A foreseeable shortage of petroleum, associated to a growing ecological conscience, demand for alternative sources of energy and more efficient and less pollutant combustion processes. Among the few pollutant fuels this work approaches the combination of natural gas, whose consumption has been increasing year to year, and diesel. It is known that the internal combustion engines convert energy with low efficiency. Based on that, this work evaluates a bi-fuel Diesel engine, power by Diesel and natural gas as means of improving its efficiency. In the engine used as a prototype, the main energy comes from the combustion of natural gas. Being the gas the main fuel, the Diesel is used only to generate the pilot explosion for the combustion process. In this way, the diesel oil is partially substituted by natural gas, increasing the combustion efficiency. Initially it was made a study on the use of the natural gas in Diesel engine through a bibliographical revision. Therefore after, they were certain the parameters that should be monitored to develop an appropriate controller. It was verified that should be appraised the engine rotation and the injection angle. The performance aimed for the action of the loop control should be the rotation of the engine. The more appropriate control techniques were investigated for the management of the natural gas injection. When analyzing the traditional techniques it observed that they present some disadvantages as the mathematical complexity, difficulties in adapt the motor to the everchanging conditions of the motor with time/temperature, limitations in the grade of controller performance and complications for practical implementation on the part of non-specialized operators. To optimize the volume of natural gas supplied to the engine an electronic manager was developed for injection of this fuel. This electronic controller is based on an adaptive fuzzy algorithm to regulate the rate of injection of fuel, which was implemented through a microcontroller. The electronic injection system controls the timing of fuel injection, so managing the volume of gas supplied to each injection cycle. The injection angle is also accurately monitored by the control system. This topology, with few alterations, can be used in any Diesel engine operating in the bifuel mode. Results of this dissertation should contribute to increase the efficiency of Diesel engine as well as reduce the consumption of fuel and emission of pollutants. / Uma previsível escassez de petróleo, aliada a uma crescente consciência ecológica, tem levado pesquisadores a procurar fontes alternativas de energia e processos de combustão mais eficientes e menos poluentes. Entre os combustíveis pouco poluentes este trabalho aborda o uso do gás natural, cujo consumo tem aumentado ano a ano. É sabido que os motores de combustão interna convertem energia com baixa eficiência. Com base nisto, este trabalho avalia um motor Diesel, bi-combustível, movido a Diesel e gás natural como forma de encontrar meios de melhorar sua eficiência. No motor usado como protótipo, nessa dissertação a energia origina-se da combustão do gás natural. Sendo o gás o combustível principal, o Diesel presta-se apenas à geração da chama piloto para o processo de combustão. Assim, substitui-se parcialmente o óleo Diesel por gás natural, aumentando o rendimento da combustão. Inicialmente procurou-se estudar o uso do gás natural em motores Diesel através de uma revisão bibliográfica. Em seguida, determinaram-se quais os parâmetros que seriam monitorados a fim de se desenvolver um controlador adequado. Verificou-se que deveriam ser avaliados a rotação do motor e o ângulo de injeção. A performance almejada para a ação da malha de controle deve ser a rotação do motor. Investigaram-se as técnicas de controle mais apropriadas para o gerenciamento da injeção de gás natural. Ao se analisarem as técnicas tradicionais observou-se que estas apresentam algumas desvantagens como a complexidade matemática, limitações