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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Substrate, Inhibitor, and Mutational Studies of the Human Adrenaline Synthesising Enzyme Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase

Nyssa Drinkwater Unknown Date (has links)
Abstract The enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) catalyses the biosynthesis of adrenaline. Although adrenaline is a significant central nervous system (CNS) neurotransmitter, and has been associated with various physiological processes such as the control of blood pressure and the neurodegeneration observed in Alzheimer’s disease, its exact role in the CNS is unclear. As part of an international collaborative effort, this project aimed to develop PNMT inhibitors suitable for probing the role of CNS adrenaline, and to generate novel drug leads. Towards the goal of developing potent and selective PNMT inhibitors, this thesis utilised three general approaches. The first approach involved classical structure-guided drug discovery using X-ray crystallography, and is described in Chapter 2. Characterisation of the PNMT pharmacophore provided results that led to a new understanding of how PNMT recognises inhibitors. Structures described in this thesis revealed a cryptic binding pocket that is only revealed on binding of inhibitors that were predicted to be too large to interact with PNMT. The findings therefore demonstrated an extraordinary degree of flexibility inherent to the PNMT binding pocket, and emphasise the need to include greater protein flexibility in inhibitor design strategies. Secondly, this thesis investigated the catalytic mechanism of PNMT, described in Chapters 3 and 4. This research characterised the binding of substrates to wild type and variant PNMT, including the physiological substrate noradrenaline, and model substrates as well as substrate-analogue inhibitors of the enzyme. PNMT catalyses the methylation of a range of substrates. However, differential substitutions to these substrates can dictate the ligand binding position and thereby determine whether methyl transfer will occur. Additionally, the results provided new lessons for the routine use of point mutations in the study of enzymes, because changes are not always simply an indication of the difference in the residue functionality. I found, for example, that single site mutations can induce large movements in enzyme. Therefore structural characterisation of enzyme variants is an important addition to kinetic studies to enable a comprehensive examination of catalytic function. Finally, I have implemented a fragment based screening (FBS) approach to the discovery of novel lead compounds that inhibit PNMT, described in Chapters 5 and 6. The FBS approach has many advantages over existing drug discovery methods including higher hit rates, higher efficiency hits, and the ability to sample a larger range of chemical space. This thesis describes the application of FBS by X-ray crystallography to PNMT. The approach was used to screen a library of 384 compounds yielding 12 novel PNMT fragment leads. Furthermore, chemical elaboration and kinetic evaluation of these hits was performed in Chapter 7. In summary, this thesis has made a significant contribution to our understanding of the chemistry, kinetics and structure of PNMT. This understanding will be important in ongoing efforts to develop potent, selective, and CNS-active inhibitors of the enzyme.
2

