Introduction: The survival of dental implants depends on osseointegration. Modifications to the implant surface are attractive for promoting the success of the implant. Abrading the surface of the implant with bioactive glass is an attractive option for improving the speed of osseointegration. Aims: To develop a bioactive glass that has the ability to enhance the surface roughness of the implant by embedding particles into the surface and to investigate the effect of grit blast parameters on the removal of the titanium from the surface. Methods: Three glasses based on SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P2O5-CaF2 were synthesized by a melt quench technique. The glasses were characterised and investigated for their bioactivity. Titanium discs were abraded with coarse glass particles by using a grit blast technique with different parameters, such as, distance, air pressure and speed. The depth, width of the abraded line and surface roughness (Ra) were measured by light profilometer. The distribution of the glasses on the titanium surface was measured by SEM-EDX. The biocompatibility of the abraded discs was tested in vitro using MC3T3-E1 cell line. Results: All glasses exhibited an amorphous structure with varied bioactivity. Changing the abrasion parameters influenced the amount of titanium removed and the surface coverage. The harder the glass the lower the amount of titanium removed and the wider the width of the abraded area. The Ra was significantly increased from 0.1μm to 1.6μm. The SEM-EDX analysis confirmed that the glasses were widely distributed and a higher coverage was seen with the harder glass. The abraded discs showed good biocompatibility in vitro. Conclusions: The designed compositions were successfully modifying the surface of the titanium. They are abrasive enough to significantly embed into the titanium surface by using the grit blast technique and increase their surface roughness. TheIntroduction: The survival of dental implants depends on osseointegration. Modifications to the implant surface are attractive for promoting the success of the implant. Abrading the surface of the implant with bioactive glass is an attractive option for improving the speed of osseointegration. Aims: To develop a bioactive glass that has the ability to enhance the surface roughness of the implant by embedding particles into the surface and to investigate the effect of grit blast parameters on the removal of the titanium from the surface. Methods: Three glasses based on SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P2O5-CaF2 were synthesized by a melt quench technique. The glasses were characterised and investigated for their bioactivity. Titanium discs were abraded with coarse glass particles by using a grit blast technique with different parameters, such as, distance, air pressure and speed. The depth, width of the abraded line and surface roughness (Ra) were measured by light profilometer. The distribution of the glasses on the titanium surface was measured by SEM-EDX. The biocompatibility of the abraded discs was tested in vitro using MC3T3-E1 cell line. Results: All glasses exhibited an amorphous structure with varied bioactivity. Changing the abrasion parameters influenced the amount of titanium removed and the surface coverage. The harder the glass the lower the amount of titanium removed and the wider the width of the abraded area. The Ra was significantly increased from 0.1μm to 1.6μm. The SEM-EDX analysis confirmed that the glasses were widely distributed and a higher coverage was seen with the harder glass. The abraded discs showed good biocompatibility in vitro. Conclusions: The designed compositions were successfully modifying the surface of the titanium. They are abrasive enough to significantly embed into the titanium surface by using the grit blast technique and increase their surface roughness. The glass abraded discs show both good bioactivity and biocompatibility in vitro.

Enamel decalcification caused by poor oral hygiene is a significant problem in orthodontics. Bioactive glass-containing resins have been shown to release Ca2+ ions into surrounding solution. The purpose of this study was to determine the shear bond strength of four different compositions of orthodontic resin prepared with bioactive glass (N=20). Premolars were bonded using one of four BAG-BOND compositions. Brackets were debonded and ARI scores were given. The mean shear bond strength was 7.23 ± 2.47 MPa (62 BAG-BOND), 8.25 ± 2.87 MPa (65 BAG-BOND), 8.78 ± 3.08 MPa (81BAG-BOND) and 5.80 ± 2.27 MPa (85 BAG-BOND). 65 and 81 BAG-BOND were significantly higher than 85 BAG-BOND. The 62 BAG-BOND group was not statistically significantly different from any other group. All groups exhibited a cohesive bond failure and were not statistically significant from each other. Three compositions of the novel orthodontic adhesive exhibited adequate bond strength for clinical applications.

