Thesis (M.S.)--Western Kentucky University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-70).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 85, [27] p. : ill. (some col.), col. map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-85).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 89 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-70).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 145 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-87).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T11:52:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-08-19Bitstream added on 2015-03-03T12:06:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000807542.pdf: 1263932 bytes, checksum: 2637784563c12a1f4e37ed4e73907115 (MD5) / Nesse trabalho de tese, estuda-se a produção de biodiesel utilizando óleo de canola, buscandose minimizar o custo deste biocombustível, pela integração do processo de reforma a vapor da glicerina para produzir hidrogênio. Inicialmente, é feita uma revisão bibliográfica da produção de biodiesel num âmbito geral, seguida de um estudo sobre os aspectos gerais da produção da glicerina e suas aplicações. Estuda-se o processo de reforma a vapor da glicerina e suas condições de operação. Logo após, desenvolve-se uma simulação, através do software computacional ASPEN ONE HYSYS V8.0, aplicada a uma planta que produz 122,4 ton/ano de hidrogênio e 8096 ton/ano de biodiesel. A planta utiliza como insumos Ácido Fosfórico, Hidróxido de Sódio, Metanol, Gás Natural e Óleo de Canola e consome como utilidades Vapor de Água e Eletricidade. Em estapa posterior é efetuada uma análise exergética, na qual são determinadas as exergias de entrada e saída em cada componente da planta, além das irreversibilidades e rendimentos exergéticos associados. A análise permite qualificar e quantificar o máximo valor de energia útil aproveitado em cada componente conversor de energia do processo integrado de produção de biodiesel e hidrogênio. Posteriormente é aplicada a metodologia de análise funcional termoeconômica, que permite determinar os incrementos exergéticos e custos marginais de produção de biodiesel e de hidrogênio. Em última etapa, é realizada análise ecológica da planta (com ciclo de carbono e sem ciclo do carbono), considerando as emissões de gases do efeito estufa produzidas desde o plantio da canola até a extração e uso do óleo na planta de produção de biodiesel e hidrogênio. Na análise, são determinadas as emissões de poluentes, o dióxido de carbono equivalente, o indicador de poluição e a eficiência ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / this fuel by incorporation the process of glycerol steam reforming to produce hydrogen. Initially, a scientific review of biodiesel production is performed in a general context, followed by a study on the general aspects of the production of glycerin and its applications. The study of the process of glycerine steam reforming and its operating conditions. After that, a simulation is developed through the computer software ASPEN ONE HYSYS V8.0, applied to a plant that produces 122.4 tons / year of hydrogen and 8096 tons / year of biodiesel. The plant uses as inputs Phosphoric Acid, Sodium Hydroxide, Methanol, Natural Gas and Canola Oil and consumes as utilities Electricity and Water Steam. In the next topic, one exergy analysis is performed, in which are determined the input and output exergies in each component of the plant and the associated exergetic irreversibilities and efficiency. The analysis allows to qualify and quantify the maximum amount of useful energy in each component of the process. In another step, a methodology for thermoeconomic functional analysis is applied, for determination the exergetic increments and marginal production costs of biodiesel and hydrogen. In the final step, the ecological analysis of the plant is performed (with and without Carbon Cycle) considering the emissions of greenhouse gases produced from the planting to the extraction of canola and the use of its oil in biodiesel and hydrogen production plant. In this case the pollutants emissions, the equivalent carbon dioxide, the indicator of pollution and ecological efficiency of the plant are determined. This efficiency value is determined using a mathematical model obtained from the equation developed by Cardu e Baica (1999). Finally, it is concluded that the incorporation of the process of hydrogen production in a biodiesel plant is technically, economically and ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering: Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2018. / Industrial development is associated with an increase in pollution levels and rising fuel prices. Research on clean energy contributes to reduction of fossil fuel dependency, decrease in ozone layer depletion and reduction in emission of toxic gases. The development of renewable energies increases the energy independence and reduces the impact of environmental pollution from fossil fuels. The biodiesel market is among the fastest growing renewable energy markets and its demand in the energy sector has tremendously increased over the last decade due to its environmental friendly qualities. Biodiesel is considered as a promising diesel fuel substitute based on the similarities of its properties with that of petroleum based diesel fuel. However, the high cost of the feedstock, environmental pollution as a result of wastewater generated from a homogeneous process has limited its full implementation. In addition, other technical challenges