Efeitos comportamentais e bioquímicos da farmacopuntura em ratos obesos

Pontes, Mariana Chiste January 2015 (has links)
A obesidade e todas as alterações metabólicas relativas ao excesso de peso são tratadas como o mal do século. Desta forma, justifica-se os esforços para traçar estratégias de tratamento. A acupuntura é relatada como técnica milenar de terapia chinesa e é descrita como um método de tratamento da obesidade. Esta técnica da medicina tradicional chinesa vem sendo difundida no ocidente e sendo mais estudada a partir de métodos científicos. A farmacopuntura com o uso de veneno de abelhas, um dos tipos de acupuntura, se destaca pela ação mais prolongada em relação à acupuntura tradicional. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi de analisar os efeitos bioquímicos e comportamentais do uso de técnicas de farmacopuntura em ratos Wistar obesos. Para tanto, foram utilizados 160 animais: 80 foram submetidos a uma dieta hipercalórica, sendo que os animais atingiram peso superior significativo em relação ao grupo controle, e 80 animais, receberam dieta padrão. Cada grupo foi separado em subgrupos contendo 10 animais cada. Os tratamentos consistiram na estimulação de acupontos descritos na medicina tradicional chinesa para o tratamento da obesidade. Os 4 pontos avaliados foram: Fenglong (st40), Liangmen (st21), Zusanli (st36), Tianshu (st25). O grupo controle consistiu na aplicação de acupuntura em local que não corresponde a um acuponto. Os parâmetros bioquímicos analisados foram: triglicerídeos, glicose e colesterol plasmáticos. As análises comportamentais utilizadas foram o teste de labirinto em cruz elevado e teste de comportamento alimentar. A partir do presente estudo foi possível constatar que os pontos, Liangmen (st21), Zusanli (st36), Tianshu (st25) apresentaram resultados satisfatórios ao serem utilizados para a perda de peso corporal, sendo que Liangmen (st21), Zusanli (st36), Tianshu (st25) exibiram resultados promissores na redução de colesterol, glicose e triglicerídeos plasmático. O ponto Liangmen (st21) foi considerado ansiolítico e os pontos Zusanli (st36), Tianshu (st25) foram considerados como redutores do comportamento apetitivo. A partir do presente estudo foi possível depreender que através do método de farmacopuntura com veneno de abelha nos pontos st36, st25 e st21 em ratos obesos foi observada redução de peso corporal e dos parâmetros bioquímicos avaliados e indicou ação ansiolítica. / Obesity and all the metabolic changes related to excess weight are treated as the disease of the century. Thus, it is justified efforts to trace treatment strategies. Acupuncture is reported as a ancient technique of Chinese therapy and is described as an obesity treatment method. This technique of traditional Chinese medicine has been widespread in the Westand being more studied from scientific methods. The farmacopuncture using bee venom, a type of acupuncture, that stands out for longer action in relation to traditional acupuncture. The objective of this study was to analyze the biochemical and behavioral effects of using farmacupuncture techniques in obese Wistar rats. For this purpose, 160 animals were used, of which 80 were subjected to a high calorie diet, and the animals achieved significantly greater weight than the control group, and 80 animals that received standard diet. Each treatment was separated into subgroups of 10 animals each. Treatments consisted in stimulating acupoints described in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of obesity. For this, 4 points will be evaluated: Fenglong (st40), Liangmen (st21), Zusanli (st36), Tianshu (st25). The control group consisted of the application of acupuncture in a place that does not match an acupoint. The biochemical parameters were analyzed: triglycerides, glucose and cholesterol plasmatic. Behavioral analysis used were plus maze test and testfeeding behavior. From the present study it was found that the points, Liangmen (st21), Zusanli (st36), Tianshu (st25) showed satisfactory results when used for weight loss, and Liangmen (st21) Zusanli (st36), Tianshu (st25) showed promising results in reducing cholesterol, glucose and plasma triglycerides and the Liangmen point (st21) was considered anxiolytic and that the Zusanlipoint (st36), Tianshu (st25) were deemed to reduce the appetitive behavior. In the present study it was possible to conclude that the farmacopuncture with bee venom in points st36, st25 and st21 in obese rats reduced the body weight and the biochemical parameters and presented anxiolytic action.
3