Foi estudada a ação de preenchimento e de osteocondução em perfurações em tíbias de coelhos, que receberam a aplicação de um biovidro em pó cuja composição é (teor % m/m): 45,9 SiO2, 23,9 Na2O, 21,6 CaO e 7,54 P2O5. Foram realizadas perfurações nas tuberosidades das tíbias direitas de 24 coelhos, machos, adultos da raça Nova Zelândia, com peso entre 2,6 e 4,0 quilogramas. Foi utilizado sangue do próprio coelho misturado ao vidro para facilitar a colocação do material nas perfurações. Foram realizadas radiografias, microscopia de luz comum, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia dispersiva de raios-X buscando revelar a interação do vidro com o osso. A caracterização do material foi realizada por meio das técnicas de análise térmica diferencial, difração de raios-X, MEV e avaliação do potencial de citotoxicidade in vitro do material. Os resultados indicam que o material não sofreu rejeição pelo organismo dos coelhos e que houve formação de osso na região em que foi implantado o material. Foi observada a presença de células ósseas e de tecido osteóide bem irrigados. / In this research were studied both filling and osteoconduction action in rabbit tibiae, which received a powder bioactive glass of de following composition (45,9% SiO2, 23,9% Na2O, 21,6% CaO, 7,54% P2O5, all in wt%). It was carried out in right tibiae tuberosity perfurations of 24 New Zealand white, male, mature rabbits weighing between 2.6 e 4.0 Kg. There was used animal’s autologous blood mixed with bioactive glass to facilitate its placed in tibia. It were observed in tibia tuberosity perfurations findings by means of radiography, light microscopy, SEM and EDS to show bone tissue and bioactive glass interaction. Material characterization was made by chemical composition analysis, SEM, DTA, XRD analysis and evaluation of cytotoxicity potential in vitro. Results indicated that material was biocompatible and acted as a osteoconductive material. Both bone cells and osteid tissue were found with satisfactory blood irrigation.

Enamel damage and demineralisation are common complications associated with fixed orthodontic appliances. In particular, the clean-up of adhesive remnants after debonding is a recognised cause of enamel damage. Furthermore, fixed attachments offer retentive areas for accumulation of cariogenic bacteria leading to enamel demineralisation and formation of white spot lesions (WSLs). Bioactive glasses may be used to remove adhesives, preserving the integrity of the enamel surface, while also having the potential to induce enamel remineralisation, although their efficacy in both respects has received little attention. A systematic review evaluating the remineralisation potential of bioactive glasses was first undertaken. No prospective clinical studies were identified; however, a range of in vitro studies with heterogeneous designs were identified, largely providing encouraging results. A series of glasses was prepared with molar compositions similar to 45S5 (SylcTM; proprietary bioactive glass) but with constant fluoride, reduced silica and increased sodium and phosphate contents. These glasses were characterised in several tests and the most promising selected. This was designed with hardness lower than that of enamel and higher than orthodontic adhesives. Its effectiveness in terms of removal of composite- and glass ionomer- based orthodontic adhesives was evaluated against SylcTM and a tungsten carbide (TC) bur. This novel glass was subsequently used for remineralisation of artificially-induced orthodontic WSLs on extracted human teeth. The novel glass propelled via the air-abrasion system selectively removed adhesives without inducing tangible physical enamel damage compared to SylcTM and the conventional TC bur. It also remineralised WSLs with surface roughness and intensity of light backscattering similar to sound enamel. In addition, mineral deposits were detected on remineralised enamel surfaces; these acted as a protective layer on the enamel surface and improved its hardness. This layer was rich in calcium, phosphate, and fluoride; 19F MAS-NMR, confirmed the formation of fluorapatite. This is particularly beneficial since fluorapatite is more chemically stable than hydroxyapatite and has more resistance to acid attack. Hence, a promising bioactive glass has been developed.

Objectives: 1) To develop and investigate the bioactivities of a novel bioactive glass (BAG) composite designed as an orthodontic adhesive. 2) To investigate the preventive effect, and to test the bond strength of the adhesive. Methods: A novel, calcium and phosphate rich, and fluoride containing, bioactive glass (BAG) was prepared via the melt quench route and incorporated into an experimental resin to produce a light cured paste. The ratio of the resin to the powder was 20:80% respectively. The BAG powder was gradually replaced by a high fluoride and silica content glass (HSG) from 80%, to 60%, 50%, 40%, 25% and 0%. 90 disks (1.26mm thickness and 10mm diameter) were produced from each composition to be immersed in 3 solutions (demineralising artificial saliva pH=4 (AS4), remineralising artificial saliva pH=7 (AS7) and Tris buffer (TB) pH=7.3, 10 ml each. Measurements were taken at 10 time points (from 6 hours to 6 months) in 3 replicas in each solution. Ion release study was determined by ISE and ICP, and pH monitoring was conducted on the resulting solutions. Immersed disks were studied by FTIR, XRD, MAS-NMR and SEM for apatite formation. XMT were used to study the effects of this material on demineralisation/remineralisation in human enamel. Shear bond strength of the adhesive on bovine enamel were studied in different conditions using an Instron machine. Results: The pH increased with time for all the samples with BAG in all solutions and was linearly correlated to BAG loading. Ion release results revealed that the composite disks release up to 15ppm F-, 450ppm Ca2+ and 10ppm PO43- ions, and the release pattern is directly related to the immersion time, with the highest release found in AS4. FTIR spectra, XRD patterns and SEM images showed formation of apatite on all the BAG-resin disks, especially in AS4 and this increase with time. The MAS-NMR spectra indicated fluorapatite was also formed. The XMT studies showed that the novel material reduces demineralisation around the brackets by 80%. The shear bond strength of this novel material was comparable to that of Transbond XT. Conclusion: The novel BAG composites have significant long term releases of F-, Ca2+ and PO43- ions, especially in acidic conditions and form apatite (including FAP) in acidic and neutral solutions. This implies that the material has the potential as an orthodontic adhesive that can prevent white spot lesions around brackets.