encountered during the production such as the immiscibility of the reagents and the reversibility of the transesterification reaction calls for innovative technologies to be developed. One promising solution to these issues is the use of membrane technology to serve as a reaction and separating medium for the production of biodiesel. This study is aimed at optimizing biodiesel production from vegetable oils using heterogeneous catalysts in a ceramic membrane. The objectives were to evaluate the performance of calcium oxide (CaO) as a catalyst supported on activated carbon in a membrane reactor for biodiesel production. Further still, to evaluate the membrane performance regarding permeate quality and to optimize the process using design of experiment. The final objective was to investigate the influence of operating parameters such as temperature, methanol/oil ratio, catalyst amount and reaction time on biodiesel yield. The transesterification of soya bean oil with methanol in the presence of a supported catalyst was carried out on a laboratory scale. The membrane reactor was designed and assembled for this purpose. The membrane reactor integrated many procedures such as combining reaction and separation in a single unit, continuous mixing of raw materials and maintaining high mass transfer between the immiscible phases during the reaction. The effect of the process parameters on the biodiesel production and FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) yields were investigated. One factor at a time (OFAT) experiments were conducted to identify the optimum range of the yield. The membrane reactor produced a permeate stream which separated at room temperature into a FAME rich non-polar phase and a methanol polar phase. The optimum range was between 90% - 94% within a reaction time of 60 – 180 minutes, methanol to oil ratio 3:1 - 9:1 and temperature range of 60 0C - 70 0C. Methyl ester produced met the ASTM D6751 and SANS 1935 specifications. The response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the process. The optimization experiments were conducted around the optimum range established by the OFAT method. The optimum condition for transesterification of soya bean oil to fatty acid methyl ester was obtained at 3 g/L catalyst concentration, 65 0C temperature, 4.5:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 90 minutes reaction time. At these optimum conditions, the FAME yield was 96.9 %, which is well within the yield of 97.7 % as predicted by the model. In conclusion, this work presents a study of high quality biodiesel production using a ceramic membrane reactor with the advantage of selectively permeating FAME and methanol. This study therefore showed that the use of a membrane for biodiesel production conserved water for other purposes; eliminates the purification step and wastewater generation thereby reducing the cost of biodiesel production. / M

Orientador: Flávio Junior Caires / Banca: Massao Ionashiro / Banca: Claudio Teodoro de Carvalho / Resumo: O biodiesel é um biocombustível que vem substituindo total ou parcialmente o diesel. A sua produção via catálise homogênea vem gerando diversos problemas durante a síntese e nos equipamentos industriais. A fim de solucionar os problemas apresentados pela catálise homogênea e encontrar condições de aplicações viáveis com catalisadores heterogêneos, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo preparar catalisadores heterogêneos a partir de selenatos de cálcio e de níquel suportados e não suportados em nanopartículas de zircônia e caracterizá-lo pelas técnicas TG-DTA, DSC, DSC-fotovisual, DRX, FTIR, MEV/MEV-FEG/TEM e EDS. A caracterização mostrou que a síntese de ZrO2 resultou em nanopartículas de diâmetro médio igual a (6,1 ± 1,1) nm, e a maioria destas nanopartículas encontraram-se na fase tetragonal. Já a caracterização dos selenatos mostrou que o CaSeO4 é dihidratado, enquanto que os compostos NiSeO4 e CaSeO4∙NiSeO4 são hexa e decahidratados, respectivamente. A síntese do material (CaSeO4∙NiSeO4) ∙10H2O resultou em uma mistura de fases, conforme evidenciado pelos resultados obtidos por TG-DTA, DSC, DSC-fotovisual, DRX e MEV; no entanto quando submetido ao aquecimento foi obtido um novo composto como produto de sua decomposição: CaNiO3. Tal resultado foi corroborado pelas técnicas TG-DTA, DRX, MEV e EDS. A impregnação dos selenatos na zircônia em meio etanólico ocorreu de forma satisfatória, como mostrado pelas técnicas TG-DTA e EDS, resultando em compostos cristalinos conforme ob... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The biodiesel is a biofuel which has been used as a partial or total substitute for diesel. Its production by homogeneous catalysis promotes several problems in the synthesis and in equipments. In order to solve the problems caused by homogeneous catalysis and find viable conditions using heterogeneous catalysts, this work aimed to prepare heterogeneous catalysts using calcium and nickel selenates supported and not supported in zirconia and characterize them using the techniques TG-DTA, DSC, DSC-fotovisual, DRX, FTIR, MEV / MEG-FEG / TEM and EDS. The characterization showed that the synthesis of ZrO2 resulted in nanoparticles of an average diameter equal to (6.1 ± 1.1) nm, and most of these nanoparticles were in the tetragonal phase. The characterization of the selenates showed that CaSeO4 is dihydrate, whereas the compounds NiSeO4 and CaSeO4∙NiSeO4 are hexa and decahydrated respectively. The synthesis of the material (CaSeO4∙NiSeO4) ∙10H2O resulted in a mixture of phases, as evidenced by the results obtained by TG-DTA, DSC, DSC-photovisual, XRD and MEV; However, when subjected to heating a new compound was obtained as product of its decomposition: CaNiO3. This result was corroborated by the TG-DTA, DRX, MEV and EDS techniques. The impregnation in ethanolic solution occurred satisfactorily, as shown by TG-DTA and EDS, and resulted in crystalline compounds such as observed by XRD. The catalysts were then applied in the production of biodiesel in laboratory scale, and the prod... