Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1996. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 205-212). Also available on the Internet.

Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2005--Berlin.

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Le concept de liaison chimique compte parmi les plus importants de la chimie car il permet de décrire aussi bien les propriétés chimiques d'un système que de comprendre et prédire les réactions chimiques. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est l'étude de nouveaux types d'interactions chimiques impliquant l'atome de béryllium. L'atome Be présente d'importantes propriétés chimiques en raison de la basse énergie des orbitales pBe. Compte tenu de leur toxicité, les composés de béryllium ont été relativement peu étudié sur le plan expérimental. Nous rapportons une analyse théorique de trois nouveaux types de liaison impliquant le béryllium en utilisant des méthodes ab-initio de haut niveau, la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité (DFT), ainsi que l'application du Tenseur de Spread de la Position Totale (TPS, pour l'acronyme en anglais Total Position Spread tensor) aux systèmes moléculaires. Tout d'abord, la liaison béryllium non-covalente (BerB, pour l'acronyme en anglais Beryllium Bond). Ce type de liaison se forme grâce à une interaction entre un dérivé du Be agissant comme un Acide de Lewis (LA) fort et une Base de Lewis (LB). L'interaction entre un LA du béryllium et des dérivés du fluor génère un shole dans l'atome de fluor, qui n'aurait pu être créé autrement, ce qui rend possible la conception de nouveaux matériaux où l'atome de fluor se lie à travers des liaisons halogènes. Cette même interaction diminue leur énergie de liaison F-R, en changeant la dissociation homolytique du F-R en un processus exothermique. Par conséquent, les BerB peuvent être utilisés pour produire spontanément des espèces radicales. La Liaison béryllium intramoléculaire (IBerB) ont été étudiés dans les systèmes de type malonaldéhyde et tropolone. Cette interaction intramoléculaire devient plus forte dans les systèmes insaturés, parce que la LA et la LB sont plus acides et basiques, respectivement. Deuxièmement, la liaison Be-Be intramoléculaire dans les complexes de naphtalène doublement substitués. Les espèces anioniques dérivées du 1,8-diBeY1-naphtalène montrent une très forte liaison Be-Be mono-électronique. Cette liaison est huit fois plus forte et 0.5Å plus courte que le dimère isolé. Ces systèmes présentent haute affinité électronique, ce qui leur donne une propriété exceptionnelle : la capacité d'agir comme des on les appelle éponges anioniques. Il a été découvert que les interactions entre les anions et le naphtalène doublement substitué présente des affinités anioniques parmi les plus élevées, comparé à ce qui a été publié dans la littérature sur le composés neutres. Ce qui pourrait conduire à une grande variété d'applications dans le domaine des récepteurs et des capteurs d'anions. Troisièmement, l'interaction entre la molécule Be2 et a LB, qui a montré pour augmente la force de la liaison Be-Be par rapport à la molécule isolée. L'interaction non-covalentes dans les complexes du type L : Be-Be : L diminue la distance et augmente l'énergie d'interaction de la liaison Be-Be. L'effet sur la fraction Be2 dépend de la nature des bases de Lewis. / The chemical bond is among the oldest and most important concepts in chemistry because it allows to describe chemical properties of a system, as well as to understand and predict chemical reactions. The main goal of this PhD thesis is to study new types of chemical interactions involving the beryllium atom. Be atom has a rich chemistry due to its low-lying pBe orbitals, but its high toxicity has limited the number of experimental studies, enhancing the importance of theory in the description of Be compounds. This thesis reports the theoretical analysis of three new types of Be bonds using high-level ab-initio and Density Functional Theory, and the applications of the Total Position Spread Tensor (TPS) to molecular systems. First, the non-covalent Beryllium Bonds (BerB). This type of bond is formed by an interaction between a Be moiety acting as a strong Lewis Acid (LA) and a Lewis Base (LB). The interaction between beryllium LA and fluorine derivatives (FR) generates a shole in the fluorine atom, otherwise not possible, opening the possibility to design new materials where fluorine binds through halogen bonds. This same interaction decreases the F-R bond energy, turning the F-R homolytic dissociation in an exothermic process, and suggesting BerBs can be used to produce spontaneously radical species. Moreover, in this thesis, Intramolecular Beryllium Bonds (IBerB) were studied in malonaldehyde- and tropolone-like systems. This interaction is stronger in unsaturated systems than in their saturated analogues due to the increase of the acidity and basicity of the LA and LB, respectively. Second, the intramolecular Be-Be bond in disubstituted naphthalene complexes. The anion species of 1,8-diBeY1-naphthalene derivatives show a very strong one-electron Be-Be bond. This bond is eight times stronger and 0.5 Å shorter than the one in the isolated dimer. These systems present high electron affinities, which give to them an exceptional property: the ability to behave as what we have named anion sponges. It was found that the interaction between anions and Be disubstituted naphthalene is among the highest anion affinities reported in the literature for neutral compounds. This property could lead to a wide range of applications as anions receptors and sensors. Third, the interaction between the Be2 molecule and Lewis bases, which has shown to en-hance the strength of the Be-Be bond compared with the isolated molecule. The non-covalent interaction in complexes of the type L : Be-Be : L decreases the distance and increases the strength of the Be-Be bond. The effect over the Be2 moiety depends on the nature of the Lewis bases. The most dramatic effect occurs when L are radical species. The Be-Be bond in this type of complexes is among the strongest reported in the literature due to an increase of the Be2 oxidation state from Be0 to Be2+. The same effect is found in ligands with pL orbitals, which conjugate with the pBe orbitals and increase the oxidation state of the Be2 moiety to +1. Therefore, the Be-Be interaction becomes stronger than the free Be2 molecule, although still weaker than that of complexes with radical species. At last, the complexes where the Be2 moiety remains neutral and interacts with the lone pairs of the LB show, to the best of our knowledge, the strongest Be-Be bond reported in the literature for the neutral Be dimer. Finally, the TPS is proposed as a new method for the description of chemical bonds. The TPS is quantity that describes the electron and spin fluctuation when a system is perturbed. In this PhD thesis the TPS is applied to diatomic molecules and to Be-carbonyl derivatives. The tensor shows a different behavior depending on the type of interaction, thus allowing the distinction between a covalent, ionic, charge-shift, and other types of bonds, and at the same time the tensor identifies the electron correlation nature of the system.