na faixa de atuação do controlador, dificuldades de adaptação às condições do motor sempre variáveis com o tempo/temperatura e complicações para implementação prática por parte de operadores não-especializados. Para otimizar o volume de gás natural fornecido ao motor foi desenvolvido um gerenciador eletrônico para injeção deste combustível. Este controlador eletrônico baseia-se em um algoritmo nebuloso para regular a taxa de injeção de combustível implementado através de um microcontrolador. O sistema de injeção eletrônica controla o tempo de injeção do combustível, gerenciando assim o volume de gás fornecido a cada ciclo de injeção. O ângulo de injeção, também monitorado com precisão pelo sistema, é sincronizado com o eixo de comando de válvulas e, tomando-se como referência de posição angular o ponto morto superior do primeiro cilindro. Com poucas alterações, esta topologia, pode ser usada em qualquer motor Diesel que opere no regime bi-combustível. Os resultados desta dissertação devem contribuir para o aumento da eficiência do motor bem como redução do consumo de combustível e emissão de poluentes.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work introduces the synthesis of two novel ligands belonging to the aroylbis(thiourea) class to study the spacer group influence in the complexes structure. Five membered rings were utilized as spacer groups such as pyrrole and furan. The presence of the hydrogen in the pyrrole s nitrogen restricts the complexes formation while the furan ring, in some cases, can coordinate its oxygen atom to coordination with specific metals. It was synthetized bi-, tri-, tetranuclear complexes with two metal, cadmium and lead. With cadmium there was the formation only of binuclear compounds. The influence of heteroatom in the cadmium complexes was seen in the metal coordination number and in the formation of a decomposition product. Instead the lead complexes show a big structural heteroatom influence. With the pyrrol ligand had the formation of the binuclear compound while the furan ligand was formed a tetranuclear compound. The PbII and furan ligand also can form a trinuclear compound in the presence of another divalent metal such BaII and MnII. This complexes look like the literature complexes, however the donation of furan s oxygen is weaker in comparison with the pyridine s nitrogen what results in a decrease of the simmetry of this compounds. / Este trabalho apresenta a síntese de dois novos ligantes pertencentes à classe das aroilbis(tioureias) para estudar a influência dos grupos espaçadores nas estruturas dos complexos. Utilizou-se como grupos espaçadores anéis de cinco membros contendo um heteroátomo como pirrol (NH) e furano (O). No caso do pirrol, a presença do hidrogênio ligado ao nitrogênio limita as estruturas dos seus complexos, enquanto que o anel furano, dependendo do caso, pode utilizar o seu oxigênio para coordenação com determinados metais. Com os ligantes 2,5-dicarbonilpirrolbis(N,N-dietiltioureia) (H2L1) e 2,5-dicarbonilfuranobis(N,N-dietiltioureia) (H2L2) foram sintetizados complexos bi-, tri- e tetranucleares com os íons metálicos CdII e PbII. No caso do CdII, houve a formação somente de compostos binucleares. Os heteroátomos tiveram a influência no número de coordenação do cádmio e na formação de um produto de decomposição do ligante. Já ao utilizar-se PbII observou-se uma grande influência do heteroátomo presente em cada ligante, o que resultou na formação de um complexo binuclear com o ligante derivado do pirrol, e de um composto tetranuclear com o ligante derivado do furano. Com PbII também foi possível a síntese de complexos trinucleares somente com o ligante derivado do furano quando na presença de outros metais como BaII e MnII. Estes complexos são semelhantes aos da literatura, porém, como a capacidade de doação do oxigênio do furano é menor em relação ao nitrogênio piridínico, foi necessária a coordenação de ligantes adicionais, o que ocasionou um decréscimo de simetria dos complexos.