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-13T12:10:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-11-05. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-07-13T12:25:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000835159.pdf: 413552 bytes, checksum: 8e2a2f82e97821d98b0a55768ba10124 (MD5) / A busca por sistemas sustentáveis somada à gradual redução das reservas de petróleo, alternativas produtivas vêm sendo estudadas, visando obter sistemas economicamente viáveis, socialmente justos, ecologicamente adequados e energicamente equilibrados. Uma destas alternativas é o biodiesel, sendo que, o pinhão manso, dentre as culturas energéticas apontadas com grande potencial produtivo de óleo para fins combustíveis, é que apresenta cenário mais positivo. O Pinhão Manso tem despertado muito interesse a nível internacional e no Brasil por seu alto conteúdo de óleo (38 a 48% na semente) e baixo custo de produção, entretanto existe ainda falta de informação tecnológica, tanto agronômica como genética. Esta falta de informação limita o aumento de competitividade. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo central realizar uma análise econômica e de investimentosna cultura do Pinhão Manso, na região de Selvíria - MS. Os dados foram levantados a partir dos experimentos de campo, de entrevistas com técnicos e da literatura. Para o cálculo dos custos foi utilizada a estrutura do custo operacional total e estimados indicadores de lucratividade. Para análise de investimentos foram estimados o valor presente líquido, a taxa interna de retorno e o valor anual equivalente. Os resultados mostram que produtor recupera o capital investido no 9o ano de produção. Muito embora a relação B/C tenha sido de 1,3, o que pode considerar que, no horizonte de 15 anos, a atividade é rentável ao produtor, pode-se dizer que a atividade não é uma boa opção de investimento já que a TIR foi de 14,03%, valor esse pouco atrativo. O VAE total foi de 360,93, por se tratar de um valor maior que zero, afirma-se que a alternativa é economicamente viável. Apesar dos avanços no cultivo do pinhão manso ainda demandam muitas pesquisas, relacionadas não apenas a questões técnica como adubação e manejo fitossanitário, mas também... / The search for sustainable systems coupled with the gradual reduction of oil reserves, alternatives production are being studied in order to obtain systems economically viable, socially just, ecologically appropriate and energetically balanced. One of these alternatives is biodiesel, and, Jatropha, among energy crops with great potential productive oil for fuel, is presenting more positive scenario. The Jatropha has attracted much interest internationally and in Brazil for its high oil content (38 to 48% in the seed) and low production cost, however there is still a lack of technological information, both genetic and agronomic. This lack of information limits the increase of competitiveness. The present study aims to conduct an economic and investment analysis of Jatropha in the region of Selvíria - MS. The data were collected from the field experiments, interviews with experts and literature. To calculate the costs was used the structure of total operating cost and estimated profitability indicators. For investment analysis were estimated net present value, internal rate of return and the annual value equivalent. The results show that producer retrieves the capital invested in the 9th year of production. Although the ratio B / C was of 1.3, which may consider that in the 15-year horizon, the activity is profitable to the producer, it can be said that the activity is not a good investment option since the IRR was of 14.03%, a value unattractive. The total EAV was 360.93, because it is a positive value it is stated that the alternative is economically viable. Despite advances in the cultivation of Jatropha still require much research, not only related to technical issues such as fertilization and pest management, but also socioeconomic

Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:09:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-18Bitstream added on 2014-11-10T11:58:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000793642.pdf: 9392690 bytes, checksum: b029950e8ce3f6d959cd03e38e7b9090 (MD5) / O biodiesel pode ser obtido a partir de óleos vegetais, gorduras animais ou óleos residuais por meio de reação com etanol ou metanol, destaca-se entre as fontes renováveis no suprimento de combustível, além de minimizar problemas ambientais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho operacional e opacidade da fumaça de um trator agrícola, utilizando como combustível o biodiesel etílico de buriti, diesel B S50 e diesel B S1800. O experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Engenharia Rural, da UNESP/Jaboticabal-SP. Cada tipo de diesel foi misturado ao biodiesel nas proporções B0, B5, B15, B25, B50, B75 e B100 (em que o número indica o percentual de biodiesel no diesel). Avaliou-se consumo de combustível, força de tração na