Efeitos comportamentais e bioquímicos da farmacopuntura em ratos obesos

Pontes, Mariana Chiste January 2015 (has links)
A obesidade e todas as alterações metabólicas relativas ao excesso de peso são tratadas como o mal do século. Desta forma, justifica-se os esforços para traçar estratégias de tratamento. A acupuntura é relatada como técnica milenar de terapia chinesa e é descrita como um método de tratamento da obesidade. Esta técnica da medicina tradicional chinesa vem sendo difundida no ocidente e sendo mais estudada a partir de métodos científicos. A farmacopuntura com o uso de veneno de abelhas, um dos tipos de acupuntura, se destaca pela ação mais prolongada em relação à acupuntura tradicional. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi de analisar os efeitos bioquímicos e comportamentais do uso de técnicas de farmacopuntura em ratos Wistar obesos. Para tanto, foram utilizados 160 animais: 80 foram submetidos a uma dieta hipercalórica, sendo que os animais atingiram peso superior significativo em relação ao grupo controle, e 80 animais, receberam dieta padrão. Cada grupo foi separado em subgrupos contendo 10 animais cada. Os tratamentos consistiram na estimulação de acupontos descritos na medicina tradicional chinesa para o tratamento da obesidade. Os 4 pontos avaliados foram: Fenglong (st40), Liangmen (st21), Zusanli (st36), Tianshu (st25). O grupo controle consistiu na aplicação de acupuntura em local que não corresponde a um acuponto. Os parâmetros bioquímicos analisados foram: triglicerídeos, glicose e colesterol plasmáticos. As análises comportamentais utilizadas foram o teste de labirinto em cruz elevado e teste de comportamento alimentar. A partir do presente estudo foi possível constatar que os pontos, Liangmen (st21), Zusanli (st36), Tianshu (st25) apresentaram resultados satisfatórios ao serem utilizados para a perda de peso corporal, sendo que Liangmen (st21), Zusanli (st36), Tianshu (st25) exibiram resultados promissores na redução de colesterol, glicose e triglicerídeos plasmático. O ponto Liangmen (st21) foi considerado ansiolítico e os pontos Zusanli (st36), Tianshu (st25) foram considerados como redutores do comportamento apetitivo. A partir do presente estudo foi possível depreender que através do método de farmacopuntura com veneno de abelha nos pontos st36, st25 e st21 em ratos obesos foi observada redução de peso corporal e dos parâmetros bioquímicos avaliados e indicou ação ansiolítica. / Obesity and all the metabolic changes related to excess weight are treated as the disease of the century. Thus, it is justified efforts to trace treatment strategies. Acupuncture is reported as a ancient technique of Chinese therapy and is described as an obesity treatment method. This technique of traditional Chinese medicine has been widespread in the Westand being more studied from scientific methods. The farmacopuncture using bee venom, a type of acupuncture, that stands out for longer action in relation to traditional acupuncture. The objective of this study was to analyze the biochemical and behavioral effects of using farmacupuncture techniques in obese Wistar rats. For this purpose, 160 animals were used, of which 80 were subjected to a high calorie diet, and the animals achieved significantly greater weight than the control group, and 80 animals that received standard diet. Each treatment was separated into subgroups of 10 animals each. Treatments consisted in stimulating acupoints described in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of obesity. For this, 4 points will be evaluated: Fenglong (st40), Liangmen (st21), Zusanli (st36), Tianshu (st25). The control group consisted of the application of acupuncture in a place that does not match an acupoint. The biochemical parameters were analyzed: triglycerides, glucose and cholesterol plasmatic. Behavioral analysis used were plus maze test and testfeeding behavior. From the present study it was found that the points, Liangmen (st21), Zusanli (st36), Tianshu (st25) showed satisfactory results when used for weight loss, and Liangmen (st21) Zusanli (st36), Tianshu (st25) showed promising results in reducing cholesterol, glucose and plasma triglycerides and the Liangmen point (st21) was considered anxiolytic and that the Zusanlipoint (st36), Tianshu (st25) were deemed to reduce the appetitive behavior. In the present study it was possible to conclude that the farmacopuncture with bee venom in points st36, st25 and st21 in obese rats reduced the body weight and the biochemical parameters and presented anxiolytic action.
4