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X-ray polycrystalline diffraction techniques are used to determined the defect structure in a commercial Cu-l1.55 at. %Be-O.23 at. %Co alloy during low temperature aging. The analysis of the X-ray diffraction patterns is aided by the computer modeling of the defects inside the crystals using an elastic model. The research is to provide more detailed understanding of the precipitate structures in the process of aging and the age hardening mechanism of the alloy. The diffraction profiles from samples aged for different times at 315°C are collected using a position sensitive proportional counter with eu 1(0:1 radiation. The hardness values of the samples are also measured. An elastic model for the coherent precipitates in anisotrpic matrix is developed according to Eshelby's treatment of transformed regions in an elastic continuum. The displacement fields generated by the precipitates in the surrounding matrix, obtained through the elastic model, are used to explain the (110) streaks near the Bragg reflection, and to calculate the powder diffraction patterns from the aged alloys. For the latter purpose, a general X-ray diffraction theory is developed, combining the work of Krivoglaz and Dederichs. The X-ray diffraction patterns are compared with existing TEM observations in the literature. The analysis of the diffraction patterns suggests that the precipitates in the early stage of aging (GP zones) can be the matrix constrained version of 7, the equilibrium phase, similar to an observation by Khatchaturyan and Laughlin on 7 and 7'. The quantitative calculation based on this model shows excellent agreement with experimental data for samples aged at 315°C. The averaged inter-precipitate spacing in the crystals for the optimally aged sample at 315°C is determined to be 200-300A. A simplified method of evaluating the thermal diffuse scattering and a method for calculating the diffuse scattering from polycrystalline materials with textures are also presented. / Ph. D.