Ever since Hench et al. first discovered bioactive glass in 1969, extensive interest was created because of the materials ability to chemically bond with living tissue. In this project the bioactivity of three different compositions of the bioactive glass Na2O-CaO-SiO2 have been studied. The compositions of the different glasses were A (25% Na2O, 25% CaO and 50% SiO2), B (22.5% Na2O, 22.5% CaO and 55% SiO2) and C (20% Na2O, 20% CaO and 60% SiO2). Their bioactivity was tested through biomimetic evaluation, in this case by soaking samples of each glass in simulated body fluid (SBF) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS). After soaking, the samples were analyzed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (GIXRD) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to analyze if hydroxyapatite formed on the glass surfaces. Both the A and B glass showed bioactivity in SBF and PBS, while the C glass did not. Further work is necessary to determine which of the A and B glass has the highest apatite formability and the reason why the C glass were not bioactive.

No description available.

Bioactive glasses are a type of ceramic material designed to be used as bioresorbable therapeutic bone implants. Thermal treatment of bioactive glass ceramics dictates many important features such as microstructure, degree of crystallinity, mechanical properties, and mineralization. This study investigates the effects of temperature, time, and heating rates on the crystallization kinetics of melt cast bioactive glass 45S5. Bulk crystallization (three dimensional crystallite formation) was found to always occur in bulk bioactive glass 45S5 irrespective of the processing conditions. A comparative study of crack paths in amorphous and crystalline phases of bioactive glass 45S5 revealed crack deflections and higher fracture resistance in partially crystallized bioactive glass. Such toughening is likely attributed to different crystallographic orientations of crystals or residual thermal mismatch strains. Furthermore, in vitro immersion testing of partially crystalline glass ceramic revealed higher adhesion capabilities of the mineralized layer formed on amorphous regions as compared to its crystalline counterpart. / Materials Engineering

Foi estudada a ação de preenchimento e de osteocondução em perfurações em tíbias de coelhos, que receberam a aplicação de um biovidro em pó cuja composição é (teor % m/m): 45,9 SiO2, 23,9 Na2O, 21,6 CaO e 7,54 P2O5. Foram realizadas perfurações nas tuberosidades das tíbias direitas de 24 coelhos, machos, adultos da raça Nova Zelândia, com peso entre 2,6 e 4,0 quilogramas. Foi utilizado sangue do próprio coelho misturado ao vidro para facilitar a colocação do material nas perfurações. Foram realizadas radiografias, microscopia de luz comum, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia dispersiva de raios-X buscando revelar a interação do vidro com o osso. A caracterização do material foi realizada por meio das técnicas de análise térmica diferencial, difração de raios-X, MEV e avaliação do potencial de citotoxicidade in vitro do material. Os resultados indicam que o material não sofreu rejeição pelo organismo dos coelhos e que houve formação de osso na região em que foi implantado o material. Foi observada a presença de células ósseas e de tecido osteóide bem irrigados. / In this research were studied both filling and osteoconduction action in rabbit tibiae, which received a powder bioactive glass of de following composition (45,9% SiO2, 23,9% Na2O, 21,6% CaO, 7,54% P2O5, all in wt%). It was carried out in right tibiae tuberosity perfurations of 24 New Zealand white, male, mature rabbits weighing between 2.6 e 4.0 Kg. There was used animal’s autologous blood mixed with bioactive glass to facilitate its placed in tibia. It were observed in tibia tuberosity perfurations findings by means of radiography, light microscopy, SEM and EDS to show bone tissue and bioactive glass interaction. Material characterization was made by chemical composition analysis, SEM, DTA, XRD analysis and evaluation of cytotoxicity potential in vitro. Results indicated that material was biocompatible and acted as a osteoconductive material. Both bone cells and osteid tissue were found with satisfactory blood irrigation.

Bioactive glass is a type of third generation bioactive material that can bond to both soft and hard tissue with applications ranging from bone defect repair, coatings for metallic implants, to scaffolds for tissue engineering. Design of bioactive glasses for these applications rely on a detailed understanding of the structures of these glasses which are complicated and multicomponent. In this thesis, I have applied molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with interatomic potentials developed in our group to understand the effect of modifier cation substitution on the structures and properties of two series of bioactive glasses. Particularly, MD simulations are used to understand K2O to Na2O and MgO to CaO substitution on the short and medium range structures (such as cation coordination number, pair distribution function, Qn distribution, and ring size distribution) and properties (such as bulk and Young's moduli and CTE) of 55S4.1 bioactive glasses. As Na2O is incrementally substituted with K2O in 55S4.1, a decrease of the glass transition temperature (Tg) and an increase of CTE was observed, as well as a decreasing trend in the moduli. For the MgO to CaO substitution series, Mg2+ is mainly four-fold coordinated that suggests that it can play a role as a network former in this series. Results of both series showed characteristics of the phenomena of the mixed alkali effect (MAE) that has been known to show non-linear variations in trends like Tg in glasses with alkali and alkali earth ion substitution.