Efeitos comportamentais e bioquímicos da farmacopuntura em ratos obesos

Pontes, Mariana Chiste January 2015 (has links)
A obesidade e todas as alterações metabólicas relativas ao excesso de peso são tratadas como o mal do século. Desta forma, justifica-se os esforços para traçar estratégias de tratamento. A acupuntura é relatada como técnica milenar de terapia chinesa e é descrita como um método de tratamento da obesidade. Esta técnica da medicina tradicional chinesa vem sendo difundida no ocidente e sendo mais estudada a partir de métodos científicos. A farmacopuntura com o uso de veneno de abelhas, um dos tipos de acupuntura, se destaca pela ação mais prolongada em relação à acupuntura tradicional. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi de analisar os efeitos bioquímicos e comportamentais do uso de técnicas de farmacopuntura em ratos Wistar obesos. Para tanto, foram utilizados 160 animais: 80 foram submetidos a uma dieta hipercalórica, sendo que os animais atingiram peso superior significativo em relação ao grupo controle, e 80 animais, receberam dieta padrão. Cada grupo foi separado em subgrupos contendo 10 animais cada. Os tratamentos consistiram na estimulação de acupontos descritos na medicina tradicional chinesa para o tratamento da obesidade. Os 4 pontos avaliados foram: Fenglong (st40), Liangmen (st21), Zusanli (st36), Tianshu (st25). O grupo controle consistiu na aplicação de acupuntura em local que não corresponde a um acuponto. Os parâmetros bioquímicos analisados foram: triglicerídeos, glicose e colesterol plasmáticos. As análises comportamentais utilizadas foram o teste de labirinto em cruz elevado e teste de comportamento alimentar. A partir do presente estudo foi possível constatar que os pontos, Liangmen (st21), Zusanli (st36), Tianshu (st25) apresentaram resultados satisfatórios ao serem utilizados para a perda de peso corporal, sendo que Liangmen (st21), Zusanli (st36), Tianshu (st25) exibiram resultados promissores na redução de colesterol, glicose e triglicerídeos plasmático. O ponto Liangmen (st21) foi considerado ansiolítico e os pontos Zusanli (st36), Tianshu (st25) foram considerados como redutores do comportamento apetitivo. A partir do presente estudo foi possível depreender que através do método de farmacopuntura com veneno de abelha nos pontos st36, st25 e st21 em ratos obesos foi observada redução de peso corporal e dos parâmetros bioquímicos avaliados e indicou ação ansiolítica. / Obesity and all the metabolic changes related to excess weight are treated as the disease of the century. Thus, it is justified efforts to trace treatment strategies. Acupuncture is reported as a ancient technique of Chinese therapy and is described as an obesity treatment method. This technique of traditional Chinese medicine has been widespread in the Westand being more studied from scientific methods. The farmacopuncture using bee venom, a type of acupuncture, that stands out for longer action in relation to traditional acupuncture. The objective of this study was to analyze the biochemical and behavioral effects of using farmacupuncture techniques in obese Wistar rats. For this purpose, 160 animals were used, of which 80 were subjected to a high calorie diet, and the animals achieved significantly greater weight than the control group, and 80 animals that received standard diet. Each treatment was separated into subgroups of 10 animals each. Treatments consisted in stimulating acupoints described in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of obesity. For this, 4 points will be evaluated: Fenglong (st40), Liangmen (st21), Zusanli (st36), Tianshu (st25). The control group consisted of the application of acupuncture in a place that does not match an acupoint. The biochemical parameters were analyzed: triglycerides, glucose and cholesterol plasmatic. Behavioral analysis used were plus maze test and testfeeding behavior. From the present study it was found that the points, Liangmen (st21), Zusanli (st36), Tianshu (st25) showed satisfactory results when used for weight loss, and Liangmen (st21) Zusanli (st36), Tianshu (st25) showed promising results in reducing cholesterol, glucose and plasma triglycerides and the Liangmen point (st21) was considered anxiolytic and that the Zusanlipoint (st36), Tianshu (st25) were deemed to reduce the appetitive behavior. In the present study it was possible to conclude that the farmacopuncture with bee venom in points st36, st25 and st21 in obese rats reduced the body weight and the biochemical parameters and presented anxiolytic action.
5

Avaliação da eficácia e segurança clínica de uma formulação neurolítica injetável para uso perineural em equinos / Evaluation of effectiveness and clinical security of an injectable neurolytic formulation to perineural use in horses