Ce travail traite de la modélisation des plasmas de fusion qui est ici abordée à l'aide d'un modèle Euler bi-températures et du modèle de la magnétohydrodynamique (MHD) idéale et résistive. Ces modèles sont tout d'abord établis à partir des équations de la MHD bi-fluide et nous montrons qu'ils correspondent à des régimes asymptotiques différents pour des plasmas faiblement ou fortement magnétisés. Nous décrivons ensuite les méthodes de volumes finis pour des maillages structurés et non-structurés qui ont été utilisées pour approcher les solutions de ces modèles. Pour les trois modèles mathématiques étudiés dans cette thèse, les méthodes numériques reposent sur des schémas de relaxation. Afin d'appliquer ces méthodes aux problèmes de fusion par confinement magnétique, nous décrivons comment modifier les méthodes de volumes finis pour les appliquer à des problèmes formulés en coordonnées cylindriques tout en gardant une formulation conservative forte des équations. Enfin nous étudions une stratégie pour maintenir la contrainte de divergence nulle du champ magnétique qui apparait dans les modèles MHD. Une série de cas tests numériques pour les trois modèles est présentée pour différentes géométries afin de valider les méthodes numériques proposées. / This work deals with the modeling of fusion plasma which is discussed by using a bi-temperature Euler model and the ideal and resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) ones. First, these models are established from the bi-fluid MHD equations and we show that they correspond to different asymptotic regimes for lowly or highly magnetized plasma. Next, we describe the finite volume methods for structured and non-structured meshes which have been used to approximate the solution of these models. For the three mathematical models studied in this thesis, the numerical methods are based on relaxation schemes. In order to apply those methods to magnetic confinement fusion problems, we explain how to modify the finite volume methods to apply it to problem given in cylindrical coordinates while keeping a strong conservative formulation. Finally, a strategy dealing with the divergence-free constraint of the magnetic field is studied. A set of numerical tests for the three models is presented for different geometries to validate the proposed numerical methods.

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Interconnection between various types of IT systems used in an enterprise is crucial in these days. Most of companies are using many different kinds of applications in their daily running of the enterprise which leads to necessity of sharing data across those applications to enable all employees to make a right decision upon correct information. In my diploma thesis I deal with interconnection of two systems -- Business Process Management (BPM) and Business Intelligence (BI). Both systems belong to group of top IT systems with big influence on ongoing business and right decision making on all levels from operational to strategic. My paper contains theoretical as well as practical part of the solution for interconnection of BI and BPM systems. First part is about presenting and describing basic concepts and technologies which are used in process of integration of BI and BPM. At the beginning there is a short introduction to BPM, BI and SOA. Following part is including analysis of three major ways of interconnection between BI and BPM systems. Last part of the first theoretical section presents two products. IBM FileNet P8 representative of BPM system and IBM Cognos 8 BI as a representative of BI system. Second part deals with the practical example of real integration between BI and BPM systems. In first part of this section is simple description of the scenario -- business case. After that there is a detail depiction of two different kinds of integration of BI and BPM. Analysis of benefits, advantages and further possibilities are at the end of work.

The subject of this thesis is a pilot project of the implementation of the BI (Business Intelligence) solution in the company Haguess, a. s. The project is concerned with the analyses of data stored in a database -- DataBase Management System (DBMS) -- which is used as a data source by the web application Customer Support Center (CSC). Haguess primarily uses CSC as a helpdesk for its clients and partners, but also uses it for internal purposes. The main use of the CSC application is to support information systems delivered by Haguess. There were two motives for the choice of this subject: BI software tools had not previously been used by Haguess, and the company management was keen to get data analyses from the CSC application. That's why I decided to do these analyses. My goal was to create a practically useful solution which would be an incentive for Haguess to use BI software tools for other purposes. This thesis has two main goals. The first one is the realisation of the pilot BI solution, which would outline the possibilities for analysis of data from the CSC application using BI software tools. This involved the following activities: multidimensional analysis and BI solution design -- i.e. design of data pipelines, OLAP (On-Line Analytical Processing) cube/cubes, and user tools in MS Excel calculator. The second goal was to select the proper software tools for a future complex