the distributions of TSM, POC, as well as PIC in suspended sediments can be known through the characters of the suspended sediment.

Texte remanié de: Doct. th.--London, 2004. / Bibliogr. p. 241-255.

In many processes it is important to have automatic control in the modern life. For example, PLC systems are using for machine control, water pressure and flow are able to be controlled by DDC program, even a car can be driven by computer. In this article, author will turn our focus on the control system for fermentation tank. The fermentation tank that produces methane is considered as clean and recycle energy source. It is widely used in house, electronic power machine and vehicle around the world. However, its reaction temperature and output concentration control are usually hard to detect without automation system. In this study, the problem is focused to combine fermentation tank and automatic control system in laboratory testing.   In this paper, author will be able to use PIC (Peripheral Interface Controller) microcontroller to solve this problem and automatically control the methane tank output methane gas with certain concentration, which could be used as energy source. The temperature and concentration sensors that are chosen as input data of the controller and corresponding algorithm were performed on the PIC. They will be used to realize the composition and thermal state measurement. With those information, the valves of material and water control can be controlled in methane tank.   Limited by the experiment equipment and methane reaction tank system, the controller was just tested in the laboratory environment instead of practical application. The test result shows that the controller has its capability to automatically control the stable output of methane gas. In the test, water and material valves are controlled automatically open or close after monitoring temperature and concentration information of the gas in the tank.

Thèse (M.Ress.Renouv.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2007. / La p. de t. porte en outre: Mémoire présenté à l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi comme exigence partielle de la maîtrise en ressources renouvelables. CaQCU Bibliogr.: f. 65-71. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Habili.-schr.--Theologische Fakultät--Universität Trier, 1996. / Bibliogr. p. 257-280. Index.

This thesis project aims to develop an embedded system that can measure real-time power consumption of a house and provide information for the user. System consists of a microcontroller unit, a light sensor, RS232 serial interface, battery and an LED. An 18F series 8bit PIC microcontroller was used for this project because PIC is known to be versatile and very low power-consuming. The goal was to get periodic signal from the sensor mounted on the power meter of a house, calculate the power usage and send this data to serial port for communication purposes. The system is connected to PC through RS232 interface as the first step of the project. The power usage information and a simple user interface sent from the PIC are displayed on the HyperTerminal of the PC. The second step was to communicate with a wireless module which is connected to the central unit of the alarm system in a house. This part of the project requires modification of the communication protocol to suit the one that the company uses in the wireless module. As the power source we chose a 9V battery since the system needs 5V to operate. However it is just the prototype. Therefore the power source choice can be changed in future due to company needs. The LED used in the prototype is for testing purposes and it is also due to changes if not needed. As the result of the project, the first step is finished with minimum requirements. The external hardware is built with all the components and the software is implemented successfully. The system can get signals from the photo sensor; the result is calculated according to the duration between two signals; it is sent to the PC via RS232 serial port and displayed on the PC terminal.

Sterners Specialfabrik AB tillverkar bland annat mynt- och biljettautomater. För att underlätta felsökning, underhåll, avläsning av statistik med mera på en automat är det lämpligt att detta utförs på en PC över Internet. Det innebär att automaten inte behöver besökas då dessa uppgifter skall utföras. Examensarbetet går ut på att få en PIC mikrokontroller att kommunicera med en användare vid en PC över internet. För detta krävs att en TCP/IP stack implementeras på PICmikrokontrollern. Arbetet ledde till en fungerande demoapplikation som klarar av att kommunicera över TCP/IP. Demoapplikationen innehåller diverse olika funktioner för att demonstrera hur en automat skulle kunna styras och övervakas.

Title: Studies of tokamak edge plasma and its interaction with the first wall Author: Michael Komm Department: Department of Surface and Plasma Science Thesis director: doc. Mgr. Pavel Kudrna, Dr. KFPP Thesis supervisor: Dr. Renaud Dejarnac, IPP CAS CR Abstract: This work presents results of simulations of nuclear fusion related problems, using both 2D PIC code (SPICE2) and full 3D code (SPICE3). The simulations allowed us to predict particle and heat loads coming from plasma onto the divertor tiles, which is a key problem for the next-step de- vices. The results of simulations contributed to the research of fuel retention in the gaps between divertor tiles. We we also able to explain the behaviour of the Katsumata probe and verify the validity of its measurements. Keywords: Tokamak, PIC, divertor, tritium, Katsumata

Ce mémoire se situe dans l'école de pensée économique hétérodoxe qui étudie la croissance économique sous l'angle des lois de la thermodynamique. Cette approche soutient que l'exergie, soit le travail effectivement accompli au sens physique par l'énergie, est un élément crucial manquant à la théorie de la croissance économique.Ce mémoire fait une analyse économétrique des données historiques américaines afin de vérifier la contribution de l'exergie. Le modèle retenu est une version modifiée de la fonction Cobb-Douglas avec termes à correction d'erreur. Il montre que la croissance de la disponibilité et de la consommation d'exergie effective explique une grande part de la croissance du niveau de vie observée entre 1950 et 2008 et que le rôle joué par le progrès technique est bien moindre que celui qu'on lui attribue habituellement. La disponibilité et l'abordabilité futures des différentes sources d'énergie sont ensuite analysées de façon approfondie. Nous introduisons aussi une méthode systémique pour évaluer les rendements énergétiques des installations de toutes natures. Cette revue amène à la conclusion qu'à moins d'importantes percées techniques aléatoires, l'abordabilité de l'exergie sera grandement réduite au cours des prochaines décennies, ce qui viendra possiblement compromettre la croissance future du niveau de vie.