Escodro, Pierre Barnabé 19 December 2011 (has links)
The control of chronic pain in equines is growing up recent years in function of the highest performance required of the animals in the different sportive modalities and the new look for methodologies of combat to animal maltreatment. It is cited even, the economic potentialities in the economic chain of the equine breeding to stimulation of the development of new technologies and products. In attendance to these rules, the work presented here brings the evaluation of the effectiveness and clinical security of a injectable neurolytic formulation for perineural use in equines. This type of drug is not yet available in Brazilian market. The Injectable Neurolytic Suspension (SNI) was formulated with ethanol, triamcinolone and bupivacaine, aiming at to use to advantage the neurolytic effect of ethanol, with no collateral inflammatory reactions and painful in local injection. The evaluation of chemical stability was carried through the evaluation of the loss of weight of the samples, variation of pH, time of sedimentation after the agitation and development of chromatographic method for identification and simultaneous determination of bupivacaine and triamcinolone. The clinical test was carried through per 180 days in five horses, having approached two aspects: (a)evaluation of the effectiveness of the neurolytic action and pain suppression of the SNI, and (b)the eventual toxicity related to the composition. The lameness was induced in the horses through the development of horseshoes method, carrying later through perineural infiltration of 5 mL of SNI in each branch of the palmar nerves. The evaluation of the SNI toxicity was carried out monitoring of the hepatic, kidney and skeletal muscle functions, measuring the serum levels of alanina aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinofosfokinase (CK), Gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT), Urea and Creatinine. The SNI presented satisfactory chemical stability in temperatures of 4ºC and 20ºC. The clinical test indicated abolition of podal pain in the horses from 96 hours of infiltration, with effect kept up to 180 days. The SNI did not caused hepatic, kidney and/or skeletal muscle toxicity. All the results lead to a very promissory drug to this specific market in Brazil. / O controle da dor crônica em eqüinos tem evoluído nos últimos anos em função da maior exigência esportiva dos animais nas diferentes modalidades e da implantação de metodologias de combate aos maus tratos. Cite-se ainda que as potencialidades econômicas geradas no círculo da eqüinocultura acabam por estimular o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e produtos. Em atendimento a estes preceitos, o trabalho aqui apresentado traz a avaliação da eficácia e segurança clínica de uma formulação neurolítica injetável para uso perineural em eqüinos, até o momento inexistente no mercado nacional. A Suspensão Neurolítica Injetável foi formulada com etanol, triancinolona e bupivacaína, visando aproveitar o efeito neurolítico do etanol, sem causar as reações inflamatórias e dolorosas locais causadas pelo mesmo. A avaliação de estabilidade química foi realizada através da avaliação da perda de peso das amostras, variação de pH, tempo de sedimentação após a agitação e desenvolvimento de método cromatográfico para identificação e determinação simultânea dos teores de Bupivacaína e Triancinolona. O teste clínico foi realizado por 180 dias em cinco equinos, abordando dois aspectos: avaliação da eficácia da ação neurolítica e abolição da dor da SNI; e a eventual toxicidade relacionada à composição. Para a indução de claudicação nos eqüinos, foi desenvolvido método através de ferraduras, realizando posteriormente a infiltração perineural de 5 mL de SNI em cada ramo dos nervos palmares. A avaliação de toxicidade da SNI realizou-se através de monitoração das funções hepática, renal e muscular após as infiltrações, mensurando os níveis séricos de Alanina Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartato Aminotransferase (AST), Creatinofosfoquinase (CK), Gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT), Uréia e Creatinina. A SNI apresentou estabilidade química satisfatória em temperaturas de 4ºC e 20ºC. O teste clínico indicou abolição da dor podal nos animais a partir de 96 horas da infiltração, com efeito mantido até 180 dias. A SNI não demonstrou causar toxicidade hepática, renal e/ou muscular, evidenciando a potencialidade de transformação em produto comercial.

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