barra, velocidade real de deslocamento, potência na barra de tração e opacidade da fumaça. Os resultados evidenciaram aumento de 5,41% no consumo específico, quando comparado B100 com B0. Com relação à opacidade da fumaça, houve redução de 33,33% e 28,90%, respectivamente, com o incremento de biodiesel no diesel B S50 e diesel B S1800 / The biodiesel obtained from vegetable oils , animal fats or waste oils by reaction with ethanol or methanol, stands out among the renewable fuel supply while minimizing environmental problems . The aim of this study was to evaluate operating performance and smoke opacity of an agricultural tractor , using biodiesel as fuel ethanol buriti , interior diesel and diesel underground . The experiment was conducted in the Department of Agricultural Engineering , UNESP/Jaboticabal . The type B was S1800 diesel engine and S50, the proportions B0, B5, B15, B25, B50, B75 and B100 (where the number indicates the percentage of biodiesel in the diesel). Evaluated fuel consumption , power drawbar pull , speed actual displacement , power drawbar pull and smoke opacity. The results showed an increase of 5.41 % in specific fuel consumption compared with B100 B0 , however the type of diesel in the tractor performance variables. With respect to the opacity of the smoke , there was a reduction of 33.33 % and 28.90 % , respectively, with the increase of biodiesel in diesel indoor and underground

Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:09:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-06-05Bitstream added on 2014-11-10T11:57:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000790134.pdf: 4391137 bytes, checksum: 8b88d2da861263ede6d81429761fe86f (MD5) / Neste trabalho, propriedades físico-químicas de blendas combustíveis, do sistema ternário biodiesel-diesel-etanol (BDE), foram estudadas com o objetivo de detectar e correlacionar as propriedades de excesso baseadas em interações moleculares de blendas miscíveis. Estas foram obtidas por meio da atuação de um agente surfactante. O mecanismo de polarização é determinado pelo tipo de carga existente nas moléculas das blendas ternárias, pela aplicação de uma corrente elétrica alternada. O efeito da atuação do biodiesel como agente surfactante foi monitorado em função da miscibilidade do sistema ternário biodiesel-diesel-etanol, definido por um tempo mínimo de oitenta dias de estabilidade. O campo de miscibilidade foi obtido pela construção de um diagrama ternário constituído de 36 amostras. A densidade das blendas ternárias foi determinada pela técnica de picnometria. O intervalo de densidade das amostras é de 0,8333-0,8960 g/mL. Este valor está de acordo com o limite reportado na literatura referente ao diesel. Os métodos utilizados para a caracterização das interações intermoleculares são dados por espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho (FTIR), a qual identificou a posição, deslocamento e variação de área das bandas e, espectroscopia de impedância, a qual determinou os parâmetros elétricos, frequência de relaxação (f0), resistência (R), resistividade (ρ’), capacitância (C), permissividade (), além de identificar a presença de apenas um mecanismo de polarização, a polarização orientacional. Este está associado à mobilidade de densidade de cargas que se concluiu devido à ausência de elétrons livres e espécies ionizáveis nas blendas combustíveis. Fenômenos de propriedades de excesso foram encontrados para as seguintes propriedades: densidade (ρE), volume (VE), resistividade elétrica (ρ’E), capacitância elétrica (CE) e frequência de relaxação (f0E). Para a ... / In this work, the physicochemical properties of fuel blends, the ternary system biodiesel-diesel–ethanol (BDE), were studied with the purpose to detect and correlate the properties of excess based on the intermolecular interactions in miscible blends. These were obtained by the action of a surfactant agent. The mechanism of polarization is determined by type of charge existing in ternary blends, by applying an alternating electric current. The effect of the performance of biodiesel as a surfactant agent was monitored as a function to the miscibility of the ternary system biodiesel-diesel-ethanol, defined by a minimum period of eighty days of stability. The field of miscibility was obtained by constructing of a ternary diagram consisting of 36 samples. The density of the ternary blends was determined by a pycnometer. The density range of the samples is 0.8333 to 0.8960 g/ml. This value is consistent with the limit reported in the literature pertaining to diesel. The methods used for the characterization of intermolecular interactions are given by vibrational infrared region spectroscopy (FTIR ), which identified the position, displacement, area variation of the band and impedance spectroscopy, which determined the electrical parameters, relaxation frequency (f0), resistance (R), resistivity (ρ'), capacitance (C), permittivity () besides to identify the presence of only one mechanism of polarization, orientational polarization. This is associated with the mobility of charge density which ended due to the absence of free electrons and ionized species in the fuel blends. Phenomena of excess properties were found for the following properties: density (ρE), volume (VE), electrical resistivity (ρ'E), electrical capacitance (CE) and relaxation frequency (f0E). For most fuel blends, all parameters excess property resulted in negative values. This fact, among others, concluded the existence of intermolecular interaction in the fuel system ...