realisation and running of the BI solution. The first objective was achieved by doing the following: proper analysis of the CSC application data model, definition of user requests for output analysis and its comparison with the data model analysis. Based on this comparison, the basic subjects of output analyses were determined. These basic subjects were the starting point for the implementation of the BI solution. The second objective was achieved as follows: on the basis of the implementation results, basic demands (criteria) for BI software tools features were determined, bearing in mind the possible future complex realisation and running of a BI solution. Research determined which BI software tools were available on the market. The most suitable BI software tool was selected following a comparison of available options, and the criteria mentioned above. The primary outcome of this thesis is the creation of a practically usable BI solution.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la résolution du problème de la satisfiabilité propositionnelle (SAT). Ce problème fondamental en théorie de la complexité est aujourd'hui utilisé dans de nombreux domaines comme la planification, la bio-informatique, la vérification de matériels et de logiciels. En dépit d'énormes progrès observés ces dernières années dans la résolution pratique du problème SAT, il existe encore une forte demande d'algorithmes efficaces pouvant permettre de résoudre les problèmes difficiles. C'est dans ce contexte que se situent les différentes contributions apportées par cette thèse. Ces contributions s'attellent principalement autour de deux composants clés des solveurs SAT : l'apprentissage de clauses et les heuristiques de choix de variables de branchement. Premièrement, nous proposons une méthode de résolution permettant d'exploiter les fonctions booléennes cachées généralement introduites lors de la phase d'encodage CNF pour réduire la taille des clauses apprises au cours de la recherche. Ensuite, nous proposons une approche de résolution basée sur le principe d'intensification qui indique les variables sur lesquelles le solveur devrait brancher prioritairement à chaque redémarrage. Ce principe permet ainsi au solveur de diriger la recherche sur la sous-formule booléenne la plus contraignante et de tirer profit du travail de recherche déjà accompli en évitant d'explorer le même sous-espace de recherche plusieurs fois. Dans une troisième contribution, nous proposons un nouveau schéma d'apprentissage de clauses qui permet de dériver une classe particulière de clauses Bi-Assertives et nous montrons que leur exploitation améliore significativement les performances des solveurs SAT CDCL issus de l'état de l'art. Finalement, nous nous sommes intéressés aux principales stratégies de gestion de la base de clauses apprises utilisées dans la littérature. En effet, partant de deux stratégies de réduction simples : élimination des clauses de manière aléatoire et celle utilisant la taille des clauses comme critère pour juger la qualité d'une clause apprise, et motiver par les résultats obtenus à partir de ces stratégies, nous proposons plusieurs nouvelles stratégies efficaces qui combinent le maintien de clauses courtes (de taille bornée par k), tout en supprimant aléatoirement les clauses de longueurs supérieures à k. Ces nouvelles stratégies nous permettent d'identifier les clauses les plus pertinentes pour le processus de recherche. / In this thesis, we focus on propositional satisfiability problem (SAT). This fundamental problem in complexity theory is now used in many application domains such as planning, bioinformatic, hardware and software verification. Despite enormous progress observed in recent years in practical SAT solving, there is still a strong demand of efficient algorithms that can help to solve hard problems. Our contributions fit in this context. We focus on improving two of the key components of SAT solvers: clause learning and variable ordering heuristics. First, we propose a resolution method that allows to exploit hidden Boolean functions generally introduced during the encoding phase CNF to reduce the size of clauses learned during the search. Then, we propose an resolution approach based on the intensification principle that circumscribe the variables on which the solver should branch in priority at each restart. This principle allows the solver to direct the search to the most constrained sub-formula and takes advantage of the previous search to avoid exploring the same part of the search space several times. In a third contribution, we propose a new clause learning scheme that allows to derive a particular Bi-Asserting clauses and we show that their exploitation significantly improves the performance of the state-of-the art CDCL SAT solvers. Finally, we were interested to the main learned clauses database reduction strategies used in the literature. Indeed, starting from two simple strategies : random and size-bounded reduction strategies, and motivated by the results obtained from these strategies, we proposed several new effective ones that combine maintaing short clauses (of size bounded by k), while deleting randomly clauses of size greater than k. Several other efficient variants are proposed. These new strategies allow us to identify the most important learned clauses for the search process.

The thesis focuses on the batch processing of bank (retail bank) client data for SOLUS. The main goal of the thesis is to create a batch process that will generate files (monthly report) about clients of one of the bank companies operating in the Czech market (retail banks), according to requirements pre-defined by SOLUS. This will be achieved by analyzing the requirements, designing the pilot solution, and by creating and implementing the batch process for SOLUS. The main contribution of this thesis is a working BI process which will store the data in the required format to the data warehouse. By implementing this process the retail bank can use the data from the register that have been saved to this place by other member organizations which participate in creating SOLUS. The data analysis from the registry can help the retail banks to get detailed information about clients applying for products of the respective bank and will facilitate the decision making during the approval process. The solution of batch report generation for SOLUS has been created by using the tools MS SQL Server 2008 R2 Management Studio, MS SQL Server 2008 R2 Business Intelligence Development Studio, and MS Excel 2010. In this project the data from internal databases of retail bank are analyzed. In order to comply with the rules for information security and data sensitivity, it is not possible to use a large amount of information from internal databases for the purposes of this thesis, but it is possible to clearly demonstrate the functioning of the whole process.

La pandémie de l'obésité entraine une augmentation de la prévalence des maladies chroniques du foie ou stéatopathies métaboliques (NAFLD). Le spectre des NAFLD va de la stéatose caractérisée par une accumulation de lipides dans le foie à la stéatohépatite (NASH) associant une inflammation, de la mort hépatocytaire et de la fibrose. Lors de l'obésité, l'élévation de signaux de dangers métaboliques perturbe les fonctions du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) essentielles pour l’homéostasie cellulaire. Les perturbations sont transmises par 3 senseurs : IRE1α, ATF6 et PERK pour activer une réponse adaptative. Si ce stress est sévère ou devient chronique, la cellule enclenchera une réponse terminale apoptotique. La protéine Bax Inhibitor-1 (BI-1) pourrait jouer un rôle hépatoprotecteur en inhibant l’hyperactivation de la voie de signalisation IRE1α.En combinant des études chez l’homme et dans des modèles animaux, l’objectif de cette étude était de mieux caractériser l'activation chronique du stress du RE dans les NAFLD. Ce travail a émis l’hypothèse qu’une déficience en BI-1 entrainerait l’activation soutenue de la voie IRE1α qui serait responsable de la transition de la stéatose à la NASH. Cette étude s'intéresse au dialogue potentiel entre le stress du RE et l’activation de l'inflammasome NLRP3, qui induit la sécrétion des cytokines pro-inflammatoires (IL-1β, IL-18) grâce aux caspases pro-inflammatoires (caspase-1, caspase-4/11). L’utilisation d’un inhibiteur global du stress du RE ou des inhibiteurs pharmacologiques spécifiques à la voie IRE1α améliorerait les caractéristiques pathophysiologiques de la NASH et pourrait ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques. / Due to the obesity pandemic, the last decades have been marked by a constantly increasing prevalence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). NAFLD covers a spectrum of hepatic disorders ranging from steatosis, characterized by the ectopic accumulation of lipids in the liver, to steatohepatitis (NASH), featuring inflammation, hepatocellular death and fibrosis. During obesity, an increase in metabolic danger signals leads to disrupted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function, essential for cellular homeostasis. The resulting ER stress activates a signaling network involving three sensors: IRE1α, ATF6 and PERK to enforce adaptive programs. If this stress is severe or becomes chronic, the cell will trigger a terminal apoptotic response. The protein Bax Inhibitor-1 (BI-1), as a negative endogenous regulator of the IRE1α signaling pathway in the liver, may play a hepatoprotective role.By combining data from obese patients with liver complications and experimental approaches in mice, this thesis aimed to better characterize the chronic activation of ER stress in NAFLD pathogenesis. This work also emitted the hypothesis that a deficiency in BI-1 leads to unrestrained IRE1α signaling that may be responsible for the steatosis to NASH transition. This study further investigated the potential dialogue between ER stress and the activation the NLRP3 inflammasome, which induces the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-18) by activating pro-inflammatory caspases (caspase-1, caspase-4/11). The administration of a broad spectrum ER stress inhibitor or specific inhibitors of IRE1α improved the pathophysiological features of NASH and may open novel therapeutic perspectives.